Peculiarities of spelling the Chinese syllables ju, qu, xu, yu

2018 ◽  
pp. 110-113
Author(s):  
О. Г. Гуль

Considering the significance and actuality of the Chinese syllables: their phonetic sounding and peculiarities of pronunciation, the proposed article will focus on the syllables which are regarded to be a difficult phonetic aspect. The main goal of this article is to become a brief guide of the correct and incorrect spelling for the Chinese syllables “ju”, “qu”, “xu” and “yu”, and to bring clearance into understanding of the necessity to spell the Chinese character correctly, in accordance with the basic phonetic laws. The article provides the rules of correct spelling, frequent spelling mistakes, syllable peculiarities and difficulties in understanding the main point of the statement, while being pronounces incorrectly. The article will reveal that the background of the issue is hidden in the formation of pinyin, and the consecutive process of its reformation and simplification. The information and research, provided in the article will be supported by the fundamental pinyin Chart, shown in two parallels: the original Chinese writing and spelling of the syllables, on the one hand and the spelling, offered by the Archimandrite Palladyi for the transcription and transliteration of the Chinese syllables into Cyrillic script, on the other.

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-135
Author(s):  
Christopher Joby

Abstract In 1624, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) arrived on the island of Taiwan and established a trading post there, which would continue to function until 1662. During this period, Dutch missionaries came to the island with the intention of proselytizing the indigenous Formosan peoples. They built churches and schools and translated Gospels and catechisms into Formosan languages. Over time, language policy changed and there was a concerted effort to teach the indigenous people Dutch. Many Chinese, including traders, fishermen and farmers, also went to Taiwan in this period. To support its investment on the island, the VOC implemented a system of tax-farming among the Chinese, who eventually numbered some 50,000. In this article, an attempt is made to analyse the linguistic consequences of contact between the Dutch on the one hand and the Formosans and Chinese on the other hand. The first of these is that the Dutch taught Formosans to write using a modified Roman script. The Formosans continued to use this script long after the Dutch had been expelled in 1662. Second, Dutch missionaries translated texts into two Formosan languages, Siraya and Favorlang. Since 1662, both languages have died out and so the Dutch texts are among the few sources which allow scholars to study these languages. Third, because of contact with Chinese tax-farmers, at least two Dutch loanwords have been adopted by local Sinitic varieties, both of which function as productive morphemes. Furthermore, one of these words has its own Chinese character. In short, this article aims to illustrate how contact with Dutch influenced other languages in Taiwan and thus to contribute to our understanding of the consequences of contact between Dutch and other languages in East Asia.SamenvattingIn 1624 arriveerde de Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC) op het eiland Taiwan en vestigde daar een handelspost, Fort Zeelandia, die tot 1662 zou blijven functioneren. Het hoofddoel van de VOC was het drijven van handel met China en eveneens het oprichten van een stophaven voor schepen onderweg tussen Batavia en de VOC-handelsposten in Japan (Hirado 1609-41; Decima vanaf 1641). In hun kielzog kwamen Nederlandse missionarissen in deze periode naar het eiland met de bedoeling, de inheemse Formosanen te bekeren tot het protestantisme. De VOC bouwde kerken en scholen en de missionarissen vertaalden Bijbelteksten en catechismussen in Formosaanse talen, die behoren tot de Austronesische taalfamilie, waartoe o.a. het Maleis en het Tagalog eveneens behoren. In de loop van de tijd veranderde het taalbeleid van de VOC en werd er een gezamenlijke inspanning geleverd om de inheemse bevolking Nederlands te leren. In 1649 stonden er 315 dorpen onder het gezag van de VOC, die 68.675 inwoners telden. Vóór de Nederlandse periode woonden er zo’n 10.000 Chinezen op Taiwan, waarvan de meerderheid handelaren, vissers, piraten en smokkelaars was. In die periode gingen veel andere Chinezen, waaronder veel landarbeiders, naar het eiland. Zij kwamen vooral uit de zuidelijke Chinese provincies Fujian en Guangdong. Om haar investeringen op het eiland te ondersteunen, voerde de VOC een pachtsysteem onder de Chinezen in.In dit artikel wordt een poging gedaan om de gevolgen betreffende de taal te analyseren van het contact tussen de Nederlandse taal enerzijds en de Formosaanse talen en regionale Sinitische talen anderzijds. Drie gevolgen zullen specifiek onder de loep worden genomen. Ten eerste hebben de Nederlandse missionarissen Formosanen geleerd met Latijnse letters te schrijven. Na 1662 bleven de Formosanen dit schriftsysteem om praktische redenen gebruiken tot in de negentiende eeuw. Ten tweede vertaalden de Nederlandse missionarissen christelijke teksten in twee Formosaanse talen, het Siraya en het Favorlangs, die inmiddels zijn uitgestorven. Daarom vormen deze teksten een belangrijke bron voor de hedendaagse studie van die talen, en ook voor de nakomelingen van deze Formosanen die nu proberen het gebruik van het Siraya nieuw leven in te blazen. Ten derde bestaat er als gevolg van het contact tussen de Nederlanders en Chinese pachters een klein aantal toponiemen en leenwoorden, en een nieuw ‘dialectkarakter’ in twee Sinitische talen opgenomen: het Mandarijn en het Taiwanees Zuidelijk Min ofwel het Taiwanees Hokkien. Kortom, dit artikel doet een poging om een aantal van de gevolgen betreffende de taal van de Nederlandse kolonisatie van Taiwan in de zeventiende eeuw aan te tonen en daarmee iets bij te dragen aan onze kennis van de invloed van het Nederlands buiten de Lage Landen, vooral in Oost-Azië.


1975 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 395-407
Author(s):  
S. Henriksen

The first question to be answered, in seeking coordinate systems for geodynamics, is: what is geodynamics? The answer is, of course, that geodynamics is that part of geophysics which is concerned with movements of the Earth, as opposed to geostatics which is the physics of the stationary Earth. But as far as we know, there is no stationary Earth – epur sic monere. So geodynamics is actually coextensive with geophysics, and coordinate systems suitable for the one should be suitable for the other. At the present time, there are not many coordinate systems, if any, that can be identified with a static Earth. Certainly the only coordinate of aeronomic (atmospheric) interest is the height, and this is usually either as geodynamic height or as pressure. In oceanology, the most important coordinate is depth, and this, like heights in the atmosphere, is expressed as metric depth from mean sea level, as geodynamic depth, or as pressure. Only for the earth do we find “static” systems in use, ana even here there is real question as to whether the systems are dynamic or static. So it would seem that our answer to the question, of what kind, of coordinate systems are we seeking, must be that we are looking for the same systems as are used in geophysics, and these systems are dynamic in nature already – that is, their definition involvestime.


Author(s):  
Stefan Krause ◽  
Markus Appel

Abstract. Two experiments examined the influence of stories on recipients’ self-perceptions. Extending prior theory and research, our focus was on assimilation effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in line with a protagonist’s traits) as well as on contrast effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in contrast to a protagonist’s traits). In Experiment 1 ( N = 113), implicit and explicit conscientiousness were assessed after participants read a story about either a diligent or a negligent student. Moderation analyses showed that highly transported participants and participants with lower counterarguing scores assimilate the depicted traits of a story protagonist, as indicated by explicit, self-reported conscientiousness ratings. Participants, who were more critical toward a story (i.e., higher counterarguing) and with a lower degree of transportation, showed contrast effects. In Experiment 2 ( N = 103), we manipulated transportation and counterarguing, but we could not identify an effect on participants’ self-ascribed level of conscientiousness. A mini meta-analysis across both experiments revealed significant positive overall associations between transportation and counterarguing on the one hand and story-consistent self-reported conscientiousness on the other hand.


2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (03) ◽  
pp. 107-117
Author(s):  
R. G. Meyer ◽  
W. Herr ◽  
A. Helisch ◽  
P. Bartenstein ◽  
I. Buchmann

SummaryThe prognosis of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) has improved considerably by introduction of aggressive consolidation chemotherapy and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Nevertheless, only 20-30% of patients with AML achieve long-term diseasefree survival after SCT. The most common cause of treatment failure is relapse. Additionally, mortality rates are significantly increased by therapy-related causes such as toxicity of chemotherapy and complications of SCT. Including radioimmunotherapies in the treatment of AML and myelodyplastic syndrome (MDS) allows for the achievement of a pronounced antileukaemic effect for the reduction of relapse rates on the one hand. On the other hand, no increase of acute toxicity and later complications should be induced. These effects are important for the primary reduction of tumour cells as well as for the myeloablative conditioning before SCT.This paper provides a systematic and critical review of the currently used radionuclides and immunoconjugates for the treatment of AML and MDS and summarizes the literature on primary tumour cell reductive radioimmunotherapies on the one hand and conditioning radioimmunotherapies before SCT on the other hand.


2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (188) ◽  
pp. 487-494
Author(s):  
Daniel Mullis

In recent years, political and social conditions have changed dramatically. Many analyses help to capture these dynamics. However, they produce political pessimism: on the one hand there is the image of regression and on the other, a direct link is made between socio-economic decline and the rise of the far-right. To counter these aspects, this article argues that current political events are to be understood less as ‘regression’ but rather as a moment of movement and the return of deep political struggles. Referring to Jacques Ranciere’s political thought, the current conditions can be captured as the ‘end of post-democracy’. This approach changes the perspective on current social dynamics in a productive way. It allows for an emphasis on movement and the recognition of the windows of opportunity for emancipatory struggles.


1996 ◽  
pp. 13-23
Author(s):  
Mykhailo Babiy

Political ideological pluralism, religious diversity are characteristic features of modern Ukrainian society. On the one hand, multiculturalism, socio-political, religious differentiation of the latter appear as important characteristics of its democracy, as a practical expression of freedom, on the other - as a factor that led to the deconsocialization of society, gave rise to "nodal points" of tension, confrontational processes, in particular, in political and religious spheres.


2003 ◽  
pp. 15-26
Author(s):  
P. Wynarczyk
Keyword(s):  
The Core ◽  

Two aspects of Schumpeter' legacy are analyzed in the article. On the one hand, he can be viewed as the custodian of the neoclassical harvest supplementing to its stock of inherited knowledge. On the other hand, the innovative character of his works is emphasized that allows to consider him a proponent of hetherodoxy. It is stressed that Schumpeter's revolutionary challenge can lead to radical changes in modern economics.


2018 ◽  
pp. 49-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Mamonov

Our analysis documents that the existence of hidden “holes” in the capital of not yet failed banks - while creating intertemporal pressure on the actual level of capital - leads to changing of maturity of loans supplied rather than to contracting of their volume. Long-term loans decrease, whereas short-term loans rise - and, what is most remarkably, by approximately the same amounts. Standardly, the higher the maturity of loans the higher the credit risk and, thus, the more loan loss reserves (LLP) banks are forced to create, increasing the pressure on capital. Banks that already hide “holes” in the capital, but have not yet faced with license withdrawal, must possess strong incentives to shorten the maturity of supplied loans. On the one hand, it raises the turnovers of LLP and facilitates the flexibility of capital management; on the other hand, it allows increasing the speed of shifting of attracted deposits to loans to related parties in domestic or foreign jurisdictions. This enlarges the potential size of ex post revealed “hole” in the capital and, therefore, allows us to assume that not every loan might be viewed as a good for the economy: excessive short-term and insufficient long-term loans can produce the source for future losses.


2009 ◽  
pp. 18-31
Author(s):  
G. Rapoport ◽  
A. Guerts

In the article the global crisis of 2008-2009 is considered as superposition of a few regional crises that occurred simultaneously but for different reasons. However, they have something in common: developed countries tend to maintain a strong level of social security without increasing the real production output. On the one hand, this policy has resulted in trade deficit and partial destruction of market mechanisms. On the other hand, it has clashed with the desire of several oil and gas exporting countries to receive an exclusive price for their energy resources.


2011 ◽  
pp. 99-118
Author(s):  
Yu. Olsevich

The article analyzes the psychological basis of the theory and economic policy of libertarianism, as contained in the book by A. Greenspan "The Age of Turbulence", clarifies the strengths and weaknesses of this doctrine that led to its discredit in 2008. It presents a new understanding of liberalization in 1980-1990s as a process of institutional transformation at the micro and meso levels, implemented by politicians and entrepreneurs with predatory and opportunistic mentality. That process caused, on the one hand, the acceleration of growth, on the other hand - the erosion of informal foundations of a market system. With psychology and ideology of libertarianism, it is impossible to perceive real macro risks generated at the micro level, which lead to a systemic crisis, and to develop measures to prevent it.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document