scholarly journals TO STUDY THE FACTORS THAT IS ENCOURAGING THE CHILD LABOUR IN BARAMULLA DISTRICT OF J&K

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 578-607
Author(s):  
Shahida Akhtar
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Child Labour ◽  
International Labor Organization ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Working Children ◽  
The Past ◽  
International Labor ◽  
The Family ◽  
Trade Sanctions ◽  
Consumer Boycotts

Research into the topic of child labour has experienced a significant upswing in the past two decades. Yet despite this increased attention, child labour remains a significant problem in many parts of the world. According to recent estimates by the International Labor Organization (ILO), there were approximately 176 million children between the ages of 5 and 14 in employment in 2008, of which roughly 53 million were participating in hazardous work (Diallo et al., 2010). A common perception is that most child labourers work for wages in the formal sector, conjuring images of children working long hours in sweatshops or toiling away in mines. As a result, consumer boycotts and trade sanctions against products using child labour as an input are often discussed as means of reducing the incidence of child labour. In reality, however, such methods may have little impact for several reasons. Firstly, the majority of working children are active in the agricultural sector, rather than manufacturing (ILO, 2006; Diallo et al., 2010). Secondly, very few children work for wages outside the home; rather, most children are employed by their parents on the family farm or enterprise (Edmonds and Pavcnik, 2005a).

Weighting of Votes in an International Assembly

1944 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1192-1203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis B. Sohn
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Labor Organization ◽  
World Government ◽  
The Past ◽  
International Labor ◽  
Small Countries ◽  
World Organization ◽  
The Right

All the plans for future world organization, whether they envisage a world government or are limited to providing agencies for better collaboration between the peoples of the world, are built around two main conceptions—a small council and a larger assembly. But the different plans disagree widely upon the powers and the make-up of these bodies. The purpose of the present article is to analyze the difficulties relating to the structure of the larger body, the assembly, and to outline a tentative method for surmounting them.The structure of the different international organizations existing in the past was based on two principles: equality of representation and unanimity. That meant, first of all, that in the assemblies of nations the United States of America (population, 131 million) and Luxemburg (population, 300 thousand) had the right of equal representation. For instance, in the Conferences of the International Labor Organization, both countries have been equally entitled to appoint four delegates. Secondly, when an international assembly has tried to arrive at a Decision, not only the largest but also the smallest country could block such a Decision by casting a negative vote. While sometimes a little country has been forcibly persuaded to abandon its opposition, in many instances small countries have been able to frustrate the efforts of international assemblies and conferences otherwise unanimous.

The priceless child talks back: How working children respond to global norms against child labor

Childhood ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-77
Author(s):  
Isabel Jijon
Keyword(s):  
Child Labor ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Social Ties ◽  
Labor Organization ◽  
Cultural Group ◽  
International Labor Organization ◽  
Working Children ◽  
International Labor ◽  
Global Norms

This article examines how working children understand the morality of child labor. Drawing on interviews with children in Bolivia and Ecuador, I find that children call child labor moral when it helps them manage their social ties. Working children do not think of themselves as individuals needing care (per international organizations like the International Labor Organization) or as a cultural group needing recognition (per the “working children’s movements”). Rather, children describe themselves as morally upright members of intimate networks. I conclude by introducing the concept of relational dignity.

Efforts to Improve International Migration Statistics: A Historical Perspective

1987 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 967-995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Percy Kraly ◽  
K.S. Gnanasekaran
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Labor Organization ◽  
International Labor Organization ◽  
The Past ◽  
International Labor ◽  
History Of ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Statistical Systems

During the past decade the international statistical community has made several efforts to develop standards for the definition, collection and publication of statistics on international migration. This article surveys the history of official initiatives to standardize international migration statistics by reviewing the recommendations of the ISI, International Labor Organization and the United Nations and reports a recently proposed agenda for moving toward comparability among national statistical systems.

scholarly journals Major Determinants of Female Child Labour in Urban Multan (Punjab-Pakistan)

1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karamat Ali ◽  
Abdul Hamid Abdul Hamid
Keyword(s):  
Formal Education ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Female Child ◽  
Child Labour ◽  
Working Children ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
To Come ◽  
The City ◽  
Security Structure

In recent years, the sensitive issue of child labour has received world-wide attention and has become the focus of serious discussion in developing as well as developed countries. Any exact information on child labour is usually hard to come by as most of the children work in the unorganised informal sector, which is neither regulated by labour laws nor is monitored by any organisation. These working children are usually illiterate and start working at a very early age, are inexperienced and vulnerable, they usually work long hours in deplorable conditions, have no medical cover, go without sufficient and proper food and clothing, and get little rest and recreation. In this paper, an attempt has been made to analyse the major causes of female child labour in the city of Multan and certain measures and policies have been suggested which could help in bringing an end to this inhumane practice. Legislation against child labour is not an ideal solution in a country such as Pakistan. The child labour phenomena is not as simple as it appears and needs consideration in the context of the microeconomics of the family and population growth and macroeconomics of the social security structure of a country, unemployment, underemployment, opportunity cost and productivity of formal education.

Freeing the slaves from our supply chains

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Pollitt
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chains ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
International Labor Organization ◽  
Content Type ◽  
National Network ◽  
The Past ◽  
International Labor ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Uk

Purpose – This paper aims to ask how much forced labor and trafficking have changed since the abolition of the trans-Atlantic slave trade and whether businesses and governments are taking adequate measures to remove slavery from international supply chains. Design/methodology/approach – It looks at three of the most high-profile slavery cases in the past four years and asks whether modern manifestations of slavery are any different from the traditional forms we associate with the colonial governments of the eighteenth century. It sets out the latest theories behind the unexpected increase in forced labor. It also addresses the scope, successes and shortfalls of three anti-slavery enactments proposed in the past four years, to ask how much is being done to fully update international labor laws and why certain efforts could prove insufficient. Practical implications – It points out that the government of California and the International Labor Organization have successfully implemented rigorous and savvy anti-slavery laws, but the UK has yet to produce a draft Bill that would put British anti-slavery efforts in the appropriate international context. Social implications – It argues that international corporations must acknowledge that many of the countries in which they operate lack the institutional capacity to enforce the rule of law, so the responsibility to uphold modern-day standards often rests with the businesses themselves. Originality/value – It argues that existing international anti-slavery conventions have failed to suppress the slave-trade boom because they do not reflect the shift in economic control from governments to the private sector and its trans-national network of supply chains.

Child Labour and the Global Economy: Abolition or Acceptance?

2015 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Dillon
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
National Level ◽  
Child Labour ◽  
International Labor Organization ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Full Development ◽  
International Labor ◽  
The World ◽  
Children’S Work ◽  
Global Values

This article traces the evolution of international attitudes toward child labour, and outlines its relationship to the global economy. It examines the way in which international treaties promulgated by the International Labor Organization (ilo) have conceived of child labour over time. At the national level, the most extreme pro-child labour position may be found in recent Bolivian legislation that recognizes work performed by children as young as ten years old. Much has been written on the problem of conflicting global values on child labour, but all agree that exploitative forms should be eliminated. The author updates her earlier recommendation that the World Trade Organization should place conditions on participation in the global economy by requiring its member states to honour core ilo standards. Eliminating exploitative child labour could thus be linked indirectly to the global economy, by requiring the elimination of children’s work detrimental to the child’s full development.

scholarly journals Impact of Profit Tax on Employment in the Private Non-agricultural Sector in Albania

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 211
Author(s):  
Shpresa Cela ◽  
Albana Gjoni
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
International Labor Organization ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
International Labor ◽  
Problematic Issue ◽  
Official Sources ◽  
Official Data

In this paper we will analyze the employment rate in Albania, how it has changed over the years starting after the 1990s. For research reasons we have detached to analyze the employment rate in the private non-agricultural sector. Based on an analysis made by the World Bank and many other official sources such as the Labor Force Survey, the International Labor Organization (ILO) and official data such as INSTAT, we have noticed that employment in the Albanian market has become a problematic issue over the years because the employment rate has decreased. What are the factors that affect the employment rate? Does the profit tax rate have an effect on employment or not? We used an econometric model, linear regression to see the interdependence between these two variables using official data from 1995-2018. We have studied this period of time until 2018 where the situation has been normal, not including the COVID 19 crisis, which is an unusual period that in our opinion should be treated separately.

scholarly journals A Study on the Determinants of Expenditure Incurred for Agricultural Workers for Illness Related to Health Hazards in Theni District, Tamilnadu

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
A Sangamithra ◽  
P Arunkumar
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
International Labor Organization ◽  
Agricultural Work ◽  
International Labor ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Farm Injuries ◽  
Conditions Of Work

Agricultural work all over the world is hazardous, resulting in a large number of injuries to farmers or even death. According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), the agricultural sector is one of the most hazardous to health worldwide (ILO, 2000). Olatunji et al. (2013) pointed out that the productivity of farmers is affected by some occupational hazards and health problems such as Malaria, musculoskeletal disorders, farm injuries, yellow fever, Diarrhoea diseases, respiratory diseases and skin disorder (Olatunji SO, 2013). They usually get low wages, conditions of work put an excessive burden on them, and the employment which they irregular. Their income is low, and employment is unequal. Since they possess no skill or training; they have no alternative job opportunities either. Health system in our country is bogged down with some of chronic maladies like inappropriate budgetary allocation and a “top-down” hierarchy with multiple levels of operation which have led to compromise in effectiveness and quality of the services. Out of pocket expenditure becomes a burden for the poor especially when they have to spend vast amounts from their disposable income. The financial burden borne by people with healthcare and their families as a result of their disease depends on their economic status. In the poorest countries, people with health and their families bear almost the whole cost of the medical care they can afford. Besides excess healthcare expenditure, chronic diseases impose great economic burdens in the form of loss of productivity and foregone economic growth.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Erynn Masi de Casanova
Keyword(s):  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Domestic Work ◽  
Domestic Workers ◽  
Modern World ◽  
International Labor Organization ◽  
Home Based ◽  
International Labor ◽  
The Family ◽  
Private Homes

This introductory chapter provides an overview of domestic work. The International Labor Organization (ILO) defines domestic work to include housework; caring for children, ill, disabled, or elderly people in private homes; and tasks such as “driving the family car, taking care of the garden, and guarding private houses.” Paid domestic work is an ancient occupation, rooted in feudal economic systems, but it is part of the modern world under capitalism. Historically, domestic workers cooked, cleaned, and cared for children, as they do today. However, this work has shifted from in-kind payment (room and board) to wages, and from most domestic workers living with employers to most living separately. Also, middle- and upper-class women have entered the workforce, relying on domestic workers to take up the slack at home. Based on research conducted between 2010 and 2018, this book explains why domestic work remains an occupation of last resort in Ecuador (and elsewhere) and discusses how these working conditions might be improved. In exploring the experiences of paid domestic workers in Ecuador, it shows how concepts of social reproduction, urban informal employment, and class boundaries can help illuminate the particular forms of exploitation in this work and explain why domestic work continues to be a bad job.

The International Labor Organization

1947 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-120
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Labor Organization ◽  
International Labor Organization ◽  
The Past ◽  
American States ◽  
International Labor ◽  
Regional Conference ◽  
The United Nations

Although closely bound to the League of Nations, the ILO did not go out of existence with its dissolution, but continued functioning as an independent agency during the war, despite the League's breakdown. During the past year, the ILO-United Nations agreement was signed, the ILO thus becoming the oldest of the “specialized” intergovernmental agencies to be brought into relationship with the United Nations. Other activities of the ILO during 1946 included the 29th International Labor Conference, a Maritime Conference, an American States Regional Conference, and the first meetings of four newly created Industrial Committees.

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