scholarly journals Non-Edible Moringa Oleifera Seeds for Environmentally Friendly Biodiesel – A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-90
Author(s):  
Miranti Nur Arafah ◽  
Raden Sukmawati ◽  
Hasna Mutiara Safitri ◽  
Herawati Budiastuti
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Astm D6751

ABSTRAKKetersediaan bahan bakar fosil semakin lama semakin berkurang. Hal tersebut menyebabkan dibutuhkannya pengganti bahan bakar alternatif yaitu biodiesel. Minyak biji kelor memiliki potensi sebagai bahan baku pembuatan biodiesel, karena kandungan asam oleatnya yang tinggi yaitu 75,36 –87,49%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pembuatan biodiesel, penggunaan katalis heterogen serta pengaruh parameter operasi terhadap hasil dan kualitas biodiesel dari minyak biji kelor dengan metode studi literatur. Tahapan yang dilakukan dalam studi literatur ini adalah pengumpulan, pemisahan dan analisis artikel jurnal serta perumusan pembahasan dan kesimpulan. Pembuatan biodiesel minyak biji kelor dilakukan dengan beberapa tahapan proses, yaitu pengambilan minyak dari biji, proses esterifikasi-transesterifikasi dan pemurnian biodiesel. Parameter operasi yang paling berpengaruh dalam menghasilkan biodiesel minyak biji kelor adalah rasio molar metanol dan minyak, konsentrasi katalis, waktu reaksi dan temperatur reaksi. Penggunaan katalis heterogen mampu menghasilkan yield biodiesel minyak biji kelor yang tinggi yaitu rata-rata lebih besar dari 90%. Biodiesel minyak biji kelor telah sesuai dengan standar nasional (SNI 7182 : 2015) dan internasional (ASTM D6751 dan EN 14214)Kata Kunci: Biodisel Minyak Biji Kelor, Katalis Heterogen, Parameter Operasi, Karakteristik Biodiesel. ABSTRACTThe availability of fossil fuels is decreasing over time. This causes the need for an alternative fuel substitute, namely biodiesel. Moringa oleifera seeds are the raw material for making Moringa seed oil, used as raw material for making biodiesel. This is due to its high oleic acid contents, in the range of 75,36% - 87,49% the objectives of this study are to observe the production of biodiesel from Moringa seed oil, the use of heterogeneous catalysts in the production of Moringa seed oil biodiesel, the effect of operating parameters on the yield and quality of biodiesel produced. Literature study was done in this research, including the collection of journal articles, separation and analysis of journal articles, as well as the formulation of discussions and conclusions. Based on this study, there are several stages in the production of Moringa seed oil biodiesel, namely extracting oil from the seeds, esterification- transesterification, and refining of biodiesel. Operating parameters affect the manufacture of Moringa seed oil biodiesel. The most influential operating parameters are the molar ratio of methanol and oil, catalyst concentration, reaction time, and reaction temperature. The use of heterogeneous catalysts is able to produce a high yield of Moringa seed oil biodiesel, which is on average greater than 90%. Moringa seed oil biodiesel complies with both national (SNI 7182: 2015) and international (ASTM D6751 and EN 14214) standardr.Keywords: Moringa Seed Oil, Biodiesel, Heterogeneous Catalyst, Operating Parameters

Mango (Magnifera indica) seed oil grown in Dilla town as potential raw material for biodiesel production using NaOH- a homogeneous catalyst

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chem Int
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Minimal Amount

Biodiesel produced by transesterification process from vegetable oils or animal fats is viewed as a promising renewable energy source. Now a day’s diminishing of petroleum reserves in the ground and increasing environmental pollution prevention and regulations have made searching for renewable oxygenated energy sources from biomasses. Biodiesel is non-toxic, renewable, biodegradable, environmentally benign, energy efficient and diesel substituent fuel used in diesel engine which contributes minimal amount of global warming gases such as CO, CO2, SO2, NOX, unburned hydrocarbons, and particulate matters. The chemical composition of the biodiesel was examined by help of GC-MS and five fatty acid methyl esters such as methyl palmitate, methyl stearate, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate and methyl linoleneate were identified. The variables that affect the amount of biodiesel such as methanol/oil molar ratio, mass weight of catalyst and temperature were studied. In addition to this the physicochemical properties of the biodiesel such as (density, kinematic viscosity, iodine value high heating value, flash point, acidic value, saponification value, carbon residue, peroxide value and ester content) were determined and its corresponding values were 87 Kg/m3, 5.63 Mm2/s, 39.56 g I/100g oil, 42.22 MJ/Kg, 132oC, 0.12 mgKOH/g, 209.72 mgKOH/g, 0.04%wt, 12.63 meq/kg, and 92.67 wt% respectively. The results of the present study showed that all physicochemical properties lie within the ASTM and EN biodiesel standards. Therefore, mango seed oil methyl ester could be used as an alternative to diesel engine.

scholarly journals TRANSESTERIFIKASI MINYAK BIJI KARET (Hevea brasiliensis) MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS HETEROGEN CANGKANG KEPITING LIMBAH SEAFOOD TERMODIFIKASI K2O

Jurnal Kimia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. K. D. Astuti ◽  
I N. Simpen ◽  
I W. Suarsa
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Crab Shell ◽  
Rubber Seed Oil ◽  
Rubber Seed

The CaO heterogeneous catalysts can be prepared by CaCO3 calcination process, with one source of CaCO3 being a crab shell from seafood waste. The preparation of the heterogeneous catalyst was successfully carried out by modification with KOH using a wet impregnation method at 800oC for 5 hours. The purpose of this research is to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of heterogeneous catalyst of K2O-modified crab shell and to examine the heterogeneous catalyst of K2O-modified shells in converting rubber seed oil into biodiesel. The results showed that the lowest basic alkalinity possessed without modified catalyst (1.0428 mmol g-1) and the highest alkali possessed potassium-modified catalyst (1.8314 mmol g-1). Characterization of specific surface area of ??crab shells without and with modified K2O were relatively the same. The surface morphology of the catalyst without and K2O modified was uniform. The catalyst examination results for conversion of rubber seed oil (Hevea brasiliensis) to biodiesel, the optimum catalyst concentration of 3% and the molar ratio of oil:methanol of 1:9 capable converting to biodiesel with the yield of 91.05%. The content of biodiesel were stearic methyl ester, linoleic methyl ester, linolenic methyl ester, and palmitic methyl ester.

Biodiesel Production From Crude Rubber Seed Oil Using Supercritical Methanol Transesterification

2015 ◽  
Vol 781 ◽  
pp. 655-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thakun Sawiwat ◽  
Somjai Kajorncheappunngam
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Supercritical Methanol ◽  
Rubber Seed Oil ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Rubber Seed ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

Synthesis of biodiesel from rubber seed oil using a supercritical methanol was investigated under various reaction conditions (220 - 300°C, 80 - 180 bar) with reaction time of 1-15 min and oil:methanol molar ratio of 1:20 - 1:60. Free fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) content were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Most properties of produced biodiesel were in good agreement with biodiesel standard (EN 14214). The maximum FAME yield of 86.90% was obtained at 260°C, 160 bar, 5 min reaction time using oil:methanol molar ratio of 1:40. The result showed the acid value of rubber seed oil decreased to 0.58 mgKOH/g from initial 24 mgKOH/g to. It could be concluded from this findings that crude rubber seed oil is a promising alternative raw material for biodiesel synthesis via supercritical methanol tranesterification.

Current scenario of catalysts for biodiesel production: a critical review

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farrukh Jamil ◽  
Lamya Al-Haj ◽  
Ala’a H. Al-Muhtaseb ◽  
Mohab A. Al-Hinai ◽  
Mahad Baawain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Bifunctional Catalyst ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Homogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Short Chain Alcohol

AbstractDue to increasing concerns about global warming and dwindling oil supplies, the world’s attention is turning to green processes that use sustainable and environmentally friendly feedstock to produce renewable energy such as biofuels. Among them, biodiesel, which is made from nontoxic, biodegradable, renewable sources such as refined and used vegetable oils and animal fats, is a renewable substitute fuel for petroleum diesel fuel. Biodiesel is produced by transesterification in which oil or fat is reacted with short chain alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. The process of transesterification is affected by the mode of reaction, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, type of alcohol, nature and amount of catalysts, reaction time, and temperature. Various studies have been carried out using different oils as the raw material; different alcohols (methanol, ethanol, butanol); different catalysts; notably homogeneous catalysts such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, and supercritical fluids; or, in some cases, enzymes such as lipases. This article focuses on the application of heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production because of their environmental and economic advantages. This review contains a detailed discussion on the advantages and feasibility of catalysts for biodiesel production, which are both environmentally and economically viable as compared to conventional homogeneous catalysts. The classification of catalysts into different categories based on a catalyst’s activity, feasibility, and lifetime is also briefly discussed. Furthermore, recommendations have been made for the most suitable catalyst (bifunctional catalyst) for low-cost oils to valuable biodiesel and the challenges faced by the biodiesel industry with some possible solutions.

Catalysts in Production of Biodiesel: A Review

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Narasimharao ◽  
Adam Lee ◽  
Karen Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Supercritical Fluids ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Monohydric Alcohol ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Oil Type

Biodiesel is a renewable substitute fuel for petroleum diesel fuel which is made from nontoxic, biodegradable, renewable sources such as refined and used vegetable oils and animal fats. Biodiesel is produced by transesterification in which oil or fat is reacted with a monohydric alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. The process of transesterification is affected by the mode of reaction, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, type of alcohol, nature and amount of catalysts, reaction time, and temperature. Various studies have been carried out using different oils as the raw material and different alcohols (methanol, ethanol, butanol), as well as different catalysts, notably homogeneous ones such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, and supercritical fluids or enzymes such as lipases. Recent research has focused on the application of heterogeneous catalysts to produce biodiesel, because of their environmental and economic advantages. This paper reviews the literature regarding both catalytic and noncatalytic production of biodiesel. Advantages and disadvantages of different methods and catalysts used are discussed. We also discuss the importance of developing a single catalyst for both esterification and transesterification reactions.

scholarly journals Transesterification of Moringa Oleifera Seed Oil by Sodium Silicate Catalyst Using Different Co-Solvents

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.36) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Puvaniswaran K. Moorthi ◽  
Preeti Shrivastava ◽  
Soundarajan Krishnan
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Silicate ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Optimum Ratio ◽  
Alternate Fuel ◽  
Moringa Oleifera Oil ◽  
Moringa Oleifera Seed

Biodiesel is a renewable energy source which is derived as an alternate fuel for diesel engine. It is produced by transesterification process. Moringa oleifera seed oil has been extracted using n-hexane by solvent extraction method. The high flashpoint of Moringa oleifera oil is a beneficial safety feature so that it can safely be stored at room temperature. The study examines the production of biodiesel using Moringa oleifera seed oil with sodium silicate as catalyst and different co-solvents. The biodiesel produced from Moringa oleifera seed oil exhibits high yield using diethyl-ether as co-solvent with 60oC as the reaction temperature and 1 hour as the reaction time. Furthermore, the optimum ratio of methanol to oil is 7:1 and the amount of catalyst required to produce highest yield is 0.30 g. Moreover, the optimum ratio of methanol to co-solvent is 1:1 ratio. It has been found that the saponification value and free fatty acid are 170.2 mg of KOH/ g of oil and 0.33 %, respectively. The moisture content of biodiesel is 0.04% with higher calorific value when compared to diesel and vegetable oil. The pH and cloud point of biodiesel recorded are 7.37 and 18oC, respectively. All these values have been found to be within the range of American Standard for Testing Material for biodiesel. Only the acid value has fallen outside the ASTM limits. Hence, it can be concluded that biodiesel produced from Moringa oleifera seed oil has the potential to be an alternate fuel and the energy of the future. 

scholarly journals Process optimization of biodiesel production catalyzed by CaO nanocatalyst using response surface methodology

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka Bharti ◽  
Bhaskar Singh ◽  
R. K. Dey
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Catalyst Amount

Abstract Uses of nanocatalysts have become more useful in optimizing catalytic reactions. They are known to enhance the rate of reaction by offering a greater number of active sites by possessing a high surface-to-volume ratio. In the present work, calcium oxide nanocatalysts were synthesized through the sol–gel method. The particle size of the nanocatalyst prepared ranged up to 8 nm. Soybean oil was used as the raw material for the synthesis of biodiesel. The synthesized nano-CaO was characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller). Average BET surface area analysis of the nanocatalyst was calculated to be 67.781 m2/g and pore diameter was 3.302 nm. Nano-CaO catalyst was used to synthesize biodiesel and optimize the reaction variables through optimization processes to achieve a high yield of biodiesel. The reaction variables that were optimized were catalyst amount, oil to methanol molar ratio and reaction temperature. Upon optimization, the conversion of biodiesel was found to be 97.61%. The optimized value of the reaction variables was: catalyst amount of 3.675 wt% with respect to oil, molar ratio (alcohol to oil) of 11:1, and reaction temperature of 60 °C for 2 h. Graphic abstract

scholarly journals PENGARUH VARIASI VARIABEL REAKSI PADA PROSES EKSTRAKSI REAKTIF MESOKARP SAWIT UNTUK MENGHASILKAN BIODIESEL

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
Pascalis Novalina ◽  
Arya Josua S ◽  
Taslim ◽  
Tjahjono Herawan
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Dimethyl Carbonate ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Reactive Extraction ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Dialkyl Carbonates

The conventional method for the production of biodiesel needed the oil that is extracted from the biomass before it can be transesterified into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Reactive extraction can be used to produce biodiesel with high-yield, low production costs, reduce the reaction time and the use of reagents and co-solvents, making it easier to produce biodiesel. In this study, reactive extraction applied to produce biodiesel from palm fruit mesocarp extracted using dimethyl carbonate as a solvent and reagents, and novozym®435 as a catalyst. Methanol was replaced by dialkyl carbonates, particularly dimethyl carbonate. Dimethyl carbonate can be used as a solvent and as a reagent, so reactive extraction is very easy to apply. The parameters will be study are reaction temperature (50, 60, and 70 °C), reaction time (8, 16, 24 hours), the molar ratio of reactants (50: 1, 60: 1, 70: 1 n/n ), the concentration of novozym® 435 (5%, 10%, 15% wt).The results showed that the highest biodiesel yield can be achivied at conditions temperature of 60 °C, reaction time 24 hours, molar ratio of reactants palm mesocarp to DMC 1:60, and novozym®435 concentration of 10wt%. The results showed that the synthesis of biodiesel via reactive extraction using palm mesocarp as raw material requires a low production cost.

Indonesia Natural Zeolite as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 872 ◽  
pp. 91-95
Author(s):  
Bachrun Sutrisno ◽  
Alif Muhammad ◽  
Zikriani Genta ◽  
Arif Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Natural Zeolite ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Promising Candidate ◽  
Catalyst Amount ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

The problem associated with biodiesel production is economic feasibility. The biodiesel cost will reduce when the low cost feedstock was used. Kapok seed oil (KSO) is a promising candidate as raw material for biodiesel synthesis. In this research, the investigation of biodiesel synthesis from KSO was studied using Indonesia Natural Zeolite as heterogeneous catalysts. The catalyst was tested to synthesize biodiesel from KSO. The reaction temperatures, KSO to methanol mole ratio, and catalyst amount were varied to examine their effects on biodiesel synthesis. The highest biodiesel yield of 84% were obtained at 65°C of reaction temperature, 1:16 of KSO to methanol mole ratio, and 10% of catalyst amount.

scholarly journals Application of calcium oxide as heterogeneous catalyst for ethylic transesterification of residual frying soybean oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. e12
Author(s):  
Djonathan Luiz Giordani Lenz ◽  
Pedro Vinnicius Caitano Guimarães ◽  
Liziara Da Costa Cabrera ◽  
Jonas Simon Dugatto ◽  
Bruno München Wenzel
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Frying Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Pre Treatment

Biodiesel can be produced through the transesterification reaction of a short-chain alcohol with a triacylglycerol, that can be obtained from vegetable oils or animal fats, in the presence of a catalyst. The use of ethanol as reactant is justified since its production is consolidated in Brazil. Among the heterogeneous catalysts, CaO shows potential in the transesterification reactions because it has a low cost, can be reused and is not corrosive. The recycling of frying oil for the production of biodiesel represents an alternative for the disposal of a waste and does not compete with the food industry. The residual oil and CaO were subjected to a pre-treatment before the transesterification reactions. A Box-Behnken experimental design was applied with 3 factors: temperature, ethanol:oil molar ratio and reaction time. The reactions were carried out in a batch reactor, in which oil, ethanol and the catalyst were added. The samples were vacuum filtered and conducted to a rotary evaporator, in order to remove excess ethanol. The resulting mixture was centrifuged and, subsequently, a sample was collected from the supernatant phase. The yield was determined by a mass balance based in the concentrations of acylglycerols, that were determined through an HPLC-UV methodology. A second-order linear regression model was built and validated through statistic tests with a 5% significance level. The optimized operational parameters are 15:1 ethanol:oil molar ratio, 81.2 ºC e 6 h of reaction. From the obtained results it can be inferred that it is feasible to use residual frying oil as raw material, ethanol as reactant and CaO as catalyst for the production of biodiesel.

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