scholarly journals ANALISIS STABILITAS BANGUNAN PENGENDALI SEDIMEN PADA KONDISI BANJIR RANCANGAN DAN TAMPUNGAN SEDIMEN PENUH : SUATU KASUS DI ARBORETUM SUMBER BRANTAS, KOTA BATU

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-183
Author(s):  
Andi Setyo Pambudi
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Security Level ◽  
Design Flood ◽  
Safety Level ◽  
Sediment Storage ◽  
Sediment Control ◽  
Control Structures ◽  
Pearson Type ◽  
The 1960S

The level of land-use change in the Brantas watershed includes encroachment in the upstream area of the spring which has been increasingly massive since the 1960s, and reached the highest level in the late 1990s which driving the watershed damage. The damage in the upstream area encourages the need to increase resilience by building The Sumber Brantas Arboretum Area. This area is equipped with sedimentary control structures to ensure the long-term sustainability of the arboretum. A recent study of the rainfall plan and the security level of the sedimentary control building to the arboretum became an interesting thing to be reviewed. The analytical approach used in this study is quantitative. The method used for flood design analysis uses three methods including Log Pearson Type III Method, Gumbel Method, and Iwai Method. The selected hydrograph is the Nakayasu Hydrograph. Hydraulics analysis of sediment control buildings using HEC-RAS tools with several other hydrological calculations. The results of the analysis in the Sumber Brantas Arboretum Area showed that the design flood discharge (Q) was 59.35 m3 / sec. In flood design conditions with its own weight, the åf of the sediment control building is 42.2 (higher than the minimum safety level) and it is relatively safe, either in normal or in an earthquake condition. In the design flood conditions with full sediment storage, the Sf of sediment control buildings is 1.6 (higher than the minimum safety level) so that it is relatively safe, either in normal or in an earthquake condition.

Strict Frequency Reuse Algorithm in Downlink 3GPP Random Cellular Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 404-413
Author(s):  
Sinh C. Lam ◽  
Kieu T. Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Networks ◽  
Coverage Probability ◽  
Rayleigh Fading ◽  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Frequency Reuse ◽  
Network Modelling ◽  
Cell Edge ◽  
Term Evolution ◽  
Establishment Phase

Background & Objective: In this work, we introduced a mathematical network model which follows on the recommendations of 3GPP to evaluate the downlink Long Term Evolution (LTE) network utilizing Strict Frequency Reuse (FR) scheme. The network modelling bases on the establishment phase and communications of the FR scheme. The user average coverage probability is derived and analysed under Rayleigh fading environment and furthermore the closed-form formulations of the performance are found using Gauss Quadratures. Through the Monte Carlo simulation, it is proved that the proposed analytical approach is more accurate than other approaches in the literature. Conclusion: Furthermore, this paper stated that the overall system can achieve the better performance with a higher number of Cell-Edge Users (CEUs), which contrasts with other works in the literature.

scholarly journals High Mountain Asian glacier response to climate revealed by multi-temporal satellite observations since the 1960s

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Atanu Bhattacharya ◽  
Tobias Bolch ◽  
Kriti Mukherjee ◽  
Owen King ◽  
Brian Menounos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Tien Shan ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Glacier Mass Balance ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Multi Temporal ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Northern Tien Shan

AbstractKnowledge about the long-term response of High Mountain Asian glaciers to climatic variations is paramount because of their important role in sustaining Asian river flow. Here, a satellite-based time series of glacier mass balance for seven climatically different regions across High Mountain Asia since the 1960s shows that glacier mass loss rates have persistently increased at most sites. Regional glacier mass budgets ranged from −0.40 ± 0.07 m w.e.a−1 in Central and Northern Tien Shan to −0.06 ± 0.07 m w.e.a−1 in Eastern Pamir, with considerable temporal and spatial variability. Highest rates of mass loss occurred in Central Himalaya and Northern Tien Shan after 2015 and even in regions where glaciers were previously in balance with climate, such as Eastern Pamir, mass losses prevailed in recent years. An increase in summer temperature explains the long-term trend in mass loss and now appears to drive mass loss even in regions formerly sensitive to both temperature and precipitation.

How the Desert got a Past: A History of Quaternary Research in Australia’s Deserts

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Smith
Keyword(s):  
Climate Changes ◽  
Conceptual Space ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S

This paper examines how the past of desert landscapes has been interpreted since European explorers and scientists first encountered them. It charts the research that created the conceptual space within which archaeologists and Quaternarists now work. Studies from the 1840s–1960s created the notion of a ‘Great Australian Arid Period'. The 1960s studies of Lake Mungo and the Willandra Lakes by Jim Bowler revealed the cyclical nature of palaeolakes, that changed with climate changes in the Pleistocene, and the complexity of desert pasts. SLEADS and other researchers in the 1980s used thermoluminescence techniques that showed further complexities in desert lands beyond the Willandra particularly through new studies in the Strzelecki and Simpson Dunefields, Lake Eyre, Lake Woods and Lake Gregory. Australian deserts are varied and have very different histories. Far from ‘timeless lands', they have carried detailed information about long-term climate changes on continental scales.

Islamophobia

2019 ◽  
pp. 244-271
Author(s):  
Martin Pugh
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Islamic Fundamentalism ◽  
The West ◽  
Small Minority ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Proximate Causes ◽  
To Come ◽  
The 1960S

This chapter discusses how, misled by Islamophobic propaganda, Britain and America were unable to come to terms with what they called ‘Islamism’. The origins of what is variously known as Islamism, Islamic fundamentalism, and radical Islamism lie in the 1960s, in the ideas of a handful of Muslims in Pakistan, Egypt, and Iran who believed that Muslims had been led astray from their religion by nationalist movements. Although some Muslims were critical of Western morality and politics, Islamism was not primarily anti-Western: it was essentially a reaction against what were widely seen as the corrupt, authoritarian, and secular regimes that controlled much of the Muslim world. The aim was to evict them, return to a purer form of Islam and re-create an Islamic state. In view of the exaggerated reputation it enjoys in the West, it is worth remembering that this movement has largely been a failure. Yet while fundamentalism appeals to only a small minority, it is also the case that large numbers of Muslims have become aggrieved by the policies of the Western powers. The explanation for this can be found in long-term frustration with the consistently pro-Israeli policy of Britain and the United States over Palestine, in addition to the proximate causes in the shape of two Afghan wars, the genocide in Bosnia, the Rushdie affair, and the first Gulf War in 1990, which made many Muslims see themselves as the victims of Western aggression and interventionism.

scholarly journals Effects of long-term repeated chemical disinfection treatment on the surface hardness self-polymerizing reline resins

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Luciana de Rezende Pinto ◽  
Paulo Maurício Batista Silva ◽  
Vinicius Carvalho Porto
Keyword(s):  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Knoop Hardness ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tukey Test ◽  
Acrylic Resins ◽  
Biofilm Removal ◽  
Chemical Solutions ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

Denture hygiene techniques and procedures were developed in the 1960s and 1970s and most studies indicate the importance of mechanical biofilm removal by denture brushing associated with disinfection with chemical solutions. Studies in the literature show many chemical procedures that may be used for denture biofilm control. When the immersion procedure is used, the disinfectant should be selected with regard to its effectiveness in inactivating microorganisms without any adverse effects on the denture materials. PURPOSE: This study investigated the hardness of three self-polymerizing reline resins after long-term repeated chemical disinfections. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty round specimens (30 x 6mm) were made from each material: Jet, Kooliner and Tokuyama Rebase II Fast, and divided in 6 groups (n=10). The control group was stored in water and the others were disinfected with 1%, 2%, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, 2% glutaraldehyde, and 4% chlorhexidine gluconate, respectively. The specimens were tested for knoop hardness (KHN) before disinfection and after 30, 90 and 180 disinfection cycles. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance followed by the Tukey test at 5%. RESULTS: The hardness of Jet resin varied from 18.74 ± 0.47 to 13.75 ± 0.95 KHN, Kooliner varied from 14.09 ± 1.63 to 7.52 ± 0.88 KHN, and Tokuyama Rebase II Fast from 12.57 ± 0.94 to 8.28 ± 0.39 KHN. Statistically significant decrease in hardness of the three reline acrylic resins was observed early after the first 30 disinfection cycles. CONCLUSION: The hardness of the tested materials decreased after immersion in water and after long-term repeated chemical disinfections.

scholarly journals Assessment of caffeine intake with food by Polish females and males

2021 ◽  
pp. 273-280
Author(s):  
Ewa Malczyk ◽  
Joanna Wyka ◽  
Agata Malczyk ◽  
Katarzyna Larma
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Portion Size ◽  
Caffeine Intake ◽  
Psychoactive Substance ◽  
Safety Level ◽  
The World ◽  
Safe Dose

Background. Caffeine is the most widespread psychoactive substance in the world. With long-term consumption of caffeinated beverages, there is a high probability of overtaking on caffeine. Objective. The aim of the study was to estimate the consumption of caffeine in the daily caffeine intake of Polish consumers, determine the caffeinated products in the intake of this substance. Materials and methods. The survey was completed by 433 respondents living in Poland. The research tool was the electronic questionnaire, which consisted of: a) questions about personal data and measurement anthropometric and the level of physical activity and smoking; b) questions regarding the portion size and frequency of consumption of coffee, tea, cocoa, chocolate, energy drinks and colacarbonated beverages. Results. The main sources of caffeine in the respondents' diet include: coffee (Me 43.64 mg/d) and tea (Me 37.60 mg/d). Approximately 20% of respondents exceeded the threshold of daily caffeine intake (safety level for children and adolescents up to 3 mg/kg b.w, for adults up to 5.7 mg/kg b.w), considered safe. Conclusions. Respondents who have crossed the safe dose of caffeine intake, should limit the consumption of products being its main source (coffee).

Explaining the Long-Term Maintenance of a Military Regime: Panama before the U.S. Invasion

1992 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve C. Ropp
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Authoritarian Regime ◽  
Military Force ◽  
International Banking ◽  
Military Regimes ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Military ◽  
Term Maintenance ◽  
The U.S

Before the U.S. invasion of December 1989, Panama experienced one of the longest periods of military rule in the modern-day history of Latin America. While numerous authoritarian military regimes emerged in the region during the 1960s and established for themselves a relatively high degree of autonomy from both domestic and international actors, only those in Panama, Paraguay, and Chile survived until the late 1980s. And of these three surviving military regimes, only Panama's was ended through the application of external military force. For the past several years, there has been considerable discussion of the factors that seem best to account for General Manuel Antonio Noriega's personal ability to resist U.S. pressure from 1987 until 1989 and to largely insulate himself from the political and economic constraints of Panamanian domestic politics. However, much less attention has been devoted to discussion of the factors that explain the long-term maintenance of the military authoritarian regime in existence for fifteen years prior to his assumption of power. This analysis suggests that the long-term maintenance of Panama's military authoritarian regime was due in large part to its ability to acquire substantial amounts of foreign capital. During the 1970s, such capital was preferentially obtained from the international banking community. During the 1980s, it was obtained through illicit activities of various kinds, including participation in the growing international drug trade.

Rational Politics

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olof Petersson
Keyword(s):  
Political Process ◽  
Policy Alternatives ◽  
System P ◽  
Commissions Of Inquiry ◽  
Trial And Error Method ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Swedish Politics ◽  
Political Decisions ◽  
Error Method

Swedish politics can still be characterized as deliberative, rationalistic, open, and consensual but only if these four concepts are reinterpreted. Sweden has changed from a long-term “sounding-out” style of policy-making to a short-term and iterative trial-and-error method. Whereas commissions of inquiry in the 1960s were expected to carry out thoroughgoing investigations of policy alternatives and their possible consequences, since the 1980s they have been ordered to finish their assignments in less time and deliver shorter reports. Political decisions today are taken on a much less solid factual ground. The political process has moved from a consensus-seeking system based on selected access for a few major interests to a competitive and open-ended system.

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