scholarly journals Experimental Characterization of 2 × 2 Electronically Reconfigurable 1 Bit Unit Cells for a Beamforming Transmitarray at X Band

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-160
Author(s):  
Biswarup Rana ◽  
In-Gon Lee ◽  
Ic-Pyo Hong
Keyword(s):  
Phase Shifter ◽  
Unit Cell ◽  
Experimental Characterization ◽  
Waveguide Transition ◽  
Transmitted Waves ◽  
X Band ◽  
Unit Cells ◽  
New Type ◽  
Good Agreement

This paper proposes a reconfigurable unit cell for a transmitarray operating at the X band. The unit cell consists of an active patch, a passive patch, and a phase shifter. The active patch has two PIN diodes that change the phase of 180° of the transmitted waves. The passive and active patches both have circular slots to enhance the bandwidth of the transmitted wave. We also propose a new type of experimental characterization technique to measure the performance of the unit cells at the X band without fabricating the entire transmitarray. Instead of a 1 unit cell as described in the literature, we propose 2 × 2 unit cells to measure the performance of unit cells using the X band waveguide. The waveguide consists of a WR-90 section and a rectangular to square waveguide transition section that can be fit to our proposed structure. A good agreement between simulated and measured results was found.

scholarly journals Experimental Characterization of 2 × 2 Electronically Reconfigurable Polarization Converter Unit Cells at X-Band

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Biswarup Rana ◽  
In-Gon Lee ◽  
Ic-Pyo Hong
Keyword(s):  
Phase Shifter ◽  
Unit Cell ◽  
Polarization Conversion ◽  
Experimental Characterization ◽  
Polarization Converter ◽  
Pin Diodes ◽  
Transition Section ◽  
X Band ◽  
Unit Cells ◽  
Converter Unit

In this paper, an electronically reconfigurable polarization converter unit cell operating at X-band is proposed. The polarization converter unit cell consists of a passive patch, a phase shifter, and an active patch. There are two PIN diodes on the active patch. By switching the bias conditions of those PIN diodes, an electronically reconfigurable polarization converter is conceived. Both the passive and active patches are circular, and there are circular types of slots on both patches to enhance the operating bandwidth. To compensate for the capacitance introduced by PIN diodes, an equivalent capacitance structure is introduced on the active patch. 2 × 2 unit cells are designed to check the performance of the unit cell for polarization conversion applications. In addition, a novel type of experimental characterization technique is proposed to check the performance of polarization conversion using 2 × 2 unit cells. Two WR-90 waveguide sections, two rectangular to square sections, and a power supply are taken for the measurements. The rectangular to square waveguide transition section is designed in such a way so that 2 × 2 unit cells can be perfectly adjusted on the transition section and the performance of the 2 × 2 unit cells can be measured. The simulation results of the 8 × 8 array are also added to a miniaturized X-band horn antenna to check the performance of the overall array.

scholarly journals Characterization of Tiled Architecture for C-Band 1-Bit Beam-Steering Transmitarray

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1259
Author(s):  
Dmitry Kozlov ◽  
Irina Munina ◽  
Pavel Turalchuk ◽  
Vitalii Kirillov ◽  
Alexey Shitvov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Communication Systems ◽  
Beam Steering ◽  
Unit Cell ◽  
Electromagnetic Simulations ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Full Wave ◽  
Array Architecture ◽  
Modulation Pattern ◽  
Good Agreement

A new implementation of a beam-steering transmitarray is proposed based on the tiled array architecture. Each pixel of the transmitarray is manufactured as a standalone unit which can be hard-wired for specific transmission characteristics. A set of complementary units, providing reciprocal phase-shifts, can be assembled in a prescribed spatial phase-modulation pattern to perform beam steering and beam forming in a broad spatial range. A compact circuit model of the tiled unit cell is proposed and characterized with full-wave electromagnetic simulations. Waveguide measurements of a prototype unit cell have been carried out. A design example of a tiled 10 × 10-element 1-bit beam-steering transmitarray is presented and its performance benchmarked against the conventional single-panel, i.e., unibody, counterpart. Prototypes of the tiled and single-panel C-band transmitarrays have been fabricated and tested, demonstrating their close performance, good agreement with simulations and a weak effect of fabrication tolerances. The proposed transmitarray antenna configuration has great potential for fifth-generation (5G) communication systems.

scholarly journals Innovative Reconfigurable Metasurface 2-D Beam-Steerable Reflector for 5G Wireless Communication

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1191
Author(s):  
David Rotshild ◽  
Efraim Rahamim ◽  
Amir Abramovich
Keyword(s):  
Beam Steering ◽  
Unit Cell ◽  
Reflection Phase ◽  
Low Profile ◽  
Unit Cells ◽  
Phase Range ◽  
New Type ◽  
Dc Bias ◽  
Communication Methods ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

A tunable reflector component based on metasurface (MS) with a low profile and reduced mass is offered for indoor and outdoor 5G communication methods to overcome obstacles such as buildings, walls, and turns, and to allow wireless quasi-line of sight path communication at 37 GHz. Integrating varactors with MS unit cells allows tunability and reconfigurability. This approach was presented in many studies, with frequencies of up to K–band. However, today, higher frequencies are used, especially in communication. This work presents the design of a reconfigurable MS reflector, at Ka-band frequencies, based on a new type of resonant unit cell, with uniformed reflection for wide-incident-angular-range, and a simple stimulating DC bias for each MS unit cell, which allows a two–dimensional (2-D) continuous reflection phase manipulation. The unit cell provides a dynamic reflection phase range of over 300° at a wide bandwidth. Simulations of one-dimensional (1-D) and (2-D) at 37 GHz are presented. A steering range of up to ±48° was obtained for azimuth or elevation. A simultaneous independent 2-D beam steering range of up to ±10° in azimuth and up to ± 5° in elevation, allowing obstacles to overcome covering at a practical angular spatial cone of 20° and 10°, is presented.

An Antagonistic Flexural Unit Cell for Design of Shape Morphing Structures

Aerospace ◽  
2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aarash Y. N. Sofla ◽  
Dana M. Elzey ◽  
Haydn N. G. Wadley
Keyword(s):  
Shape Memory ◽  
Unit Cell ◽  
External Energy ◽  
Full Characterization ◽  
Shape Morphing ◽  
Cyclic Operation ◽  
Unit Cells ◽  
External Forces ◽  
Reversed Cyclic

An antagonistic flexural unit cell (AFC) concept for the design and fabrication of novel 2-D and 3-D lightweight shape morphing structures is introduced. A fully reversible flexural shape changing cell utilizing opposing one-way shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators is shown to require no spring-like bias elements. The SMA actuating elements are arranged such that the actuation (contraction) of one of them stretches the other one in the cell, preparing it to be actuated later to reverse a flexural displacement. This antagonistic operation allows fully reversed cyclic operation. The focus of this paper is an assessment of performance at the single cell level. The cell logically provides four possible configurations in different stages of its cycle. Two of them are of particular interest because they provide two different fixed shapes for the cell that can be maintained without the continuous supply of external energy. The final deformations of the cell and equilibrium stresses in the SMA elements depend on the amount of stored shape memory strain in each element, external forces and cell geometry. A model is developed, which allows a full characterization of the AFC. The model is used to study NiTi SMA-based AFCs and the results are therefore directly applicable to the design of shape morphing structures using such unit cells.

Experimental Characterization of a T-Shaped Programmable Multistable Mechanism

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Zanaty ◽  
Simon Henein
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Experimental Measurements ◽  
Experimental Characterization ◽  
Stable States ◽  
Stability Behavior ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Force Characteristics ◽  
Good Agreement

Programmable multistable mechanisms (PMM) exhibit a modifiable stability behavior in which the number of stable states, stiffness, and reaction force characteristics are controlled via their programming inputs. In this paper, we present experimental characterization for the concept of stability programing introduced in our previous work (Zanaty et al., 2018, “Programmable Multistable Mechanisms: Synthesis and Modeling,” ASME J. Mech. Des., 140(4), p. 042301.) A prototype of the T-combined axially loaded double parallelogram mechanisms (DPM) with rectangular hinges is manufactured using electrodischarge machining (EDM). An analytical model based on Euler–Bernoulli equations of the T-mechanism is derived from which the stability behavior is extracted. Numerical simulations and experimental measurements are conducted on programming the mechanism as monostable, bistable, tristable, and quadrastable, and show good agreement with our analytical derivations within 10%.

Low-Cost Transmitarray Antenna Designs in V-Band based on Unit-Cells with 1 Bit Phase Resolution

Frequenz ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 355-366
Author(s):  
Martin Frank ◽  
Benedict Scheiner ◽  
Fabian Lurz ◽  
Robert Weigel ◽  
Alexander Koelpin
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Beam Steering ◽  
Experimental Characterization ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Steering Angle ◽  
V Band ◽  
Unit Cells ◽  
Linearly Polarized ◽  
Phase Resolution

Abstract This paper presents the design and characterization of linearly polarized low-cost transmitarray antennas with ± 70° azimuth beamforming range in V-band in order to add beam steering functionality to existing radar front ends. The transmitarray antennas are composed of 13 × 13 planar unit-cells. The unit-cells consist of two layers of RO4350B laminate and provide a one bit phase resolution. The desired unit-cell behavior has been validated by simulations and measurements. Eight transmitarrays with different phase distributions have been designed and fabricated to realize different beam steering angles in azimuth. The experimental characterization of the radiation patterns shows the desired performance in the frequency range from 59 GHz to 63 GHz. Additionally, steering angle combinations in azimuth and elevation up to 40° have been realized and successfully demonstrate by measuring the 2D radiation pattern.

Experimental characterization of electromagnetic cloaking structures with bistatic measurements at X-band

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pekka Alitalo ◽  
Ali E. Culhaoglu ◽  
Andrey V. Osipov ◽  
Stefan Thurner ◽  
Erich Kemptner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Characterization ◽  
X Band

scholarly journals Modified Luneburg Lens Based on Metamaterials

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haibing Chen ◽  
Qiang Cheng ◽  
Aihua Huang ◽  
Junyan Dai ◽  
Huiying Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plane Waves ◽  
Microwave Frequency ◽  
Refractive Index Profile ◽  
Experimental Characterization ◽  
Index Profile ◽  
Cylindrical Waves ◽  
Unit Cells ◽  
Luneburg Lens ◽  
Luneberg Lens

We present the design, fabrication, and experimental characterization of a modified two-dimensional Luneburg lens based on bulk metamaterials. The lens is composed by a number of concentric layers. By varying the geometric dimensions of unit cells in each layer, the gradient refractive index profile required for the modified Luneburg lens can be achieved. The cylindrical waves generated from a point source at the focus point of the lens could be transformed into plane waves as desired in the microwave frequency. The proposed modified Luneburg lens can realize wide-angle beam scanning when the source moves along the circumferential direction inside the lens. Numerical and experimental results validate the performance of the modified Luneberg lens.

scholarly journals Experimental and Theoretical Characterization of Thick and Thin Films for Microwave Uses on 99.6% Alumina Substrates

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 157-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Ramy ◽  
R. Schnitzler ◽  
C. Thebault
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Thin Films ◽  
Copper Oxide ◽  
Ground Plane ◽  
Resistivity Measurement ◽  
Adhesive Layer ◽  
X Band ◽  
Quality Factor Q ◽  
Good Agreement

In a previous paper,1we showed, with a microwave quality factor (Q) measurement, that in the X band and with alumina substrates, thick film losses are not worse than thin film losses when the inks are screened then etched, and when they have copper oxide as adhesive layer and gold or copper as metal powder.Here, we extend this study to show that, our experimental results being in good agreement with theory, a simple D.C. resistivity measurement is sufficient to characterize these MIC'S metallizations and is as suitable as a microwave Q measurement. We also show that the nature of the ground plane cannot be neglected.

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