From the History of the Reign of Solomon I in Imereti (1766-1768)

All known official appeals from Imereti to the Russian court in the 18th century were made under strict secrecy from the Ottoman Empire, and the embassies were either headed by clergy or representatives of the clergy were always part of the embassies. The principle of forming the composition of the embassy clearly indicates that the clergy of Imereti, as well as Kartli-Kakheti, was directly involved in political issues, and the ambassadors were supporters of the current rulers or kings. The clergy served as a living proof of Imereti’s commitment to the Christian world, despite Ottoman rule, oppression and the decline of religious culture. However, during the period we are considering, the first appeal of Solomon I to Russia for support (1766), he attracts only a representative from the Imeretian princes. The organization of the message was entrusted to Prince Kaihosro Tsereteli. Then the connection with Kizlyar was secretly maintained through the hegumen of the Ossetian spiritual commission Gregory, who already in 1768 was instructed to deliver a response message from Russia to Solomon, on condition that the secrecy of the owner’s correspondence with Russia be kept. The Imeretian and Abkhaz Catholicos Vissarion, acting at that time, cannot participate in this secret case, due to opposition to the king of the Rachinsky Eristovs, other persons from the Georgian clergy are not involved by Solomon either. Solomon’s non-representative appeal to Russia can only be associated with his position ol an exile and his inability to form the composition of the embassy, which is assigned to the tsar. Instead, we see that King Solomon is sending a single “messenger” with an important message from the princes of Tsereteli. Based on a comparison of the known historical facts of the reign of Solomon I in Imereti and the information presented in the document under consideration, the conditions and reasons that led Solomon in 1766 to a written appeal to Russia about the possibility of granting him political asylum are clarified.

The Public and Economic Activities of the Hִatim Family of Istanbul: A Chapter in the History of the Jewish Leadership in Istanbul and Jerusalem in the 19th Century

Moreshet Israel ◽

10.26351/mi/19-1/5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 97-127

Author(s):

Leah Bornstein-Makovetsky

Keyword(s):

Ottoman Empire ◽

19Th Century ◽

18Th Century ◽

Economic Activities ◽

The Public ◽

Economic Elite ◽

Late 18Th Century ◽

History Of ◽

The 19Th Century

This article discusses the biographies and economic and public activities of the Ḥatim family in Istanbul in the late 18th century and throughout the 19th century. Most of the attention is focused on R. Shlomo Ḥatim and his son Yitsḥak, who were members of the Jewish elite in Istanbul and settled in Jerusalem at the ends of their lives. R. Shlomo, who is said to have served the Ottoman authorities in Istanbul, settled in Jerusalem more than ten years before the leaders of the Jewish economic elite in Istanbul were executed in the 1820s. His son, surviving this purge, followed much later, immigrating to Israel in 1846, but died immediately thereafter. This article provides insights into the business activities of the Ḥatim family, as well as the activities of Yitsḥak Ḥatim as an Ottoman official in Istanbul. I also discuss two more generations of this family, considered an elite, privileged one, and that was highly esteemed among well-known rabbis in the Ottoman Empire. I also discuss the ties that developed between the communities of Istanbul and Jerusalem in the first half of the 19th century as a result of initiatives of officials in Istanbul and of immigration from Istanbul to Jerusalem.

POLICING THE COUNTRYSIDE: GENDARMES OF THE LATE 19TH-CENTURY OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1876–1908)

10.1017/s0020743807080087 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 47-67 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Nadir Özbek

Keyword(s):

Ottoman Empire ◽

19Th Century ◽

Working Conditions ◽

Ad Hoc ◽

18Th Century ◽

Late 19Th Century ◽

Administrative Practices ◽

Internal Security ◽

Late 18Th Century ◽

This article lays groundwork for a more systematic history of the Ottoman gendarmerie (jandarma), here with special emphasis on the men in the corps and their working conditions. The gendarmerie, which before 1879 reform the Ottomans called asakir-i zabtiye, was a provincial paramilitary police organization established by bureaucrats of the Tanzimat state during the 1840s on an ad hoc basis. This force later acquired a more uniform and centralized character, becoming the empire's principal internal security organization. Through this paramilitary police institution, 19th-century Ottoman bureaucrats aimed to extend their authority into the provinces, which at that time could be described as only marginally under Ottoman sovereignty according to contemporary definitions of the term. From the late 18th century on, extending state sovereignty to recognized territorial boundaries emerged as a vital need for most European states as well as the Ottoman Empire. Along with other modern military and civil institutions and modern administrative practices, introducing various types of paramilitary provincial police forces enabled governments in Europe to enhance and extend their authority over territories in which it had been limited. The gendarmerie thus emerged in both Europe and in the Ottoman Empire as integral to modern state formation and its technologies of government. Although acknowledging the Pan-European context of the gendarmerie's emergence and its theoretical ramifications, the present article is concerned more with the Ottoman context within which this police corps was established, evolved, and took on a uniquely Ottoman form.

The Formation of an Ottoamn Egyptian Elite in the 18th Century

10.1017/s0020743800034073 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 275-289 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Gabriel Piterberg

Keyword(s):

Ottoman Empire ◽

18Th Century ◽

The Other ◽

Asia Minor ◽

Southeast Europe ◽

The Core ◽

History Of ◽

Islamic Civilization

The conquest of the Mamluk sultanate by the Ottoman Empire brought into confrontation two centers in the history of Islamic civilization. One, Asia Minor and southeast Europe, was the center of the Ottoman Empire. The other, Egypt, had been the core of the Mamluk sultanate for 2½ centuries (1250–1517). Both states were dominated by Turkish-speaking elites based on the institution of military slavery. In both cases this slave-recruited manpower was the backbone of the army, and, to a lesser extent, of the administration.

Holiday parades in Ottoman miniature of the XVI–XVIII centuries

Iskusstvo Evrazii [The Art of Eurasia] ◽

10.25712/astu.2518-7767.2018.02.014 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Татьяна Хамзяновна Стародуб

Keyword(s):

Ottoman Empire ◽

18Th Century ◽

World History ◽

Avant Garde ◽

Decorative Art ◽

Action And Perception ◽

The World ◽

History Of ◽

And Performance ◽

Early 18Th Century

В мировой истории искусства встречаются события, которые можно интерпретировать как подателей идеи создания художественной композиции, рассчитанной на действие и восприятие не в замкнутых интерьерах дворца или храма, а в обширных общественных пространственных зонах. Нечто подобное произошло в официальной культуре Османской империи периода XVI – 1-й трети XVIII века. Одним из проявлений творческого подъема страны в это время было развитие монументального оформительского искусства театрально-декорационного характера. Источником наших знаний об этом виде творчества служат тексты и иллюстрации рукописей особого жанра – Сюрнаме, или «Книги празднеств». Две рукописи этого жанра – 1580-х годов и 1730-х годов, обильно и красочно иллюстрированные исторически достоверными изображениями праздничных парадов, позволяют предположить зарождение таких явлений авангардного искусства XX века, как инсталляция и перформанс в далёком прошлом. In the world history of art one occurs with events that can be interpreted as generators of the idea of creating an artistic composition designed for action and perception not in the closed interiors of a palace or a temple, but in vast social spatial zones. Something similar happened in the official culture of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th – first half of the 18th century. One of the manifestations of the country's creative rise at that time was the development of monumental decorative art of a theatrical-scenery character. A source of our knowledge about this kind of creativity is the texts and illustrations of manuscripts of a special genre – Surname, or "The Book of Festivals." Two manuscripts of this genre, dating from the 1580s and 1730s, and abundantly and colorfully illustrated with historically authentic images of festive parades, suggest the emergence of such phenomena of avant-garde art of the twentieth century as Installation art and Performance art in such a distant past as the Ottoman Turkey from the 16th to early 18th century.

POLICING THE COUNTRYSIDE: GENDARMES OF THE LATE 19TH-CENTURY OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1876–1908)

10.1017/s0020743807080361 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 67a-67a

Author(s):

Nadir Özbek

Keyword(s):

Ottoman Empire ◽

19Th Century ◽

Working Conditions ◽

18Th Century ◽

State Sovereignty ◽

Modern State ◽

Late 19Th Century ◽

Administrative Practices ◽

Late 18Th Century ◽

This article lays the groundwork for a more systematic history of the Ottoman gendarmerie (jandarma), with special emphasis on the men in the corps and their working conditions. Through this paramilitary police institution, 19th-century Ottoman bureaucrats aimed to extend their authority into the provinces, which at that time could be described as only marginally under Ottoman sovereignty according to contemporary definitions of the term. From the late 18th century on, extending state sovereignty to recognized territorial boundaries emerged as a vital need for most European states as well as the Ottoman Empire. Along with other modern military and civil institutions and modern administrative practices, introducing various types of paramilitary provincial police forces enabled governments in Europe to enhance and extend their authority over territories where it had been limited. The gendarmerie thus emerged in both Europe and the Ottoman Empire as integral to modern state formation and its technologies of government. While acknowledging the Pan-European context of the gendarmerie's emergence and its theoretical ramifications, the present article is concerned more with the Ottoman context within which this police corps was established, evolved, and took on a uniquely Ottoman form.

Γνωστά και άγνωστα ιστορικά έργα της Τουρκοκρατίας σε χειρόγραφο κώδικα του Νικολάου Καρατζά

The Gleaner ◽

10.12681/er.133 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 193

Author(s):

Μάχη Παΐζη–Αποστολοπούλου

Keyword(s):

Ottoman Empire ◽

18Th Century ◽

Historical Texts ◽

History Of ◽

Preliminary Study ◽

The University

KNOWN AND UNKNOWN HISTORICAL TEXTS REGARDING THE OTTOMAN PERIOD FOUND IN A MANUSCRIPT OF NIKOLAOS KARATZAS MS 5 of the Kourilas Collection, now preserved at the University of Ioannina, contains 41 historical texts concerning mainly the history of the Ottoman Empire during the 17th and 18th centuries. The manuscript was written by the eminent 18th-century collector and scholar Nikolaos Karatzas. Many of the texts are unedited. This preliminary study includes a list of these texts, their incipits and some paleographical notes. MACHI PAIZI-APOSTOLOPOULOU

AN IRRIGATED EMPIRE: THE VIEW FROM OTTOMAN FAYYUM

10.1017/s0020743810000826 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 42 (4) ◽

pp. 569-590 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Alan Mikhail

Keyword(s):

Resource Management ◽

Early Modern ◽

Ottoman Empire ◽

Natural Resource Management ◽

Natural Resource ◽

18Th Century ◽

Rural Regions ◽

History Of ◽

The Mediterranean ◽

Center Periphery

AbstractUsing both Ottoman Turkish and Arabic archival materials, this article narrates the history of irrigation in Fayyum during the first half of the 18th century. Its environmental perspective shows how a shared reliance on natural resource management bound together extremely rural regions of the Ottoman Empire like Fayyum with centers of power in Istanbul and Cairo. It seeks to make two historiographical interventions. First, its focus on irrigation reveals how the center–periphery model of early modern empires fails to capture the complexity of relationships that rural regions of the Ottoman Empire maintained with other provinces and towns both in the empire and beyond. Water in Fayyum grew food that forged connections of commodity movement with areas of the Mediterranean and Red Seas. Second, through an examination of such intraimperial and transregional ties, this article argues that Egyptian peasants held much of the power in these relationships.

Ayâns in the Ottoman Cyprus in the Second Half of the 18th Century

Belleten ◽

10.37879/belleten.2008.567 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 72 (264) ◽

pp. 567-590

Author(s):

Nuri Çevi̇kel

Keyword(s):

Eighteenth Century ◽

Sixteenth Century ◽

Ottoman Empire ◽

18Th Century ◽

Decisive Role ◽

Economic Conditions ◽

Main Subject ◽

A process of fluctuation was experienced at the expense of the Muslim - non-Muslim reayah living in the Province of Cyprus exclusively in 17501800 A.D. In this period, along with the natural calamities like earthquakes, plagues, droughts and the likes, appeared other factors to play a decisive role in the case. One of the most important of them was a progression of "decentralization". It first appeared in the late sixteenth century as a result of inner and outer political, social and economic conditions, developed in the following century and widely spread all over the Ottoman Empire by the second half of the eighteenth century. Consequently, the proccss led the Ottoman central governments to lose or share its authority in provinces with newly emerged local powers called "ayans". To study the repercussions of the process, main subject of this writing, will obviously help someone to understand satisfactorily the history of Cyprus under the Ottoman rule, and grasp the whole picture of the conversions like that "process of decentralization". By this study one can also see determining to what extent and how those changings were tested in provinces is inevitable for clarifying the essence of the transitions which influenced the whole empire.

Zwischen Verfolgung und Eingliederung

10.5771/9783956506314 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Benjamin Weineck

Keyword(s):

Ottoman Empire ◽

Social History ◽

18Th Century ◽

The State ◽

The Social ◽

Wide Range ◽

History Of ◽

State Agents ◽

Dominant Narratives

The history of the Kızılbaş-Alevis in the Ottoman Empire is often remembered and written as a history of persecution and oppression. This study opens up a perspective on the Ottoman state and the Kızılbaş-Alevis beyond such dominant narratives. It approaches the period between the 16th and the 18th century and investigates how the formerly persecuted Kızılbaş interacted with local and imperial Ottoman state agents. After the persecution of the Kızılbaş by the state both sides entered a relationship which aimed at conveniently accommodating the heterogeneous Kızılbaş-Alevi communities to the (local) Ottoman apparatus of power. Relying on a wide range of Ottoman sources, the author reveals formerly unstudied contexts in which the Kızılbaş-Alevis arranged themselves with and within the Ottoman state. As such, this work challenges widespread notions of persecution or essentialist ideas of Heresy and critically rethinks the social history of the Kızılbaş-Alevis in the Ottoman Empire.

An Aspect of History of Muslims and Non-Muslims in the Late 18th Century-Ottoman Province of Cyprus

Belleten ◽

10.37879/belleten.2008.123 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 72 (263) ◽

pp. 123-140

Author(s):

Nuri Çevi̇kel

Keyword(s):

Eighteenth Century ◽

Ottoman Empire ◽

Turning Point ◽

18Th Century ◽

External Factors ◽

Orthodox Church ◽

Late 18Th Century ◽

Archival Documents ◽

History Of ◽

Internal And External Factors

In this article, divergent positions of the Ottoman Empire and its policies, the Orthodox Church of Cyprus, the Turkish provincial administration and Müslim and zimmi (non-Muslim) subjects, and the process of their interrelations and interactions are to be exarnined. Internal and external factors of the period were quite determinant. The sources of this work are the relevant archival documents obtained from of the Ottoman Archive of Prime Ministery (İstanbul) and mostly belong to the second half of the eighteenth century, a note-vvorthy turning point in the socio-politic history of Cyprus under the Turkish rule.