scholarly journals Environmental Energy Harvesting Techniques to Power Standalone IoT-Equipped Sensor and Its Application in 5G Communication

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 116-126
Author(s):  
Satyanand Singh
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Power Generators ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Micro Power ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Energy Harvesting Devices ◽  
Near Future

In the recent few years, due to its significant deployment to meet global demand for smart cities, the Internet of Things (IoT) has gained a lot of attention. Environment energy harvesting devices, which use ambient energy to generate electricity, could be a viable option in near future for charging or powering stand-alone IoT sensors and electronic devices. The key advantages of such energy harvesting gadgets are that they are environmentally friendly, portable, wireless, cost-effective, and compact. It is significant to propos and fabricate an improved, high-quality, economical, and efficient energy harvesting systems to overcome power supply to tiny IoT devices at the remote locations. In this article, various types of mechanisms for harvesting renewable energies that can power sensor enabled IoT locally, as well as its associated wireless sensor networks (WSNs), are reviewed. These methods are discussed in terms of their advantages and applications, as well as their drawbacks and limitations. Furthermore, methodological performance analysis for the decade 2005 to 2020 is surveyed in order to identify the methods that delivered high output power for each device. Furthermore, the outstanding breakthrough performances of each of the aforementioned micro-power generators during this time period are emphasized. According to the research, thermoelectric modules can convert up to 2500×10^(-3) W/cm^2, thermo-photovoltaic 10.9%, piezoelectric 10,000 mW/cm^3 and microbial fuel cell 6.86 W/m^2 of energy. Doi: 10.28991/esj-2021-SP1-08 Full Text: PDF

scholarly journals A Feasibility Study of Fabrication of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters on Commercially Available Aluminum Foil

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 2797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chongsei Yoon ◽  
Buil Jeon ◽  
Giwan Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Aluminum Foil ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Device Fabrication ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Plastic Substrate ◽  
Device Performance ◽  
Piezoelectric Energy ◽  
Energy Harvesting Devices

In this paper, we present zinc oxide (ZnO)-based flexible harvesting devices employing commercially available, cost-effective thin aluminum (Al) foils as substrates and conductive bottom electrodes. From the device fabrication point of view, Al-foils have a relatively high melting point, allowing for device processing and annealing treatments at elevated temperatures, which flexible plastic substrate materials cannot sustain because of their relatively low melting temperatures. Moreover, Al-foil is a highly cost-effective, commercially available material. In this work, we fabricated and characterized various kinds of multilayered thin-film energy harvesting devices, employing Al-foils in order to verify their device performance. The fabricated devices exhibited peak-to-peak output voltages ranging from 0.025 V to 0.140 V. These results suggest that it is feasible to employ Al-foils to fabricate energy-efficient energy harvesting devices at relatively high temperatures. It is anticipated that with further process optimization and device integration, device performance can be further improved.

Scavenging Energy From Piezoelectric Materials for Wireless Sensor Applications

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Green ◽  
Karla M. Mossi ◽  
Robert G. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Wireless Sensors ◽  
Piezoelectric Materials ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Sinusoidal Vibration ◽  
Sensor Applications ◽  
Energy Harvesting Devices

Wireless sensors are an emerging technology that has the potential to revolutionize the monitoring of simple and complex physical systems. Prior research has shown that one of the biggest issues with wireless sensors is power management. A wireless sensor is simply not cost effective unless it can maintain long battery life or harvest energy from another source. Piezoelectric materials are viable conversion mechanisms because of their inherent ability to covert vibrations to electrical energy. Currently a wide variety of piezoelectric materials are available and the appropriate choice for sensing, actuating, or harvesting energy depends on their characteristics and properties. This study focuses on evaluating and comparing three different types of piezoelectric materials as energy harvesting devices. The materials utilized consisted on PZT 5A, a single crystal PMN 32%PT, and a PZT 5A composite called Thunder. These materials were subjected to a steady sinusoidal vibration provided by a shaker at different power levels. Gain of the devices was measured at all levels as well as impedance in a range of frequencies was characterized. Results showed that the piezoelectric generator coefficient, g33, predicts the overall power output of the materials as verified by the experiments. These results constitute a baseline for an energy harvesting system that will become the front end of a wireless sensor network.

scholarly journals Energy per Operation Optimization for Energy-Harvesting Wearable IoT Devices

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaehyun Park ◽  
Ganapati Bhat ◽  
Anish NK ◽  
Cemil S. Geyik ◽  
Umit Y. Ogras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Gesture Recognition ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Optimization Technique ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Activity Tracking ◽  
Battery Capacity ◽  
Self Powered ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Energy Harvesting Devices

Wearable internet of things (IoT) devices can enable a variety of biomedical applications, such as gesture recognition, health monitoring, and human activity tracking. Size and weight constraints limit the battery capacity, which leads to frequent charging requirements and user dissatisfaction. Minimizing the energy consumption not only alleviates this problem, but also paves the way for self-powered devices that operate on harvested energy. This paper considers an energy-optimal gesture recognition application that runs on energy-harvesting devices. We first formulate an optimization problem for maximizing the number of recognized gestures when energy budget and accuracy constraints are given. Next, we derive an analytical energy model from the power consumption measurements using a wearable IoT device prototype. Then, we prove that maximizing the number of recognized gestures is equivalent to minimizing the duration of gesture recognition. Finally, we utilize this result to construct an optimization technique that maximizes the number of gestures recognized under the energy budget constraints while satisfying the recognition accuracy requirements. Our extensive evaluations demonstrate that the proposed analytical model is valid for wearable IoT applications, and the optimization approach increases the number of recognized gestures by up to 2.4× compared to a manual optimization.

scholarly journals Prospective Efficient Ambient Energy Harvesting Sources for IoT-Equipped Sensor Applications

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmuda Khatun Mishu ◽  
Md. Rokonuzzaman ◽  
Jagadeesh Pasupuleti ◽  
Mohammad Shakeri ◽  
Kazi Sajedur Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Power Efficient ◽  
High Performing ◽  
Sensor Applications ◽  
The Past ◽  
Global Demand ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Internet Of Things

In the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has garnered a lot of attention owing to its significant deployment for fulfilling the global demand. It has been seen that power-efficient devices such as sensors and IoT play a significant role in our regular lives. However, the popularity of IoT sensors and low-power electronic devices is limited due to the lower lifetime of various energy resources which are needed for powering the sensors over time. For overcoming this issue, it is important to design and develop better, high-performing, and effective energy harvesting systems. In this article, different types of ambient energy harvesting systems which can power IoT-enabled sensors, as well as wireless sensor networks (WSNs), are reviewed. Various energy harvesting models which can increase the sustainability of the energy supply required for IoT devices are also discussed. Furthermore, the challenges which need to be overcome to make IoT-enabled sensors more durable, reliable, energy-efficient, and economical are identified.

Comparing Linear and Essentially Nonlinear Vibration-Based Energy Harvesting

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Dane Quinn ◽  
Angela L. Triplett ◽  
Lawrence A. Bergman ◽  
Alexander F. Vakakis
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Ambient Vibration ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Linear Elements ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Energy Harvesting Devices

Self-contained long-lasting energy sources are rapidly increasing in importance as portable electronics and inaccessible devices such as wireless sensors are finding wider and more varied applications. However, in many circumstances replacing power supplies, such as conventional batteries, becomes impractical and the development of a self-renewing source of energy is paramount to the continued development of such devices. The ability to convert ambient mechanical energy to usable electrical energy fills these requirements and one aspect of current research seeks to increase the efficiency and performance of these energy harvesting systems. However, to achieve acceptable performance conventional vibration-based energy harvesting devices based on linear elements must be specifically tuned to match environmental conditions such as the frequency and amplitude of the external vibration. As the environmental conditions vary under ambient conditions the performance of these linear devices is dramatically decreased. The strategy to efficiently harvest energy from low-level, intermittent ambient vibration, proposed herein, relies on the unique properties of a particular class of strongly nonlinear vibrating systems that are referred to as “essentially” nonlinear.

Realizing the Benefits of Energy Harvesting for IoT

2021 ◽  
pp. 144-155
Author(s):  
Shakeel Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Extended Version ◽  
Renewable Sources ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Self Powered ◽  
Iot Devices

Different types of energy which generally fulfill the requirements of computing are mostly from thermal, mechanical, solar, wind, acoustic, and wave. Typically, IoT devices are powered by batteries that have limited lifetime, and thus these IoT devices need to be self-powered or require supportive energy sources that uninterruptedly power IoT devices. Energy harvesting is one of the techniques that can be applied to power these devices, which is a procedure of apprehending energy from lone or more energy from renewable sources in the proximate atmosphere known as environmental energy which can be renovated into usable electrical energy. Numerous researches are being carried out to harvest energy. This chapter is the extended version of the previous work carried out and analyses the present works on the application of IoT in energy harvesting systems and extant different research works carried out by the investigators to classify them.

scholarly journals Energy Harvesting Mechanisms in a Smart City—A Review

Smart Cities ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 476-498
Author(s):  
Ajibike Eunice Akin-Ponnle ◽  
Nuno Borges Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
Remote Interaction ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The City ◽  
Application Specific

The issue of how to power the deployed Internet of Things (IoT) nodes with ubiquitous and long lasting energy in order to ensure uninterruptible optimisation of smart cities is of utmost concern. This among other challenges has continued to gear efforts toward energy harvesting research. With the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown that nearly paralysed activities of everyday living in many nations of the world, option of human remote interaction to enforce social distancing became imperative. Hence, the world is witnessing a renewed awareness of the importance of IoT devices, as integral components of smart city, especially for the essence of survival in the face of lockdown. Energy harvesting is a possible solution that could enable IoT nodes to scavenge self-sustaining energy from environmental ambient sources. In this paper, we have reviewed most sources within city that energy could be harvested from, as reported by researchers in literature. In addition, we have submitted that energy sources can be application specific, such that, since there are many free sources in the city as presented in this review, energy should be scavenged within close proximity of need for various IoT devices or wireless sensor networks (WSNs), for smart city automation.

Analysis of magneto rheological elastomers for energy harvesting systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 439-446
Author(s):  
Gildas Diguet ◽  
Gael Sebald ◽  
Masami Nakano ◽  
Mickaël Lallart ◽  
Jean-Yves Cavaillé
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Shear Strain ◽  
Magnetic Induction ◽  
Magnetic Particles ◽  
Homogeneous Magnetic Field ◽  
Electrical Signal ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Dc Bias ◽  
Magneto Rheological

Magneto Rheological Elastomers (MREs) are composite materials based on an elastomer filled by magnetic particles. Anisotropic MRE can be easily manufactured by curing the material under homogeneous magnetic field which creates column of particles. The magnetic and elastic properties are actually coupled making these MREs suitable for energy conversion. From these remarkable properties, an energy harvesting device is considered through the application of a DC bias magnetic induction on two MREs as a metal piece is applying an AC shear strain on them. Such strain therefore changes the permeabilities of the elastomers, hence generating an AC magnetic induction which can be converted into AC electrical signal with the help of a coil. The device is simulated with a Finite Element Method software to examine the effect of the MRE parameters, the DC bias magnetic induction and applied shear strain (amplitude and frequency) on the resulting electrical signal.

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