scholarly journals De invloed van het Nederlands op contacttalen in zeventiende-eeuws Taiwan1

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-135
Author(s):  
Christopher Joby

Abstract In 1624, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) arrived on the island of Taiwan and established a trading post there, which would continue to function until 1662. During this period, Dutch missionaries came to the island with the intention of proselytizing the indigenous Formosan peoples. They built churches and schools and translated Gospels and catechisms into Formosan languages. Over time, language policy changed and there was a concerted effort to teach the indigenous people Dutch. Many Chinese, including traders, fishermen and farmers, also went to Taiwan in this period. To support its investment on the island, the VOC implemented a system of tax-farming among the Chinese, who eventually numbered some 50,000. In this article, an attempt is made to analyse the linguistic consequences of contact between the Dutch on the one hand and the Formosans and Chinese on the other hand. The first of these is that the Dutch taught Formosans to write using a modified Roman script. The Formosans continued to use this script long after the Dutch had been expelled in 1662. Second, Dutch missionaries translated texts into two Formosan languages, Siraya and Favorlang. Since 1662, both languages have died out and so the Dutch texts are among the few sources which allow scholars to study these languages. Third, because of contact with Chinese tax-farmers, at least two Dutch loanwords have been adopted by local Sinitic varieties, both of which function as productive morphemes. Furthermore, one of these words has its own Chinese character. In short, this article aims to illustrate how contact with Dutch influenced other languages in Taiwan and thus to contribute to our understanding of the consequences of contact between Dutch and other languages in East Asia.SamenvattingIn 1624 arriveerde de Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC) op het eiland Taiwan en vestigde daar een handelspost, Fort Zeelandia, die tot 1662 zou blijven functioneren. Het hoofddoel van de VOC was het drijven van handel met China en eveneens het oprichten van een stophaven voor schepen onderweg tussen Batavia en de VOC-handelsposten in Japan (Hirado 1609-41; Decima vanaf 1641). In hun kielzog kwamen Nederlandse missionarissen in deze periode naar het eiland met de bedoeling, de inheemse Formosanen te bekeren tot het protestantisme. De VOC bouwde kerken en scholen en de missionarissen vertaalden Bijbelteksten en catechismussen in Formosaanse talen, die behoren tot de Austronesische taalfamilie, waartoe o.a. het Maleis en het Tagalog eveneens behoren. In de loop van de tijd veranderde het taalbeleid van de VOC en werd er een gezamenlijke inspanning geleverd om de inheemse bevolking Nederlands te leren. In 1649 stonden er 315 dorpen onder het gezag van de VOC, die 68.675 inwoners telden. Vóór de Nederlandse periode woonden er zo’n 10.000 Chinezen op Taiwan, waarvan de meerderheid handelaren, vissers, piraten en smokkelaars was. In die periode gingen veel andere Chinezen, waaronder veel landarbeiders, naar het eiland. Zij kwamen vooral uit de zuidelijke Chinese provincies Fujian en Guangdong. Om haar investeringen op het eiland te ondersteunen, voerde de VOC een pachtsysteem onder de Chinezen in.In dit artikel wordt een poging gedaan om de gevolgen betreffende de taal te analyseren van het contact tussen de Nederlandse taal enerzijds en de Formosaanse talen en regionale Sinitische talen anderzijds. Drie gevolgen zullen specifiek onder de loep worden genomen. Ten eerste hebben de Nederlandse missionarissen Formosanen geleerd met Latijnse letters te schrijven. Na 1662 bleven de Formosanen dit schriftsysteem om praktische redenen gebruiken tot in de negentiende eeuw. Ten tweede vertaalden de Nederlandse missionarissen christelijke teksten in twee Formosaanse talen, het Siraya en het Favorlangs, die inmiddels zijn uitgestorven. Daarom vormen deze teksten een belangrijke bron voor de hedendaagse studie van die talen, en ook voor de nakomelingen van deze Formosanen die nu proberen het gebruik van het Siraya nieuw leven in te blazen. Ten derde bestaat er als gevolg van het contact tussen de Nederlanders en Chinese pachters een klein aantal toponiemen en leenwoorden, en een nieuw ‘dialectkarakter’ in twee Sinitische talen opgenomen: het Mandarijn en het Taiwanees Zuidelijk Min ofwel het Taiwanees Hokkien. Kortom, dit artikel doet een poging om een aantal van de gevolgen betreffende de taal van de Nederlandse kolonisatie van Taiwan in de zeventiende eeuw aan te tonen en daarmee iets bij te dragen aan onze kennis van de invloed van het Nederlands buiten de Lage Landen, vooral in Oost-Azië.

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-422
Author(s):  
Estelle Variot
Keyword(s):  
The One ◽  

"Etymological, Lexical and Semantic Correspondences in the Process of Feminization of Professional Names, Trades and Activities in French and Romanian Societies. The feminization of thought represented by language and of its varieties in the Roman World has allowed to highlight some convergences that come from a common linguistic heritage, often from Greek and Latin and some hesitation about adapting society to its realities. The feminization of some words which comes from an ancient process illustrates on the one hand the potential of the language and on the other hand some constraints sometimes linked to the society itself, which creates transitional periods, between matching grammatical correction and the evolution of linguistic uses over time. The possibilities of lexical enrichment (internal creation or loan) show the means available in French and Romanian and some convergences in the area of derivation, of lexical units and their etymologies. The grammatical perspective and word constructing methods make it possible to give keys for the feminization of names of trades or professions. Likewise, recording entries in the lexicon, their evolution, their assimilation or sometimes their forgetfulness, for the benefit of new constructions highlight the existence of objective and subjective criteria which teach us a lot about society as a whole. Keywords: feminization of professions, internal and external enrichment, suffixal match, use of words, grammar, lexicon, French and Romanian."


2018 ◽  
pp. 110-113
Author(s):  
О. Г. Гуль

Considering the significance and actuality of the Chinese syllables: their phonetic sounding and peculiarities of pronunciation, the proposed article will focus on the syllables which are regarded to be a difficult phonetic aspect. The main goal of this article is to become a brief guide of the correct and incorrect spelling for the Chinese syllables “ju”, “qu”, “xu” and “yu”, and to bring clearance into understanding of the necessity to spell the Chinese character correctly, in accordance with the basic phonetic laws. The article provides the rules of correct spelling, frequent spelling mistakes, syllable peculiarities and difficulties in understanding the main point of the statement, while being pronounces incorrectly. The article will reveal that the background of the issue is hidden in the formation of pinyin, and the consecutive process of its reformation and simplification. The information and research, provided in the article will be supported by the fundamental pinyin Chart, shown in two parallels: the original Chinese writing and spelling of the syllables, on the one hand and the spelling, offered by the Archimandrite Palladyi for the transcription and transliteration of the Chinese syllables into Cyrillic script, on the other.


2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingxia Lin

AbstractTypological shift in lexicalizing motion events has hitherto been observed cross-linguistically. While over time, Chinese has shown a shift from a dominantly verb-framed language in Old Chinese to a strongly satellite-framed language in Modern Standard Mandarin, this study presents the Chinese dialect Wenzhou, which has taken a step further than Standard Mandarin and other Chinese dialects in becoming a thoroughly satellite-framed language. On the one hand, Wenzhou strongly disfavors the verb-framed pattern. Wenzhou not only has no prototypical path verbs, but also its path satellites are highly deverbalized. On the other hand, Wenzhou strongly prefers the satellite-framed pattern, to the extent that it very frequently adopts a neutral motion verb to head motion expressions so that path can be expressed via satellites and the satellite-framed pattern can be syntactically maintained. The findings of this study are of interest to intra-linguistic, diachronic and cross-linguistic studies of the variation in encoding motion events.


2021 ◽  
pp. 016344372110227
Author(s):  
Yingzi Wang ◽  
Thoralf Klein

This paper examines the changes and continuities in TV representations of Chinese Communist Party’s revolutionary history and interprets them within the broader context of China’s political, economic and cultural transformations since the 1990s. Drawing on a comparative analysis of three state-sponsored TV dramas produced between the late 1990s and mid-2010s, it traces how the state-sanctioned revolutionary narratives have changed over time in response to the Party’s propaganda imperatives on the one hand, and to the market-oriented production environment on the other. The paper argues that while recent TV productions in the new century have made increasing concessions to audience taste by adopting visually stimulating depictions and introducing fictional characters as points of identification for the audience, the revolutionary narratives were still aligned with the Party’s propaganda agenda at different times. This shows the ongoing competition between ideological and commercial interests in Chinese TV production during the era of market reforms.


2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Muers ◽  
Rhiannon Grant

Recent developments in contemporary theology and theological ethics have directed academic attention to the interrelationships of theological claims, on the one hand, and core community-forming practices, on the other. This article considers the value for theology of attending to practice at the boundaries, the margins, or, as we prefer to express it, the threshold of a community’s institutional or liturgical life. We argue that marginal or threshold practices can offer insights into processes of theological change – and into the mediation between, and reciprocal influence of, ‘church’ and ‘world’. Our discussion focuses on an example from contemporary British Quakerism. ‘Threshing meetings’ are occasions at which an issue can be ‘threshed out’ as part of a collective process of decision-making. Drawing on a 2015 small-scale study (using a survey and focus group) of British Quaker attitudes to and experiences of threshing meetings, set in the wider context of Quaker tradition, we interpret these meetings as a space for working through – in context and over time – tensions within Quaker theology, practice and self-understandings, particularly those that emerge within, and in relation to, core practices of Quaker decision-making.


Author(s):  
Mário Matos

This contribution focuses on the multifaceted conceptualization of travel in Western cultural history. Several discourses will be addressed that, over time, have oscillated between the sceptical and restrictive on the one hand, and the truly admiring perspectives of the journey on the other. A number of visions of the phenomenon of travel under the binomial spell/curse will be analysed. The different contexts and historical factors that determined the value of travel will be exposed, from its great power of attraction to its restriction by inward looking religious and political systems.


2021 ◽  
pp. 331-354
Author(s):  
Lambrianos Nikiforidis

This chapter examines paternal relationships with sons and daughters. Identity drives investment (and parental investment in particular), because people invest in that which aligns with their identity. And biological sex drives identity. These two ideas combined imply that a parent-offspring match in biological sex can influence parental favoritism in a systematic manner, an idea supported by recent empirical studies. This parental bias of concordant-sex favoritism can have broad implications, outside the context of the traditional family structure. In single parent or same-sex parent households, the consequences of this bias can be even stronger, because there would not be an opposite-direction bias from the other parent to even things out. This favoritism could have even broader ramifications, entirely outside the context of the family. On the one hand, whenever social norms dictate that men should control a family’s financial decisions, then sons may systematically receive more resources than daughters. This asymmetry in investment would then result in ever-increasing advantages that persist over time. On the other hand, if women are a family’s primary shoppers, this can manifest in subtle but chronic favoritism for daughters.


Author(s):  
William B. Meyer

One of the earliest historians of the Civil War saw it as a fundamental clash between the peoples of different latitudes. Climate had made the antebellum North and South distinct societies and natural enemies, John W. Draper argued, the one democratic and individualist, the other aristocratic and oligarchical. If such were the case, the future of the reunited states was hardly a bright one. But Draper saw no natural barriers to national unity that wise policy could not surmount. The restlessness and transience of American life that many deplored instead merited, in his view, every assistance possible. In particular, he wrote, Americans needed to be encouraged to move as freely across climatic zones as they already did within them. The tendency of North and South to congeal into hostile types of civilization could be frustrated, but only by an incessant mingling of people. Sectional discord was inevitable only if the natural law that "emigrants move on parallels of latitude" were left free to take its course. These patterns of emigration were left free, for the most part, but without the renewed strife that Draper feared. After the war as before it, few settlers relocating to new homes moved far to the north or south of their points of origin. As late as 1895, Henry Gannett, chief geographer to the U.S. Census, could still describe internal migration as "mainly conducted westward along parallels of latitude." More often as time went on, it was supposed that race and not merely habit underlay the pattern, that climatic preferences were innate, different stocks of people staying in the latitudes of their forbears by the compulsion of biology. Thus, it was supposed, Anglo-Saxons preferred cooler lands than Americans of Mediterranean ancestry, while those of African descent preferred warmer climates than either. Over time, though, latitude loosened its grip and exceptions to the rule multiplied. As the share of the population in farming declined, so did the strongest reason for migrants to stay within familiar climates. Even by the time Gannett wrote, the tendency that he described, though still apparent, was weaker than it had been at mid-century. It weakened because a preference for familiar climates was not a fixed human trait but one shaped by experience and wants, and capable of changing as these variables changed.


2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Saggese ◽  
Fabrizia Sarto

<p>The paper aims to systematize the literature on disproportional ownership devices by reviewing and classifying 148 articles published in international academic journals over the last 25 years. The findings show that the scholarly attention on disproportional ownership devices has grown over time. Most papers adopt the agency framework and examine the mechanisms for leveraging voting power and to lock-in control, especially in civil law countries. Corporate governance journals prevail as leading outlets, despite the lack of publications specialized on the topic. Finally, the literature systematization highlights a research taxonomy based on outcomes and drivers of disproportional ownership devices. The article has both theoretical and practical implications. First, it develops a literature framework that systematically outlines the main research streams on the topic and identifies under-explored issues so as to guide future scholarly efforts. Second, it highlights the implications of disproportional ownership devices for company outcomes and reporting. Thereby, on the one hand, it supports managers in selecting the appropriate combination of these mechanisms so as to attract and retain investors. On the other hand, it emphasizes the importance of proper policy making interventions to improve transparency, openness and competitiveness of financial markets.</p>


Author(s):  
Emily Zackin

The study of constitutionalism often begins with the question of what a constitution is. Sometimes the term refers to a single legal document with that name, but the term “constitution” may also refer to something unwritten, such as important political traditions or established customs. As a result, scholars sometimes distinguish between the “Big-C” constitution, that is, the constitutional document, and the “small-c” constitution, the set of unwritten practices and understandings that structure political life. Constitutionalism is typically associated with documents and practices that restrict the arbitrary exercise of power. Most constitutions contain guarantees of rights and outline the structures of government. Constitutions are often enforced in court, but nonjudicial actors, like legislatures or popular movements, may also enforce constitutional provisions. The relationship between democracy and constitutionalism is not at all straightforward, and it has received an enormous amount of scholarly attention. Constitutionalism seems to both undergird and restrain democracy. On the one hand, constitutions establish the institutions that allow for self-government. On the other, they are often said to restrict majoritarian decision-making. Related to this question of the relationship between constitutionalism and democracy are questions about how constitutions change and how they ought to change. Can written constitutions change without changes to the text, and can judges bring about these changes? Do extratextual changes threaten or promote democracy? Finally, not only do individual constitutions change, but the practice of writing constitutions and governing with them has also changed over time. In general, constitutions have grown more specific and flexible over time, arguably, allowing for a different kind of constitutional politics.


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