scholarly journals Sustained low rotavirus activity and hospitalisation rates in the post-vaccination era in Belgium, 2007 to 2014

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (27) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martine Sabbe ◽  
Nicolas Berger ◽  
Adriaan Blommaert ◽  
Benson Ogunjimi ◽  
Tine Grammens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Age Group ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
Rotavirus Gastroenteritis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Vaccination Period

In 2006, Belgium was the first country in the European Union to recommend rotavirus vaccination in the routine infant vaccination schedule and rapidly achieved high vaccine uptake (86–89% in 2007). We used regional and national data sources up to 7 years post-vaccination to study the impact of vaccination on laboratory-confirmed rotavirus cases and rotavirus-related hospitalisations and deaths. We showed that (i) from 2007 until 2013, vaccination coverage remained at 79–88% for a complete course, (ii) in children 0–2 years, rotavirus cases decreased by 79% (95% confidence intervals (CI): 68–­89%) in 2008–2014 compared to the pre-vaccination period (1999–­2006) and by 50% (95% CI: 14–82%) in the age group ≥ 10 years, (iii) hospitalisations for rotavirus gastroenteritis decreased by 87% (95% CI: 84–90%) in 2008–­2012 compared to the pre-vaccination period (2002–­2006), (iv) median age of rotavirus cases increased from 12 months to 17 months and (v) the rotavirus seasonal peak was reduced and delayed in all post-vaccination years. The substantial decline in rotavirus gastroenteritis requiring hospitalisations and in rotavirus activity following introduction of rotavirus vaccination is sustained over time and more pronounced in the target age group, but with evidence of herd immunity.

scholarly journals Divergent serotype replacement trends and increasing diversity in pneumococcal disease in high income settings reduce the benefit of expanding vaccine valency

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Løchen ◽  
Nicholas J. Croucher ◽  
Roy M. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Serotype Distribution ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Vaccine Serotypes ◽  
European North ◽  
Serotype Replacement ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Streptococcus pneumoniae is a significant cause of otitis media, pneumonia, and meningitis. Only seven of the approximately 100 serotypes were initially included in the pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine (PCV) in 2000 before it was expanded in subsequent years. Although the invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) incidence due to vaccine serotypes (VT) has declined, partial replacement by non-vaccine serotypes (NVT) was observed following widespread vaccine uptake. We conducted a trend analysis assembling the available evidence for PCV impact on European, North American and Australian national IPD. Significant effectiveness against VT IPD in infants was observed, although the impact on national IPD incidence varied internationally due to serotype replacement. Currently, NVT serotypes 8, 9N, 15A and 23B are increasing in the countries assessed, although a variety of other NVTs are affecting each country and age group. Despite these common emerging serotypes, there has not been a dominant IPD serotype post-vaccination as there was pre-vaccination (serotype 14) or post-PCV7 (serotype 19A), suggesting that future vaccines with additional serotypes will be less effective at targeting and reducing IPD in global populations than previous PCVs. The rise of diverse NVTs in all settings’ top-ranked IPD-causing serotypes emphasizes the urgent need for surveillance data on serotype distribution and serotype-specific invasiveness post-vaccination to facilitate decision making concerning both expanding current vaccination programmes and increasing vaccine valency.

scholarly journals Assessment of the timeliness of vaccination against pertussis in children of the first year of life and the reasons for the violation of the vaccination schedule

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-86
Author(s):  
T. M. Chernova ◽  
V. N. Timchenko ◽  
A. I. Pedash ◽  
M. D. Subbotina ◽  
O. I. Bulina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Recombinant Interferon ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Ifn Alpha ◽  
Vaccination History ◽  
Acute Respiratory Viral Infection ◽  
Vaccination Period

The maximum incidence of pertussis in young children confirms the importance of their timely immunization.The goal is – to study the timeliness of vaccination against whooping cough, causes of violation of the vaccination schedule in young children, the effect of recombinant interferon-a on the post-vaccination period.Materials and methods: the vaccination history and data on the course of the post-vaccination period after immunization with DPT and DaPT vaccines of 469 children at the age of 3–24 months were studied.Results. The analysis showed that 14,9% of the observed children were not vaccinated against whooping cough in a timely manner. Of these: 34,3% had a written refusal to vaccinate (5.1% of the total number of observed children), in 32,8% of cases, the vaccination schedule was violated due to late arrival of parents, 32,9% of children by the start of immunization had medical challenges, and only half of them had justified contraindications. Non-serious side effects associated with immunization were observed in 11.3% of cases, statistically more often with DTP (22,0%) compared with DaPT (5.,5%). General and local reactions, in general, were recorded on DPT (6,9% and 15,1%, respectively) and less often developed with the use of DaPT (1,0% and 4,5%, respectively). Within 1 month after immunization, 16,2% of the observed children had an acute respiratory viral infection of varying severity. Those who did not receive antiviral therapy more often carried the disease in a moderate and severe form, which in all cases led to the postponement of the administration of the second and third doses of the vaccine.Conclusion. To increase the timeliness of vaccination of children against whooping cough, medical professionals should persistently remind parents about the timing of turnout for the next vaccination, when making medical withdrawals, be guided by modern methodological documents and instructions for vaccines. The use of antiviral and immunomodulatory effects of IFN-alpha drugs allows us to comply with the recommended schedule for vaccination of children with a high risk of SARS in the post-vaccination period.

scholarly journals Emergence of Unusual Rotavirus G9p[4] and G8p[8] Strains During Post Vaccination Surveillance in Argentina, 2017-2018 

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan I Degiuseppe ◽  
Juan A Stupka
Keyword(s):  
Early Spring ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
Immunization Strategies ◽  
Monovalent Vaccine ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Children Under 5

Abstract Background. In 2015, Argentina included RotarixTM monovalent vaccine for universal administration and it showed a sharp decline in all-cause and rotavirus-confirmed cases as well as an immediate predominance of the G2P[4] genotype. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of rotavirus vaccination on disease burden and genotype distribution in our country following its introduction. Methods. Prevalence and seasonality of laboratory-confirmed rotavirus cases data were assessed. Analyses of circulating genotypes were performed by conventional binary characterization (G and P typing). Phylogenetic study of VP7 gene was performed from emergent unusual strains. Results. During 2017-2018, 1183 rotavirus cases (13.2%) were detected and prevalence was uniform among different age subgroups. Weekly distribution showed a raise of confirmed cases around late July and early August. In 2017 the most frequently detected genotypes were G2P[4] and G3P[8]. However, in 2018 G12P[8] genotype increased and it was detected at a high rate. Noteworthy, the detection of uncommon G9P[4] and G8P[8] strains (bearing DS-1-like genetic backbones) was observed at moderate rates. Conclusions. Following four years of this strategy, the prevalence of rotavirus remained low in children under 5 years of age with a shift of the seasonal peak in early spring. The emergence of uncommon genotypes was due to introduction of new strains rather than to reassortment of local strains. Continuous monitoring of rotavirus burden of disease and genotype distribution provides useful evidence to evaluate existing immunization strategies and to contribute in the development of new vaccines as well.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis and Rotavirus-Associated Benign Convulsions with Mild Gastroenteritis after the Introduction of Rotavirus Vaccines in South Korea: Nationwide Data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (22) ◽  
pp. 8374
Author(s):  
Dong Hyun Kim ◽  
Yeong Seok Lee ◽  
Dong Jun Ha ◽  
Min Jun Chun ◽  
Young Se Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Information Service ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
Rotavirus Gastroenteritis ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccines ◽  
Annual Prevalence ◽  
The Impact

Using nationwide data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment service, we assessed the impact of rotavirus vaccines, introduced in South Korea, in 2007, on changes in the prevalence of factors (age, sex, and geographic location) associated with rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) and rotavirus-associated benign convulsions with mild gastroenteritis (RaCwG). We analyzed health records of children younger than 3 years who visited clinical facilities and were diagnosed with RVGE or RaCwG between 2007 and 2019. The annual mid-year population (MYP) was obtained from the Korean Statistical Information Service. The annual prevalence of RVGE, RaCwG and associated factors were statistically analyzed. Overall, 219,686, and 4032, children were confirmed to have RVGE and RaCwG, respectively. Although the annual prevalence of RVGE decreased significantly, that of RaCwG did not. The annual ratio of RaCwG to RVGE was significantly high. Compared to the prevalence of RVGE, the prevalence of RaCwG was significantly lower in rural areas. The age of RaCwG patients was significantly lower than that of the MYP and that of RVGE patients. The decrease in the number of RaCwG patients after rotavirus vaccination was not as pronounced as the decrease in the number of RVGE patients.

scholarly journals Impact of vaccination and birth rate on the epidemiology of pertussis: a comparative study in 64 countries

2010 ◽  
Vol 277 (1698) ◽  
pp. 3239-3245 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Broutin ◽  
C. Viboud ◽  
B. T. Grenfell ◽  
M. A. Miller ◽  
P. Rohani
Keyword(s):  
Birth Rate ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Recruitment Rate ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Epidemic Period ◽  
The Impact

Bordetella pertussis infection remains an important public health problem worldwide despite decades of routine vaccination. A key indicator of the impact of vaccination programmes is the inter-epidemic period, which is expected to increase with vaccine uptake if there is significant herd immunity. Based on empirical data from 64 countries across the five continents over the past 30–70 years, we document the observed relationship between the average inter-epidemic period, birth rate and vaccine coverage. We then use a mathematical model to explore the range of scenarios for duration of immunity and transmission resulting from repeat infections that are consistent with empirical evidence. Estimates of pertussis periodicity ranged between 2 and 4.6 years, with a strong association with susceptible recruitment rate, defined as birth rate × (1 − vaccine coverage). Periodicity increased by 1.27 years on average after the introduction of national vaccination programmes (95% CI: 1.13, 1.41 years), indicative of increased herd immunity. Mathematical models suggest that the observed patterns of pertussis periodicity are equally consistent with loss of immunity that is not as rapid as currently thought, or with negligible transmission generated by repeat infections. We conclude that both vaccine coverage and birth rate drive pertussis periodicity globally and that vaccination induces strong herd immunity effects. A better understanding of the role of repeat infections in pertussis transmission is critical to refine existing control strategies.

scholarly journals Rotavirus Strain Distribution before and after Introducing Rotavirus Vaccine in India

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 416
Author(s):  
Tintu Varghese ◽  
Shainey Alokit Khakha ◽  
Sidhartha Giri ◽  
Nayana P. Nair ◽  
Manohar Badur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Group A ◽  
Vaccine Impact ◽  
Commercial Enzyme Immunoassay ◽  
Epidemiological Effects ◽  
Vaccination Period

In April 2016, an indigenous monovalent rotavirus vaccine (Rotavac) was introduced to the National Immunization Program in India. Hospital-based surveillance for acute gastroenteritis was conducted in five sentinel sites from 2012 to 2020 to monitor the vaccine impact on various genotypes and the reduction in rotavirus positivity at each site. Stool samples collected from children under 5 years of age hospitalized with diarrhea were tested for group A rotavirus using a commercial enzyme immunoassay, and rotavirus strains were characterized by RT-PCR. The proportion of diarrhea hospitalizations attributable to rotavirus at the five sites declined from a range of 56–29.4% in pre-vaccine years to 34–12% in post-vaccine years. G1P[8] was the predominant strain in the pre-vaccination period, and G3P[8] was the most common in the post-vaccination period. Circulating patterns varied throughout the study period, and increased proportions of mixed genotypes were detected in the post-vaccination phase. Continuous long-term surveillance is essential to understand the diversity and immuno-epidemiological effects of rotavirus vaccination.

scholarly journals CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE OF THE ELDERLY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: CONVERGENCE AND IMPACT ON GDP

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (30 (1)) ◽  
pp. 268-275
Author(s):  
Sanda Anca
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
European Union ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Gdp Growth Rate ◽  
Convergence Process ◽  
The Impact

In the context of an ageing population, the aim of this study is to analyze how the consumption expenditure of the age group 50 plus affected the GDP growth rate during the period 2005-2019, at the level of the European Union countries. Using spatial econometrics, we study the convergence process of both the consumption expenditure of the 50 plus age group and the GDP. Furthermore, we analyze the relationship between the two variables and its evolution in time. We conclude that there is a bidirectional relationship between the studied variables: an increase in the growth rate of the 50 plus age consumption significantly and positively impacts the GDP growth rate and vice versa. At the level of Western European states where the share of 50 plus population is the highest, the impact on GDP growth rate is stronger. The results are relevant for further identifying possible economic opportunities created by the ageing population while supporting the European Union cohesion policy through the convergence process aimed at reaching an overall harmonious development within the member states and regions.

scholarly journals Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on invasive pneumococcal disease in children under 5 years of age in the Czech Republic

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0247862
Author(s):  
Jana Kozakova ◽  
Pavla Krizova ◽  
Marek Maly
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Vaccination Period ◽  
Children Under 5

Introduction The aim of this study is to analyse the impact of vaccination of infants with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) on the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children under 5 years of age in the Czech Republic. Material and methods The present study includes all IPD cases reported in children aged 0–4 years within the surveillance program in 2007–2017. The impact of PCV is analysed for five categories of IPD: cases caused by all serotypes, cases caused by PCV7 serotypes (4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F), cases caused by three additional PCV10 serotypes (1, 5, and 7F), cases caused by three additional PCV13 serotypes (3, 6A, and 19A), and cases caused by non-PCV serotypes. To assess the impact of PCV, the study period was divided into the pre-vaccination period 2007–2008 and post-vaccination period 2009–2017, which was divided into three three-year parts: 2009–2011, 2012–2014, and 2015–2017. Analysis of differences between periods was based on the Poisson regression model where the population numbers were handled as an offset. Results The annual incidence of IPD in children under 5 years of age caused by all serotypes has had a downward trend since 2007: it dropped from 8.52/100 000 in 2007 to 2.67/100 000 in 2017, with slight increases in 2010 and 2013. All three post-vaccination periods show significantly lower (p<0.001) incidences in comparison to the pre-vaccination period, but they do not statistically significantly differ from each other. Conclusions IPD surveillance data in the Czech Republic show that after the introduction of PCV vaccination of infants, there has been a significant decrease in the IPD incidence of children under 5 years of age. Continued IPD surveillance is essential to monitor for possible post-vaccination serotype replacement.

scholarly journals Temporal changes in nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 1 genotypes in healthy Gambians before and after the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chinelo Ebruke ◽  
Anna Roca ◽  
Uzochukwu Egere ◽  
Ousainou Darboe ◽  
Philip C Hill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Temporal Changes ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Carriage ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Serotype 1 ◽  
Pneumococcal Serotype ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Vaccination Period

Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 1 is one of the leading causes of invasive pneumococcal disease. However this invasive serotype is hardly found in nasopharyngeal asymptomatic carriage and therefore large epidemiological studies are needed to assess the dynamics of serotype 1 infection. Within the context of a large cluster randomized trial conducted in rural Gambia to assess the impact of PCV-7 vaccination on nasopharyngeal carriage, we present an ancillary study describing the prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococcal serotype 1 and temporal changes of its more frequent genotypes. Nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) were collected before PCV-7 vaccination (December 2003-May 2004) and up to 30 months after PCV-7 vaccination (post-vaccination periods 1 to 3: July 2006 – March 2007; April 2007 – March 2008 and April 2008 – Feb 2009). S. pneumoniae serotype 1 were genotyped by MLST. Serotype 1 was recovered from 87 (0.71%) of 12,319 NPS samples collected. In the pre-vaccination period, prevalence of serotype 1 was 0.47% in both study arms. In the post-vaccination periods, prevalence in the fully vaccinated villages ranged between 0.08% in period 1 and 0.165% in period 2; while prevalence in partly vaccinated villages was between 0.17% in period 3 and 1.34% in period 2. Overall four different genotypes were obtained with ST3081 the most prevalent (60.71%) followed by ST618 929.76%). ST3081 was found only in post-vaccination period 2 and 3 while ST618 had disappeared in post-vaccination period 3. Distribution of these major genotypes was similar in both study arms.Emergence of ST3081 and concomitant disappearance of ST618 may suggest a change in the molecular epidemiology of pneumococcal serotype 1 in this region. This change is not likely to be associated with the introduction of PCV-7 which lacks serotype 1 as it was observed simultaneously in both study arms. Future population-based epidemiological studies will provide further evidence of substantive changes in the pneumococcal serotype 1 epidemiology and the likely mechanisms.

scholarly journals Impact of booster COVID-19 vaccine for Moroccan adults: A discrete age-structured model approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aayah Hammoumi ◽  
Hanane Hmarrass ◽  
Redouane Qesmi
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Vaccination Program ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Structured Model ◽  
Age Structured ◽  
Age Structured Model ◽  
The Impact

AbstractPublic health control strategies, such as lockdown, seem to be effective in reducing the spread of the pandemic, but are ineffective as a whole since lockdown is responsible of global economic crisis and badly lived by the majority of children and adults who have developed mental health disorders and familial problems as well. Thus, the development of a vaccine against COVID-19 is needed to control this disease. We have developed a discrete age-structured model and followed the Moroccan vaccination program to assess the impact of booster vaccination targeting Moroccan adults against COVID-19. Using the derived model, we estimated some relevant model parameters related to COVID-19 using collected cumulative mortality and reported Moroccan data. A control reproduction number Rc, which determines the necessary level of vaccine uptake that lead to COVID-19 eradication is determined. Furthermore, a herd immunity threshold above which the population can be protected from COVID-19 infection is derived. Analyzing the model, sufficient and necessary conditions for the eradication of the disease are obtained as well. Next, we perform numerical simulations to study the impact of several uptake levels of the potential vaccine on the persistence and the extinction of COVID-19 pandemic. Our results show that the COVID-19 is expected to last past 2021 in the absence of a vaccination program. Moreover, a vaccination of the adult population at rate 0.6% per day needs at least 67% of vaccine efficacy and 90% of immunogenicity rate to eradicate the disease. Using Sinopharm vaccine, the herd immunity can be achieved when about half of Moroccan adult population is immunized against the COVID-19. However, using Oxford-Astrazeneca vaccine, less than 60% of adult population must be immunized against the disease to achieve the herd immunity. Finally, if vaccine efficacy is about 80% and the immunogenicity is about 50% then vaccinating adults at rate of 0.6% per day could protect roughly 22% of children from COVID-19 infection.

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