CONSTRUCTION OF IRRIGATION FACILITIES DURING THE TIMURID PERIOD

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
Muazzam Mahmudova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Additional Source ◽  
High Level

In this article, the author describes the high level of improvement work carried out during the Timurid period, the construction of canals, dams, ditches, basins, sewers in Movarounnahr and Khorasan by the Timurid rulers. The article discusses the innovations of the Timurids in the irrigation system, the achievements of engineers of that period in the construction of dams and building materials.The study of the construction of irrigation structures during the Timurid period serves as an additional source of illumination of the medieval irrigation system

scholarly journals AN OVERVIEW ON EMERGING WATER SCARCITY CHALLANGE IN PAKISTAN, ITS CONSUMPTION, CAUSES, IMPACTS AND REMEDIAL MEASURES

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
Saddam Hussain ◽  
Saba Malik ◽  
Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema ◽  
Muhammad Umair Ashraf ◽  
Muhammad Sohail Waqas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Water Quantity ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
The Moment ◽  
High Level

Around two-thirds of the earth’s surface covered with water, it is obvious that water is among the most significant aspects that are essential for the life of human being. It is not only important to live, but also important to take a part in social and financial development. Water is God’s personalized gift, as well as the necessity of life. Due to high level of gluttony, misused play of people with the environment and the global climate, shift results in progressive diminishing of natural resources. The problems of freshwater and food security at global level linked to the overwhelming population of the world. To overcome the food and water scarcity challenge, there is required to transfer the freshwater from agriculture sector to other straining purposes. Pakistan is facing the meager water scarcity crises in the last few years, as water is becoming scarce to any specified usage. The quickly growing population, expansion of drainage regions, increasing urbanization and industrialization put a lot of stress on available water supplies. At the moment, there is dire need to harvest rain water by constructing more dams and focus on effective management strategies for further use. Specifically, authors are recommended that, water should be provided demand base instead of supply base irrigation system. Moreover, in addition to land tax, tax on irrigation water quantity/usage should be rectified.

scholarly journals Minitomato cultivation with substrate under different fertigation management strategies

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-93
Author(s):  
Ricardo S Bezerra ◽  
Adão Wagner P Evangelista ◽  
José Alves Júnior ◽  
Abadia R Nascimento ◽  
Derblai Casaroli
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Tomato Crop ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACT The application of high level of fertilization and inadequate management of fertigation in tomato crop can promote increase of salinity of the solution, nutritional imbalance and physiological disorders in the plants, consequently reduces the productivity and the quality of the fruits. The aim of this study was to evaluate different fertigation strategies in growth and production of mini tomato plants cultivated with substrate in a greenhouse. The experimental design was in randomized complete blocks with four treatments and twenty replicates. The treatments corresponded to four fertigation strategies, as follows: T1 [(control) fertigation with leaching of 20%]; T2 fertigation throughout the day and irrigation at the end of the day with leaching of 20%; T3 irrigation with leaching of 20%, followed by fertigation in all activations of the irrigation system; T4 fertigation with leaching of 20% and reuse of the leached solution. Stem height and diameter, number of clusters, total and commercial fruit production, fruit size, fruit color, total titratable acidity, soluble solids content and fruit texture were evaluated. No significant differences were detected among the treatments in relation to the growth variables of the mini tomato plants. The strategies of fertigation tested do not influence significantly the growth of tomato plants. The T1 and T4 managements provide higher commercial production and fruits with higher content of soluble solids when compared with other management strategies evaluated. Considering the nutritional factor, we recommend to reuse the nutrient solution used in the tomato cultivation with substrate, correcting daily the electrical conductivity of the solution.

scholarly journals Smart Agriculture IOT with Cloud Computing, Fog Computing and Edge Computing

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 3578-3582
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Fog Computing ◽  
Edge Computing ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Smart Farming ◽  
Fast Processing ◽  
Edge Based ◽  
Access To Knowledge ◽  
High Level

Smart Farming could be a explained as a farming method which works on the thought process of a fashionable technology to increase the yield of the amount and quality of agricultural merchandise. IoT-based smart farming, a system solely made for the observation of crops in the field with the assistance of sensors and automating the irrigation system in accordance to our needs. Antique cloud-based system which uses mostly IoT models are inadequate to handle the traffic and the database of knowledge. So as to an extent it turns out to be lower latency, longer battery life for IoT devices, a lot of efficient money-based knowledge management, access to knowledge management and AI, ML IoT-EDGE based system is proposed or may be adopted. Edge for the IoT brings potential edges for several IoT deployments, as well as removal of interval in conjunction with geometric communications potency, compared to exploitation of the cloud to process and store knowledge. For example, several IoT processes will have a high level of automation at the sting leading to low latency for fast processing. The machine ifogsim is employed for modelling and simulating the sting based mostly on the IoT system which also includes the edge and the fog. The results of this method are to indicate that Edge computing based mostly IoT models are a lot of economical and extremely fast and may turn out and provide higher results when put next to different systems

Multi-Modal Cockpit Warnings: Pictures. Words. or Both?

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J Selcon ◽  
R. M. Taylor ◽  
R. A. Shadrake
Keyword(s):  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Additional Source ◽  
Response Latencies ◽  
Iterative Design ◽  
Warning Messages ◽  
High Level ◽  
Performance Gains ◽  
Pictorial Representations

This paper examines the requirement for, and benefits of, multi-modal information presentation in cockpit warning systems. It also attempts to provide an account of the nature and levels of processing involved when information from one source is integrated with a supposedly redundant additional source to provide a performance gain in choice reaction time (RT) tasks, and its applicability to other cockpit systems. An experiment is described which used warning/caution ‘icons’ (pictorial representations of danger situations) and verbal warning messages, both singly and in combination. The visual icons were generated by RAF aircrew, using an iterative design process, as being meaningful pictorial representations of real-world warnings. Subjects were required to identify whether the situations presented warnings i.e. high priority/immediate action or cautions i.e. low priority/immediate awareness. The results obtained showed a significant decrease in response latencies when correlated bi-modal information was given as compared to the uni-modal conditions. The high level of abstraction of these icons strongly implied that the performance gains occurring must be as the result of the integration of ‘information’ rather than ‘data’. Subjective Situational Awareness Rating Technique (SART) scores also showed that benefits may also be accrued through reduced workload and increased depth of understanding. The results of these experiments are considered in terms of current Information Processing and Neural Network theories and an attempt to provide a cognitive model of this integrality effect is also described.

scholarly journals FACTORS INFLUENCING STUDENTS TENDENCY IN DOING ONLINE BUSINESS

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 01-11
Author(s):  
Iklima Husna Abdul Rahim ◽  
Pei Sung Toh
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Additional Source ◽  
Business Economics ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Online Business ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level

Nowadays, online business has become a phenomenon among traders. The business can grow globally with a wide range of applications that can be accessed through the internet. The advantages that exist today also can facilitate buyers in the purchasing process than purchase directly at the business premises where it can save buyers’ time. Hence, students in higher education institutions also are not lagging on the benefits of running an online business as an additional source of income. This is because an online business does not require high costs to involve and can be done even if the students have no business premises. Therefore, this study aimed to identify factors that influence students in doing online business. The research design is a quantitative study in questionnaires are used as an instrument with a 5-point Likert scale. The questionnaires were distributed online to the respondents through Google Form. Respondents involved 114 students in the entrepreneurship program at the Faculty of Business, Economics and Accounting, University Malaysia Sabah. Data were analyzed using Statistical Packages for Social Science (SPSS) version 21.0. Students’ tendency to do business online is measured by three factors, namely, source of encouragement, technology facilities and personal tendencies. The results show that the mean value of these three factors is at a high level. Hence, it can be concluded that the source of encouragement, technology facilities, and personal tendencies influence the students’ tendency to do business online.

Transcription factor/DNA interactions visualized by electron spectroscopic imaging

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 450-451
Author(s):  
David P. Bazett-Jones ◽  
Mark L. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Transcription Initiation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Spectroscopic Imaging ◽  
Electron Spectroscopic Imaging ◽  
Dna Backbone ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
High Level

A multisubunit RNA polymerase enzyme is ultimately responsible for transcription initiation and elongation of RNA, but recognition of the proper start site by the enzyme is regulated by general, temporal and gene-specific trans-factors interacting at promoter and enhancer DNA sequences. To understand the molecular mechanisms which precisely regulate the transcription initiation event, it is crucial to elucidate the structure of the transcription factor/DNA complexes involved. Electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI) provides the opportunity to visualize individual DNA molecules. Enhancement of DNA contrast with ESI is accomplished by imaging with electrons that have interacted with inner shell electrons of phosphorus in the DNA backbone. Phosphorus detection at this intermediately high level of resolution (≈lnm) permits selective imaging of the DNA, to determine whether the protein factors compact, bend or wrap the DNA. Simultaneously, mass analysis and phosphorus content can be measured quantitatively, using adjacent DNA or tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) as mass and phosphorus standards. These two parameters provide stoichiometric information relating the ratios of protein:DNA content.

Advances in Stem Instrumentation for Biology

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 362-363
Author(s):  
J. S. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Carbon Films ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Material Deposition ◽  
Active User ◽  
Percent Improvement ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Film Substrate ◽  
High Level

The forte of the Scanning transmission Electron Microscope (STEM) is high resolution imaging with high contrast on thin specimens, as demonstrated by visualization of single heavy atoms. of equal importance for biology is the efficient utilization of all available signals, permitting low dose imaging of unstained single molecules such as DNA.Our work at Brookhaven has concentrated on: 1) design and construction of instruments optimized for a narrow range of biological applications and 2) use of such instruments in a very active user/collaborator program. Therefore our program is highly interactive with a strong emphasis on producing results which are interpretable with a high level of confidence.The major challenge we face at the moment is specimen preparation. The resolution of the STEM is better than 2.5 A, but measurements of resolution vs. dose level off at a resolution of 20 A at a dose of 10 el/A2 on a well-behaved biological specimen such as TMV (tobacco mosaic virus). To track down this problem we are examining all aspects of specimen preparation: purification of biological material, deposition on the thin film substrate, washing, fast freezing and freeze drying. As we attempt to improve our equipment/technique, we use image analysis of TMV internal controls included in all STEM samples as a monitor sensitive enough to detect even a few percent improvement. For delicate specimens, carbon films can be very harsh-leading to disruption of the sample. Therefore we are developing conducting polymer films as alternative substrates, as described elsewhere in these Proceedings. For specimen preparation studies, we have identified (from our user/collaborator program ) a variety of “canary” specimens, each uniquely sensitive to one particular aspect of sample preparation, so we can attempt to separate the variables involved.

A Questionnaire Survey of Current Rehabilitation Practices for Adults With Normal Hearing Sensitivity Who Experience Auditory Difficulties

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 738-761
Author(s):  
Tess K. Koerner ◽  
Melissa A. Papesh ◽  
Frederick J. Gallun
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Patient Population ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Auditory Training ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Hearing Sensitivity ◽  
Considerable Benefit ◽  
High Level

Purpose A questionnaire survey was conducted to collect information from clinical audiologists about rehabilitation options for adult patients who report significant auditory difficulties despite having normal or near-normal hearing sensitivity. This work aimed to provide more information about what audiologists are currently doing in the clinic to manage auditory difficulties in this patient population and their views on the efficacy of recommended rehabilitation methods. Method A questionnaire survey containing multiple-choice and open-ended questions was developed and disseminated online. Invitations to participate were delivered via e-mail listservs and through business cards provided at annual audiology conferences. All responses were anonymous at the time of data collection. Results Responses were collected from 209 participants. The majority of participants reported seeing at least one normal-hearing patient per month who reported significant communication difficulties. However, few respondents indicated that their location had specific protocols for the treatment of these patients. Counseling was reported as the most frequent rehabilitation method, but results revealed that audiologists across various work settings are also successfully starting to fit patients with mild-gain hearing aids. Responses indicated that patient compliance with computer-based auditory training methods was regarded as low, with patients generally preferring device-based rehabilitation options. Conclusions Results from this questionnaire survey strongly suggest that audiologists frequently see normal-hearing patients who report auditory difficulties, but that few clinicians are equipped with established protocols for diagnosis and management. While many feel that mild-gain hearing aids provide considerable benefit for these patients, very little research has been conducted to date to support the use of hearing aids or other rehabilitation options for this unique patient population. This study reveals the critical need for additional research to establish evidence-based practice guidelines that will empower clinicians to provide a high level of clinical care and effective rehabilitation strategies to these patients.

805: High-Level Cyclin D1 is Associated with High Gleason Grade and Predicts Worse Biochemical-Free Survival in Prostate Cancer

2006 ◽  
Vol 175 (4S) ◽  
pp. 260-260
Author(s):  
Rile Li ◽  
Hong Dai ◽  
Thomas M. Wheeler ◽  
Anna Frolov ◽  
Gustavo Ayala
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Cyclin D1 ◽  
Gleason Grade ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
High Level
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