scholarly journals Impact of Environment on Architecture of Mesopotamia with Respect to the Use of Materials, Tools and Mode of Construction

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Saira Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The People ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
Mud Bricks ◽  
Architectural Research ◽  
Southern Iraq ◽  
Design And Construction

Through architectural and engineering skills, humanity leaves its mark upon the earth. Urbanization started from Mesopotamia in west Asia where the Mesopotamian societies flourished. They evolved into various landscapes from the metal-rich highlands and elevations of southeastern Turkey to the Syrian deserts, from the woodmen of the Levant to the bogs of southern Iraq. Mesopotamian civilization, along with its architecture, survived more than three thousand years. The architecture of the Mesopotamian civilization is not only portentous in its outlook and proficient in planning, but it’s also considered rational and technical with respect to its environment.The civilization was very first of its kind, having technology and urban settlements that laid the foundation of future modern settlements. It considered the region's environment and climate as pivotal in the development of its culture and architecture.This study discusses how the people, consciously or unconsciously, shaped the land or landscape around them in relation to their environment. This study is both basic and applied, according to architectural research methods. By content, the research in this article is according to the process of design and construction and the data in this research will be analyzed morphologically and technically. The Mesopotamian people used mud bricks, aqueducts, wooden beams, Archimedes screw, courtyard and tripartite houses. The study in this article proves that all these constructions and the techniques used were according to their environmental and climatic conditions.

scholarly journals Ritual Sedekah Bumi di Desa Teras Bendung Kecamatan Lebak Wangi Kabupaten Serang-Banten

Tsaqofah ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Siti Fauziyah ◽  
Bustomi Bustomi
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Local Community ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The People ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Sociological Approaches ◽  
Form Of Expression

Earth alms ritual in Teras Bendung Village, Lebak Wangi District, Serang Regency is held after harvest, in the form of earth alms ritual. According to the local community, the earth alms ritual ceremony is a form of expression of gratitude for the goddess Sri (the goddess of rice guards) and also to make a request to God Almighty for blessings and salvation. The focus of the problems in this research are: 1. what is the form of the earth alms tradition in Teras Bendung Village, 2. How is the function of the earth alms tradition in Teras Bendung Village, 3. What is the meaning of the earth alms tradition for the people of Teras Bendung. The objectives of this research are: 1. to reveal the form of the earth alms tradition in Teras Bendung Village, 2. to reveal the function of the earth alms ceremony in Teras Bendung Village, 3. to reveal the meaning in the earth alms ceremony in Teras Bendung Village, Lebak Wangi District, Serang Regency so that it can continue until now. This research method uses cultural research methods, namely surveys, participation, observation, interviews and documentation using anthropological and sociological approaches.

Reinterpretasi Ayat-ayat “Kekerasan”

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-103
Author(s):  
Lina Aniqoh
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Textual Interpretation ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The People ◽  
Double Movement ◽  
The Face

This paper seeks to elaborate on the textual interpretation of Q.S Muhammad verse 4 and Q.S at Taubah verse 5. These two verses are often employed by the extremist Muslim groups to legitimize their destructive acts carried out on groups considered as being infidels and as such lawfully killed. The interpretation was conducted using the double movement hermeneutics methodology offered by Fazlur Rahman. After reinterpretation, the two verses contain moral values, namely the war ordered by God must be reactive, fulfill the ethics of "violence" and be the last solution. Broadly speaking, the warfare commanded in the Qur'an aims to establish a benefit for humanity on the face of the earth by eliminating every crime that exists. These two verses in the contemporary socio-historical context in Indonesia can be implemented as a basis for combating the issue of hoaxes and destructive acts of extremist Muslim groups. Because both are crimes and have negative implications for the people good and even able to threaten the unity of mankind.

Evwie (Kola Nut) and its socio-religious values among Idjerhe people of Nigeria PEOPLE OF NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-63
Author(s):  
Peter O. O. Ottuh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Religious Values ◽  
Mutual Trust ◽  
Religious Activities ◽  
Edible Fruit ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The People ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Participatory Observation

The popular edible fruit called kola nut that is found all over the Earth is native to the people of West Africa. In Idjerhe (Jesse) culture, the kola nut is part of the people’s traditional religious activities and spirituality. The presentation, breaking, and eating of the kola nut signifies hospitality, friendship, love, mutual trust, manliness, peace, acceptance, happiness, fellowship, and communion with the gods and spirits. These socio-religious values of the kola nut among the Idjerhe people are not well documented,however, and this paper aims to fill the lacuna. It employs participatory observation and oral interviews, supported by a critical review of scholarly literature on the subject. The research posits that churches can use the kola nut as a Eucharistic element that would be meaningful and indigenous to the Idjerhe people.

Identifying land cover suitability factors for photovoltaic installations with focus on cropland and urban areas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhura Yeligeti ◽  
Wenxuan Hu ◽  
Yvonne Scholz ◽  
Kai von Krbek
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
System Modelling ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic ◽  
Land Cover Types ◽  
The World ◽  
Urban Settlements

<p>Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems will foreseeably be an integral part of future energy systems. Land cover area analysis has a large influence on estimatiin of long-term solar photovoltaic potential of the world in high spatial detail. In this regard, it is often seen in contemporary works, that the suitability of various land cover categories for PV installation is considered in a yes/no binary response. While some areas like natural parks, sanctuaries, forests are usually completely exempted from PV potential calculations, other land over categories like urban settlements, bare, sparsely vegetated areas, and even cropland can principally support PV installations to varying degrees. This depends on the specific land use competition, social, economic and climatic conditions, etc. In this study, we attempt to evaluate these ‘factors of suitability’ of different land cover types for PV installations.</p><p>As a basis, the openly available global land cover datasets from the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service were used to identify major land cover types like cropland, shrubland, bare, wetlands, urban settlements, forests, moss and snow etc. For open area PV installations, with a focus on cropland, we incorporated the promising technology of ‘Agri-voltaics’ in our investigation. Different crops have shown to respond positively or negatively, so far, to growing under PV panels according to various experimental and commercial sources. Hence, we considered 18 major crops of the world (covering 85% of world cropland) individually and consequently, evaluated a weighted overall suitability factor of cropland cover for PV, for three acceptance scenarios of future.</p><p>For rooftop PV installations in urban areas, various socio-economic and geographical influences come in play. The rooftop area available and further usable for PV depends on housing patterns (roof type, housing density) which vary with climate, population density and socio-economic lifestyle. We classified global urban areas into several clusters based on combinations of these factors. For each cluster, rooftop area suitability is evaluated at a representative location using the land cover maps, the Open Street Map and specific characteristics of the cluster.</p><p>Overall, we present an interdisciplinary approach to integrate technological, social and economic aspects in land cover analysis to estimate PV potentials. While the intricacies may still be insufficient for planning small localized energy systems, this can reasonably benefit energy system modelling from a regional to international scale.</p>

scholarly journals ARAH BARU KAJIAN TAFSIR: KAJIAN METODOLOGI PENELITIAN AKSIN WIJAYA DALAM KARYANYA SEJARAH KENABIAN PERSPEKTIF TAFSIR NUZULI MUHAMMAD IZZAT DARWAZAH

QOF ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-174
Author(s):  
Cholid Ma'arif
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Comparative Research ◽  
The People ◽  
Four Books ◽  
Interpretation Method ◽  
The Ideal

Abstrak This paper will explore aspects of research methodology of exegesis written by Aksin Wijaya related to methods nuzuli ala Muhammad Izzat Darwazah. For that, the focus of this discussion is the methodology of his research in his own book of under title Sejarah Kenabian Dalam Perspektif Tafsir Nuzuli Muhammad Izzat Darwazah, finding out how people review mufassir. Specifically, the methodical determination of the previous his experienced has moved soon of orientation from the critical to the descriptive while facing of four books, namely: Tafsir al Hadith, 'Ashr al Nabiy wa Biatuhu Qabla al Bi'tsah, Sirah al Rasul; Suwar Muqtabasah min al Qur'an, and ad Dustur al Qur'an fi Su'uni al Hayat works of thinkers and historians. From his reading, he at least analyzes his views into two important parts, namely; 1) the interpretation method of nuzuli and the ideal concept it contains, 2) it then draws it into the realm of pre-Islamic, personal and family life of the prophet Muhammad, to the condition of the people of prophetic era through the perspective of nuzuli Izzat Darwazah exegesis. According to the reviewer, there are other research elements in writing the work of the exegesis, namely some models of research methods of interpretation at once, such as: comparative research, character research, and thematic-nuzuli research. Whereas although placed more as an overview of nuzuli interpretation, at least he invites readers, especially in Indonesia to re-read the tafsir nuzuli treasury and see which is as worthy to be developed in the turats of Islam Nusantara. Abstrak Tulisan ini hendak menelusuri aspek metodologi penelitian tafsir yang dilakukan oleh Dr. Aksin Wijaya terkait metode nuzuli ala Muhammad Izzat Darwazah. Untuk itu, fokus dari pembahasan ini adalah tentang metodologi penelitiannya dalam buku berjudul Sejarah Kenabian Dalam Perspektif Tafsir Nuzuli Muhammad Izzat Darwazah untuk mengetahui bagaimana orang mengkaji mufassir. Dimana secara khusus mulai penentuan metodis dari sebelumnya ia mengalami pergeseran orientasi dari kritis ke deskriptif dalam menghadapi empat kitab hasil perburuannya, yaitu: Tafsir al Hadits, ‘Ashr al Nabiy wa Biatuhu Qabla al Bi’tsah, Sirah al Rasul; Suwar Muqtabasah min al Qur’an, dan ad Dustur al Qur’an fi Su’uni al Hayat karya tokoh pemikir dan sejarawan. Dari pembacaannya tersebut, ia setidaknya menganalisa pandangannya menjadi dua bagian penting, yaitu; 1) metode tafsir nuzuli dan konsep ideal yang dikandungnya, 2) kemudian ia menariknya ke ranah kehidupan masyarakat pra-islam, pribadi dan keluarga nabi Muhammad saw, hingga kondisi masyarakat era kenabian melalui perspektif tafsir nuzuli Izzat Darwazah. Pun demikian, menurut penulis ada unsur penelitian lain dalam penulisan karya Aksin tersebut, yaitu beberapa model metode penelitian tafsir sekaligus, seperti: penelitian perbandingan, penelitian tokoh, dan penelitian tematik-nuzuli. Dimana walaupun diletakkan lebih sebagai gambaran umum tafsir nuzuli, setidaknya ia mengajak pembaca khususnya di Indonesia untuk meneelaah kembali khazanah tafsir nuzuli dan memandang mana yang sekira layak untuk dikembangkan dalam turats Islam ke-Indonesia-an.

scholarly journals An era of Sentinels in flood management: Potential of Sentinel-1, -2, and -3 satellites for effective flood management

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1616-1642
Author(s):  
Sai Kiran Kuntla
Keyword(s):  
Optical Sensors ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Flood Management ◽  
Flood Frequency ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Earth Observations ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The People ◽  
Technical Specifications ◽  
Sentinel 2

Abstract The repetitive and destructive nature of floods across the globe causes significant economic damage, loss of human lives, and leaves the people living in flood-prone areas with fear and insecurity. With enough literature projecting an increase in flood frequency, severity, and magnitude in the future, there is a clear need for effective flood management strategies and timely implementation. The earth observatory satellites of the European Space Agency’s Sentinel series, Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, and Sentinel-3, have a great potential to combat these disastrous floods by their peerless surveillance capabilities that could assist in various phases of flood management. In this article, the technical specifications and operations of the microwave synthetic aperture radar (SAR) onboard Sentinel-1, optical sensors onboard Sentinel-2 (Multispectral Instrument) and Sentinel-3 (Ocean and Land Color Instrument), and SAR altimeter onboard Sentinel-3 are described. Moreover, the observational capabilities of these three satellites and how these observations can meet the needs of researchers and flood disaster managers are discussed in detail. Furthermore, we reviewed how these satellites carrying a range of technologies that provide a broad spectrum of earth observations stand out among their predecessors and have bought a step-change in flood monitoring, understanding, and management to mitigate their adverse effects. Finally, the study is concluded by highlighting the revolution this fleet of Sentinel satellites has brought in the flood management studies and applications.

scholarly journals Micah 7:8-20: An apt conclusion to the book of Micah

2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 249-259
Author(s):  
W J Wessels
Keyword(s):  
The Earth ◽  
Strong Emphasis ◽  
The People

It is argued in this article that Micah 7:8-20 forms an apt conclusion to the book of Micah. As was the case with Micah 1, the concluding section also focusses on Yahweh and his dealings with the people of the earth. There is a universal tendency to be detected in this section as well. An important aspect to notice  is  the liturgical nature of chapters six and seven, especially 7:8-20. There is a vagueness, almost a timelessness, imbuing this section. This could be intended allowing later generations of believers to apply these words to  their  own  circumstances. With Micah 7:8-20 as the concluding section of the book, one is left with a sense of well-roundedness, of completeness. The collection of oracles attributed  to Micah in general has a sombre tone. For this very reason Micah  7:8-20  seems  to  change  the mood. It breathes hope into a negative atmosphere of judgment. It ends with a strong emphasis on the power of Yahweh, the power of forgiveness.

scholarly journals Potret Kekristenan Pada Suku Dayak Pesaguan Di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-75
Author(s):  
Tio Pilus Arisandie
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Qualitative Research Methods ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
West Kalimantan ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The People ◽  
Primary Basis

The Pesaguan Dayak tribe is a tribe in West Kalimantan Province. Most of the people of this tribe are Catholic and Protestant. In the initial observation (pre-research), it seems that their understanding of the Bible and its position in the practice of life needs attention. However, in everyday life, the Pesaguan Dayak community is still robust with the customs, ethics, and moral norms of the tribal religion. To obtain a Christian portrait of the Pasaguan Dayak tribe, the researchers used qualitative research methods, emphasizing surveys or observations and interviews. From the results of research and interviews conducted, it was found that in the daily life of the Pesaguan Dayak people, the Bible is not the primary basis for the Pesaguan Dayak tribe. Another portrait of Christianity found in the field is the absence of awareness from the Pesaguan Dayak community to reach out to Malays to believe in Jesus, even though they live next door.   Suku Dayak Pesaguan adalah suku yang berada di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. Sebagian besar orang-orang dari suku ini beragama Katolik dan Protestan. Pada obersevasi awal (prapenelitian), tampaknya pemahaman mereka tentang Alkitab dan posisinya dalam praktik kehidupan, perlu mendapat perhatian. Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, masyarakat suku Dayak Pesaguan masih sangat kuat dengan adat istiadat, etika dan norma-norma moral agama suku.  Untuk memperoleh potret kekristenan suku Dayak Pasaguan, maka peneliti memanfaatkan metode penelitian kualitatif, dengan menekankan pada survei atau observasi dan wawancara. Dari hasil penelitian dan wawancara yang dilakukan, ditemukan bahwa dalam kehidupan sehari-hari masyarakat suku Dayak Pesaguan, Alkitab bukanlah landasan dasar utama yang dimiliki suku Dayak Pesaguan. Potret kekristenan lainya yang ditemukan di lapangan yaitu belum adanya kesadaran dari masyarakat suku Dayak Pesaguan untuk menjangkau orang Melayu untuk percaya pada Yesus, meskipun mereka hidup bertetangga.

scholarly journals The fluvial history of Mars

2012 ◽  
Vol 370 (1966) ◽  
pp. 2193-2215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael H. Carr
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
River Channels ◽  
Erosion And Deposition ◽  
Running Water ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Outflow Channels ◽  
History Of ◽  
Valley Networks ◽  
River Valleys ◽  
Steep Slopes

River channels and valleys have been observed on several planetary bodies in addition to the Earth. Long sinuous valleys on Venus, our Moon and Jupiter's moon Io are clearly formed by lava, and branching valleys on Saturn's moon Titan may be forming today by rivers of methane. But by far the most dissected body in our Solar System apart from the Earth is Mars. Branching valleys that in plan resemble terrestrial river valleys are common throughout the most ancient landscapes preserved on the planet. Accompanying the valleys are the remains of other indicators of erosion and deposition, such as deltas, alluvial fans and lake beds. There is little reason to doubt that water was the erosive agent and that early in Mars' history, climatic conditions were very different from the present cold conditions and such that, at least episodically, water could flow across the surface. In addition to the branching valley networks, there are large flood features, termed outflow channels. These are similar to, but dwarf, the largest terrestrial flood channels. The consensus is that these channels were also cut by water although there are other possibilities. The outflow channels mostly postdate the valley networks, although most are still very ancient. They appear to have formed at a time when surface conditions were similar to those that prevail today. There is evidence that glacial activity has modified some of the water-worn valleys, particularly in the 30–50° latitude belts, and ice may also be implicated in the formation of geologically recent, seemingly water-worn gullies on steep slopes. Mars also has had a long volcanic history, and long, sinuous lava channels similar to those on the Moon and Venus are common on and around the large volcanoes. These will not, however, be discussed further; the emphasis here is on the effects of running water on the evolution of the surface.

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