scholarly journals First autochthonous malaria case due to Plasmodium vivax since eradication, Spain, October 2010

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (41) ◽  
Author(s):  
P Santa-Olalla Peralta ◽  
M C Vazquez-Torres ◽  
E Latorre-Fandós ◽  
P Mairal-Claver ◽  
P Cortina-Solano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Malaria Case ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Anopheles Atroparvus ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Autochthonous Transmission

In October 2010, one case of autochthonous malaria due to Plasmodium vivax was diagnosed in Spain. The case occurred in Aragon, north-eastern Spain, where the vector Anopheles atroparvus is present. Although the source of infection could not be identified, this event highlights that sporadic autochthonous transmission of vector-borne diseases in continental Europe is possible and calls for enhanced surveillance and vector control measures.

scholarly journals Issues on Vector Related Diseases Transmission: People's Perception & Practices

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-37
Author(s):  
Md Mahfuzar Rahman ◽  
Md Atiqur Rahman ◽  
Rizona Jnui ◽  
Abu Kawser ◽  
Khalid Omar Shahin
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Mosquito Net ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne

Background: The vector borne diseases pose an immense public health concern and also a growing urban and rural problem. The aim of this study was to findout the perception and practices among the rural households regarding vector related diseases in some selected villages of Dhamrai Upazila. Material and Methods: This descriptive cross sectional study was carried out among 1380 respondents by purposive sampling technique during the period from 6th to 8th January, 2018 in different villages of Dhamrai Upazila, Dhaka.. Results: Then study revealed that majority of the respondents 89% were Muslims by religion and about 65% respondents were found within the age 25-55 years. (mean age 37.81±14.72 years). Out of 1380 respondents, majority 87% & 86% mentioned Mosquitos and Houseflies as vectors transmitting the diseases followed by 48% Itch mite, 45% Louse and 27% Sandflies. About 85% & 88% mentioned Malaria & Dengue fever transmitted by vectors followed by 58% Chikungunya, 42% Kala azar, 13% Filariasis and 44% Typhoid fever. However, 71%, 83%, 59% & 3% respondents mentioned Mosquito bite as the mode of transmission of Malaria, Chikungunya and Filariasis respectively. About 88%, 75%, 44% and 39% respondents mentioned Personal protection, Avoidance of water collection, Fogging and Insecticidal spraying as the vector control measures. Nevertheless, 92%, 81% and 30% respondents are found practiced Mosquito net, Mosquito coil and Screening of windows as their usual vector control measures. Conclusion: In this study community awareness in terms of perceptions, knowledge and practices regarding vector borne diseases are found deficient. There should be intensified efforts in promoting personal protective measures through creating public awareness towards prevention of vector borne diseases in the locality. Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal Vol. 10, No. 1: Jan 2019, P 32-37

scholarly journals Effect of climate change and deforestation on vector borne diseases in the North-Eastern Indian state of Mizoram bordering Myanmar

2021 ◽  
pp. 100015
Author(s):  
Balasubramani Karuppusamy ◽  
Devojit Kumar Sarma ◽  
Pachuau Lalmalsawma ◽  
Lalfakzuala Pautu ◽  
Krishanpal Karmodiya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Indian State ◽  
Vector Borne

scholarly journals Prevalence assessment of ectoparasitic arthropods among commonly consumed wildlife in Nsukka, southeast Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kingsley Uchenna Ozioko ◽  
Chris Ikem Okoye ◽  
Patience Obiageli Ubachukwu ◽  
Raymond Awudu Agbu ◽  
Bede Izuchukwu Ezewudo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Wild Game ◽  
Wildlife Reservoirs ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Ixodes Holocyclus ◽  
Public Health Significance ◽  
Physical Examinations ◽  
Health Significance ◽  
Vector Borne

Abstract Background Wildlife reservoirs not only act as a source of infection for vectors but also serve as hosts for the vectors themselves, supporting their populations. Their public health significance in developing countries is of growing importance as a result of zoonotic and enzootic diseases associated with the pathogens they transmit. Therefore, a study was carried out to determine the prevalence of ectoparasites of wild game in Nsukka, southeast Nigeria. Physical examinations were carried out on 143 wildlife, and laboratory identification was employed on the ectoparasites. The collected ectoparasites were identified in the laboratory using literature and with the help of a taxonomist. Results Out of the 143 game examined, 114 was infected with at least one parasite representing about 98.6% of an infestation. Among the parasites identified, Amblyomma spp. showed the highest prevalence of 24.5% at 95% confidential intervals of CI (1.45–3.19)–24.5% (p ≤ 0.05). No difference was observed in the prevalence of the ectoparasites according to sex, except for Ixodes holocyclus. Similarly, no difference was observed in prevalence with reference to age except for Rhipicephalus spp. and Polyplax spinulosa which showed differences. Conclusions The present study provides basic data about the most prevalent ectoparasitic arthropod among game in Nsukka, southeast Nigeria, which requires an evaluation of its zoonotic control measures. This work can elicit the risk of possible transmission of some zoonotic and enzootic diseases via game. Improving awareness among local people and bushmeat dealers about the risk of contracting a vector-borne disease through wildlife is crucial.

scholarly journals Management of insecticides for use in disease vector control: a global survey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henk van den Berg ◽  
Haroldo Sergio da Silva Bezerra ◽  
Emmanuel Chanda ◽  
Samira Al-Eryani ◽  
Bhupender Nath Nagpal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Worker Safety ◽  
External Support ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Global Survey ◽  
Pesticide Management ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Vector Borne

Abstract Background: Vector control plays a critical role in the prevention, control and elimination of vector-borne diseases, and interventions of vector control continue to depend largely on the action of chemical insecticides. A global survey was conducted on the management practices of vector control insecticides at country level to identify gaps to inform future strategies on pesticide management, seeking to improve efficacy of interventions and reduce the side effects of chemicals used on health and the environment.Methods: A survey by questionnaire on the management practices of vector control insecticides was disseminated among all WHO Member States. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics.Results: Responses were received from 94 countries, or a 48% response rate . Capacity for insecticide resistance monitoring was established in 68-80% of the countries in most regions, often with external support; however, this capacity was largely lacking from the European & Others Region. Procurement of vector control insecticides was in 50-75% of countries taking place by agencies other than the central-level procuring agency, over which the central authorities lacked control, for example, to select the product or assure product quality. Moreover, some countries experienced problems with estimating the correct amounts for procurement, especially for emergency purposes. Large fractions of countries across regions showed shortcomings in worker safety, pesticide storage practices, and pesticide waste disposal. Shortcomings were most pronounced in countries of the European & Others region, which has long been relatively free from mosquito-borne diseases but have recently faced challenges of re-emerging vector-borne diseases.Conclusions: Critical shortcomings in the management of vector control insecticides are common in countries across regions, with risks of adverse pesticide effects on health and the environment. Advocacy and resource mobilization are needed at regional and country level to address these challenges.

scholarly journals Plasmodium vivax malaria in a Romanian traveller returning from Greece, August 2011

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (35) ◽  
Author(s):  
S A Florescu ◽  
C P Popescu ◽  
P Calistru ◽  
E Ceausu ◽  
M Nica ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Vivax Malaria ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
The Past ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax Malaria ◽  
Vector Borne

In August 2011, a Plasmodium vivax malaria infection was diagnosed in a Romanian traveller returning from Greece. This case together with several reports over the past decade of autochthonous cases in Greece highlight that malaria should be considered as differential diagnosis in symptomatic travellers returning from this country. Travellers may serve as sentinels of emerging vector-borne diseases.

scholarly journals Vaccine and Therapeutic Options To Control Chikungunya Virus

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann M. Powers
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Therapeutic Options ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
And Control ◽  
Integrated Vector Control

SUMMARYBeginning in 2004, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) went from an endemic pathogen limited to Africa and Asia that caused periodic outbreaks to a global pathogen. Given that outbreaks caused by CHIKV have continued and expanded, serious consideration must be given to identifying potential options for vaccines and therapeutics. Currently, there are no licensed products in this realm, and control relies completely on the use of personal protective measures and integrated vector control, which are only minimally effective. Therefore, it is prudent to urgently examine further possibilities for control. Vaccines have been shown to be highly effective against vector-borne diseases. However, as CHIKV is known to rapidly spread and generate high attack rates, therapeutics would also be highly valuable. Several candidates are currently being developed; this review describes the multiple options under consideration for future development and assesses their relative advantages and disadvantages.

Multisectoral approaches for the control of vector-borne diseases, with particular emphasis on dengue and housing

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 (12) ◽  
pp. 823-828
Author(s):  
Olaf Horstick ◽  
Silvia Runge-Ranzinger
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Larval Habitats ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Vector Borne

Abstract The Sustainable Development Goals suggest an intersectoral approach for development and health, including for vector-borne diseases. Evidence-based policy recommendations exist for malaria and housing, but not for other, more underfunded, vector-borne diseases. This review aims to stimulate the process for developing policy recommendations for other vector-borne diseases and housing with the process as it was developed for dengue and Aedes control as an example and with suggestions for steps necessary for other vector-borne diseases. For dengue, some basic research on the efficacy of vector control in relation to housing exists, summary evidence highlights the lack of evidence and efficacy and policy recommendations remain difficult. For other vector-borne diseases, few studies have focused on protecting the house, combinations of effective interventions (e.g. intradomiciliary residual spraying, insecticide-treated materials and treatment of larval habitats with biological and chemical methods, which have proven to be effective) have not been studied and summary evidence is non-existent. In order to recommend vector control to protect the house against vector-borne diseases, basic research and summary evidence are needed, with an appropriate combination of the most efficacious interventions and linked to improvement of housing itself. Standards for such studies need to be developed.

scholarly journals Endoparasites and vector-borne pathogens in dogs from Greek islands: pathogen distribution and zoonotic implications

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia Diakou ◽  
Angela Di Cesare ◽  
Simone Morelli ◽  
Mariasole Colombo ◽  
Lenaig Halos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Rhipicephalus Sanguineus ◽  
Toxocara Canis ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Rickettsia Conorii ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
Of Greece

AbstractThe present study investigated the presence of endo- and ecto-parasites, and vector-borne pathogens, in dogs from four islands of Greece. A total of 200 owned and sheltered dogs were examined with different microscopic, serological and molecular methods.Of the examined dogs, 130 (65%) were positive for one or more parasites and/or vector-borne pathogens. The most common zoonotic intestinal helminths recorded were Ancylostomatidae (12.5%) and Toxocara canis (3.5%). Ninety-three dogs (46.5%) seroreacted to Rickettsia conorii. Twenty-two (11%) of them were also PCR positive and 7 (3.5%) showed corpuscoles suggestive of Rickettsia spp. on the blood smears. Nineteen dogs (9.5%) were seropositive for Ehrlichia canis, three of them being also PCR positive. Dogs positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilum-Anaplasma platys (1%), Dirofilaria immitis (0.5%) and Babesia canis (0.5%) were also found. Fleas and ticks were recorded in 53 (26.5%) and 50 (25%) dogs and all specimens were identified as Ctenocephalides felis felis and Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu latu. Binary multiple univariate Generalized Linear Models were used to investigate factors and clinical signs related to the recorded positivity, while the association of specific signs with the pathogens was evaluated using tests of independence. Knowledge of occurrence and impact of zoonotic parasites and vector-borne pathogens in dog populations is crucial to prevent the infection in animals and people, and to control the risk of spreading of these pathogens in endemic and non-endemic areas.Author summaryBoth owned and sheltered dogs can harbor a variety of intestinal and extra-intestinal endoparasites, as well as vector-borne pathogens and ectoparasites, of zoonotic concern. Dog shelters and stray dogs are present in several touristic areas of Greece, including Sporades and Cyclades islands, where tourists often bring their pets with them, likely travelling from non-endemic to endemic areas. The present study has been carried out with the aim to evaluate the occurrence of the aforementioned pathogens. Data obtained showed that they are present in canine populations of Greece, with possibilities of infection for travelling dogs, which can also contribute to the spreading of zoonotic vector-borne diseases, introducing new pathogens in previously non-endemic areas. For these reasons, a constant monitoring of the epidemiological situation, improving control measures and correct diagnostic approaches are of primary importance for the prevention of canine and human infections, decreasing the spreading of potentially deadly pathogens.

scholarly journals Integrated management of vector borne diseases in conditions of humanitarian crisis with emphasis on vector control

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Εμμανουήλ-Αλέξανδρος Φωτάκης
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽  
Humanitarian Crisis ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne

Οι εντομομεταδιδόμενες ασθένειες αποτελούν ένα από τα σημαντικότερα προβλήματα που αντιμετωπίζει η ανθρωπότητα πλήττοντας δυσανάλογα φτωχούς και περιθωριοποιημένους πληθυσμούς. Κατά την τελευταία δεκαετία, η Ελλάδα και γείτονες χώρες είναι αντιμέτωπες με την εμφάνιση/επανεμφάνιση σημαντικών ασθενειών που μεταδίδονται από κουνούπια και φλεβοτόμους - θέτοντας σημαντικές προκλήσεις για τη δημόσια υγεία. Μέσα σε αυτό το έντονο επιδημιολογικό περιβάλλον, χιλιάδες πρόσφυγες διαμένουν επί του παρόντος σε προσωρινές δομές υπό ανεπαρκείς συνθήκες διαβίωσης, ενδεχομένως αντιμετωπίζοντας αυξημένο κίνδυνο έκθεσης στα εν λόγω νοσήματα. Η προστασία της δημόσιας υγείας έναντι των εντομεταδιδόμενων ασθενειών βασίζεται σε μεγάλο βαθμό σε προγράμματα καταπολέμησης των φορέων με την χρήση εντομοκτόνων. Ωστόσο, ένα παγκόσμιο πρόβλημα που σχετίζεται με την εκτεταμένη χρήση περιορισμένου αριθμού διαθέσιμων εντομοκτόνων είναι η ανάπτυξη ανθεκτικότητας στα εντομοκτόνα σε πληθυσμούς φορέων, απειλώντας την αποτελεσματικότητα των παρεμβάσεων. Η ανάπτυξη κατάλληλων προγραμμάτων καταπολέμησης (βασιζόμενα σε δεδομένα επιτήρησης) και η διαχείριση της ανθεκτικότητας στα εντομοκτόνα αποτελούν επιτακτική ανάγκη για τον αποτελεσματικό έλεγχο των φορέων και των ασθενειών που μεταδίδουν. Βασικές προϋποθέσεις για αυτό περιλαμβάνουν, ο εντοπισμός μοριακών μηχανισμών που προσδίδουν ανθεκτικότητα, η ανάπτυξη ολοκληρωμένων συστημάτων επιτήρησης με έμφαση σε περιοχές αυξημένης επιδημιολογικής σημασίας και η μετατροπή των δεδομένων επιτήρησης σε επιχειρησιακή γνώση/πληροφορία. Η διδακτορική μου μελέτη πραγματοποιήθηκε σε τρία ερευνητικά μέρη. Στο 1ο μέρος, αναλύθηκαν κουνούπια Culex pipiens – που είναι ο κύριος φορέας του ιού του Δυτικού Νείλου, για μεταλλαγές που παρέχουν ανθεκτικότητα στο diflubenzuron (DFB), ένα από τα πιο ευρέως χρησιμοποιούμενα προνυμφοκτόνα. Αναλύσεις αλληλούχισης σε πληθυσμούς από την Ιταλία αποκάλυψαν την παρουσία μιας νέας μεταλλαγής, της I1043F, στο γονίδιο συνθάσης της χιτινής (CHS) των κουνουπιών. H συγκεκριμένη μεταλλαγή (η οποία έχει βρεθεί επίσης σε έντομα γεωργικής σημασίας και έχει συσχετιστεί με πολύ υψηλά επίπεδα ανθεκτικότητας στο DFB) βρέθηκε να είναι σημαντικά υψηλότερη σε Cx. pipiens κουνούπια που επιβίωσαν σε υψηλές δόσεις DFB. Αναλύσεις για την παρουσία/συχνότητα της I1043F και των μεταλλαγών I1043L και I1043M που έχουν εντοπιστεί παλαιότερα, σε Cx. pipiens κουνούπια από διάφορες χώρες της Μεσογείου κατέγραψαν υψηλές συχνότητες μεταλλαγών σε πληθυσμούς από την Ιταλία, φτάνοντας το 93,3% για την I1043M, το 64,8% για την I1043L και το 10% για την I1043F, εγείροντας μεγάλη ανησυχία για τα προγράμματα καταπολέμησης κουνουπιών στην Ευρώπη και επισημαίνοντας την αναγκαιότητα ανάπτυξης κατάλληλων προγραμμάτων διαχείρισης της ανθεκτικότητας. Επίσης ανέλυσα σκνίπες-φορείς λεϊσμανίασης που συλλέχθηκαν από την Ελλάδα και την Τουρκία για την παρουσία και τη συχνότητα μεταλλαγών kdr που σχετίζονται με ανθεκτικότητα στα πυρεθροειδή (τα πιο ευρέως χρησιμοποιούμενα ακμαιοκτόνα). Η μεταλλαγή L1014F (η οποία σε ομοζυγωτία έχει συσχετιστεί με ανθεκτικούς φαινοτύπους στα πυρεθροειδή σε πολλά έντομα) ανιχνεύθηκε σε δείγματα Phlebotomus papatasi από την Sanliurfa, Τουρκία σε αλληλική συχνότητα 48% με τα L1014F/L1014F ομόζυγα άτομα να αντιπροσωπεύουν το 32% του πληθυσμού. Αυτή είναι η πρώτη αναφορά μεταλλαγών ανθεκτικότητας στον κύριο φορέα λεϊσμανίασης P. papatasi, προκαλώντας ιδιαίτερη ανησυχία για την καταπολέμηση της λεϊσμανίασης. Στο 2ο μέρος: Αναπτύχθηκε ένα δίκτυο επιτήρησης φορέων / παθογόνων σε τέσσερα κέντρα φιλοξενίας προσφύγων στην Ελλάδα. Καταγράφηκαν σημαντικά είδη κουνουπιών και σκνιπών - φορείς παθογόνων καθώς και υψηλά ποσοστά μόλυνσης από Leishmania donovani και L. tropica σε δείγματα σκνιπών, δείχνοντας πως οι τοπικοί προσφυγικοί πληθυσμοί αντιμετωπίζουν αυξημένο κίνδυνο μόλυνσης από εντομομεταδιδόμενες ασθένειες. Επιπλέον, αναλύσεις στα συλλεχθέντα άτομα κουνουπιών/σκνιπών για την παρουσία/συχνότητα μεταλλαγών kdr και ανθεκτικότητας στο DFB, αποκάλυψε την παρουσία μεταλλαγών kdr σε τοπικούς πληθυσμούς Cx. pipiens και Aedes albopictus, αποτελώντας πιθανή απειλή κατά της αποτελεσματικότητας πυρεθροειδών εντομοκτόνων στα υπό μελέτη κέντρα. Η καθιέρωση προγραμμάτων επιτήρησης / καταπολέμησης εντομομεταδιδόμενων ασθενειών σε οικισμούς προσφύγων και η πραγματοποίηση στοχοθετημένων δράσεων για την διασφάλιση επαρκών συνθηκών διαβίωσης, αποτελούν απαραίτητες ενέργειες για την προστασία των προσφυγικών πληθυσμών. Στο 3ο μέρος : Σχεδίασα το VectorMap-GR: ένα ανοιχτής πρόσβασης επιχειρησιακό εργαλείο διαχείρισης εντομολογικών δεδομένων, που υποστηρίζει την παραγωγή επιχειρησιακών GIS χαρτών και γραφημάτων. Το σύστημα επιτρέπει επίσης συγκρίσεις και συσχετίσεις των εντομολογικών δεδομένων με σύνολα επιδημιολογικών δεδομένων. Η ενσωμάτωση του νέου εργαλείου σε προγράμματα καταπολέμησης μπορεί να βοηθήσει στην ιεράρχηση περιοχών σε σχέση με την ευπάθεια μετάδοσης ασθενειών, την ανάπτυξη έγκαιρων και κατάλληλων αποκρίσεων ελέγχου/καταπολέμησης καθώς και την αξιολόγηση τρεχόντων και προηγούμενων προγραμμάτων καταπολέμησης.

scholarly journals The use of islands and cluster-randomized trials to investigate vector control interventions: a case study on the Bijagós archipelago, Guinea-Bissau

2020 ◽  
Vol 376 (1818) ◽  
pp. 20190807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert T. Jones ◽  
Elizabeth Pretorius ◽  
Thomas H. Ant ◽  
John Bradley ◽  
Anna Last ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Randomized Trials ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cluster Randomized Trials ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Guinea Bissau ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Cluster Randomized

Vector-borne diseases threaten the health of populations around the world. While key interventions continue to provide protection from vectors, there remains a need to develop and test new vector control tools. Cluster-randomized trials, in which the intervention or control is randomly allocated to clusters, are commonly selected for such evaluations, but their design must carefully consider cluster size and cluster separation, as well as the movement of people and vectors, to ensure sufficient statistical power and avoid contamination of results. Island settings present an opportunity to conduct these studies. Here, we explore the benefits and challenges of conducting intervention studies on islands and introduce the Bijagós archipelago of Guinea-Bissau as a potential study site for interventions intended to control vector-borne diseases. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Novel control strategies for mosquito-borne diseases'.

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