scholarly journals IMPACT OF MEDICAL REPRESENTATIVES ON ACCEPTANCE OF HIGH PRICED PRESCRIPTION DRUGS BY DOCTORS: A STUDY

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 227-234
Author(s):  
Cedric Thomas Silveira
Keyword(s):  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The Other ◽  
Personal Interview ◽  
Coefficient Of Correlation ◽  
Other Hand

Do rapport and information have any bearing on doctors’ preference for high priced products? This was the study undertaken by me. Doctors in urban areas usually do not have the time to develop rapport with the medical representatives and as a result should not accept high priced products. On the other hand information too will not influence prescription of high priced products because they depend upon peer advice, seminars and conferences and evaluation tests. The situation among rural doctors is different wherein they should welcome medical representatives and their information and develop a rapport with them and thereby prescribe high priced products. However it was seen that developing a rapport was not enough for rural doctors to prescribe high priced products as they looked into the affordability of their patients first. However information was accepted and even high priced products were prescribed by doctors. On the other hand urban doctors were not influenced by either rapport or information and depended on conferences, seminars, peer advice and evaluation tests before prescribing high priced products. The study was conducted on 200 urban doctors and 200 rural doctors in Goa. A personal interview was conducted wherein the questionnaire was direct and structured. Pearson’s coefficient of correlation was used to determine if information and rapport had any correlation with doctors prescribing high priced products.

scholarly journals Minimum wages and the fate of Indonesian young workers

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-118
Author(s):  
Izzun Nafiah
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Minimum Wages ◽  
The Other ◽  
Logit Analysis ◽  
Young Workers ◽  
Wage Policy ◽  
Other Hand

Government policies that are directly related to the relationship between workers and companies are determining minimum wages. The effect of this minimum wage becomes more varied for developing countries with large populations such as Indonesia. Young workers have sensitive effect to fluctuation of the minimum wage policy, whereas the percentage of Indonesia young workers is more than 20 percent of the total workforce in 2015-2019. Therefore, the aim of this research is to analyze the effect of minimum wage policies on the status of young workers in Indonesia using quantitative data from the National Labour Force Survey (Sakernas) 2015-2019 with the multinomial logit analysis method. The results of this study are an increase in the minimum wage decreases the probability of young workers to have status as paid workers in the covered sector. In urban areas, an increase in the minimum wage increases the probability of young male workers being unemployed and decreases the probability being self-employed. On the other hand, an increase in the minimum wage causes female urban workers reducing the probability of being unemployed and increasing the probability of them being self-employed. Therefore, the minimum wage policy must be balanced with strengthen the education and training and also consider policies that increase youth labor market opportunities but do not increase employer costs for young workers. On the other hand, the government must be continuous to improve policies that support the progress of informal sector, for example in terms of providing capital, reducing loan interest rates, etc.

scholarly journals A DECADAL ANALYSIS AND SENSITIVITY STUDY USING MOPITT CO COLUMNS OVER ASIA

2018 ◽  
Vol XLII-3/W5 ◽  
pp. 53-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Lin ◽  
J. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sensitivity Study ◽  
The Other ◽  
Peak Time ◽  
Urban Regions ◽  
Forest Clearing ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
A New Technique

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Biomass burning and urbanization are both significant sources of CO emissions and atmospheric loadings in the real environment. The sources of CO are due to incomplete combustion, on one hand of biomass from agriculture or forest clearing, and on the other hand from coal, oil, gas, and other similar materials. However, the spatial and temporal underlying properties and patterns are quite different between these two types of source regions, with urban regions having a relatively constant source of CO emissions, with only short term concentration fluctuations due to local meteorology. On the other hand, in biomass burning regions, the emissions themselves tend to be highly concentrated over a short burning period, and very low otherwise. We hence present a new technique to classify and quantify biomass burning regions and urban regions based on an objective analysis of the CO total column measurements from the MOPITT satellite. By using all of the data from 2000&amp;ndash;2016, in connection with averages and standard deviation cutoffs, we successfully determine these regions. By performing a sensitivity analysis, in connection with additional ground-based measurements, we determine that the ideal cutoffs for the mean column loading and standard deviation of the column loading 28<span class="thinspace"></span>&amp;times;<span class="thinspace"></span>1017<span class="thinspace"></span>mol/cm<sup>2</sup> and 6<span class="thinspace"></span>&amp;times;<span class="thinspace"></span>1017<span class="thinspace"></span>mol/cm<sup>2</sup> respectively. These results are capable of representing known urban regions and biomass burning regions well throughout China, Southeast Asia, and South Asia, specifically including Beijing, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hunan, Guangdong, and Bangkok on one hand, and Northeastern India, Myanmar, Laos, Northern Thailand, and Vietnam on the other hand. A detailed analysis of the time series over the different classified regions show that while the urban areas have a much higher annual value, and a relatively long peak time, that their maximum is never as high as the peaks in the biomass burning regions, and that these peaks in the biomass burning regions are extremely short in duration, although they occur annually or bi-annually. Finally, we have not been able to obtain a statistically relevant decreasing trend, as others have found, making CO possibly an interesting species for future studies.</p>

Are lifestyle shifts fuelling the obesity epidemic in urbanised Africans?

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 73-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Ojiambo
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Active Lifestyles

Humans evolved for active lifestyles involving hunting–gathering and agriculture. To sustain these energy-intensive lifestyles, diets consisting of energy-dense foods were selected. It can therefore be argued that humans are physiologically adapted for active lifestyles. However, with rapid industrialisation, there has been an upsurge in the usage of labour-saving devices as well as a glut in the supply of energy-dense foods. This mismatch between energy supply and expenditure in modern man may be fuelling the contemporary trends in obesity in urbanised man. On the other hand, recent emerging evidence indicates that air pollution related to motorised transportation in urban areas may be obesogenic by causing alterations in the lipid metabolic pathways, resulting in fat deposition. These lifestyle shifts are drastically different from traditional rural African lifestyles and mirror the different prevalence rates of obesity and related co-morbidities between rural versus urban areas.

scholarly journals Implementation of Prototyping Method on Website Development of Land use Mapping

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ginanjar Wiro Sasmito
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Limited Resource ◽  
The Other ◽  
Land Supply ◽  
Website Development ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Urban Activity

Increasing diversity of urban activity attracts many people to try their fate in urban areas so as to heighten the flow of urbanization. This resulted in a large demand for land supply to accommodate the increasing number of city dwellers. On the other hand, land is a very limited resource and cannot be created or renewed, so the problem that often arises is the proliferation of slum and squatter areas in urban areas. The solution to the problem is to produce a land use website. By using the prototyping method of land use website is generated in order to speed up the development of website and to really fit with the wishes and needs of the client

scholarly journals The irrational offering of benzodiazepines by medicine shops in Bangladesh: Recommends implementation of retail pharmacy as soon as possible

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-177
Author(s):  
Md Jakaria ◽  
Atiqur Rahman ◽  
Mohammad Rasib Uddin Rahat ◽  
Mukimul Islam ◽  
Chayan Dhar Clinton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Retail Pharmacy ◽  
Controlled Drugs ◽  
Other Hand

As controlled drugs, benzodiazepines are one of the most familiar prescription drugs. This present study was designed to determine the proportion of medicine shops that irrationally offered benzodiazepines without prescription in the Chittagong division of Bangladesh. A crosssectional study on the sample of 563 medicine shops was conducted from July 2015 to August 2015. A simulated client methodology was used to complete this survey. Among the total 539 medicine shops, 237(43.97%) medicine shops were offered benzodiazepines. On the other hand, 302(56.02%) medicine shops were denied to sell benzodiazepines. The offering of controlled drugs without the prescription was terrifyingly high by medicine shops in the Chittagong division. Thus, the responsible authority should be taken steps to overcome this irrationality.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.17(1) 2018 p.175-177

scholarly journals Graph-Based Collaborative Filtering with MLP

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengyu Lu ◽  
Hangping Chen ◽  
XiuZe Zhou ◽  
Beizhan Wang ◽  
Hongji Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Filtering ◽  
Kernel Function ◽  
Multilayer Perceptron ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Recommendation Systems ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coefficient Of Correlation ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Latent Features ◽  
Svd Method

The collaborative filtering (CF) methods are widely used in the recommendation systems. They learn users’ interests and preferences from their historical data and then recommend the items users may like. However, the existing methods usually measure the correlation between users by calculating the coefficient of correlation, which cannot capture any latent features between users. In this paper, we proposed an algorithm based on graph. First, we transform the users’ information into vectors and use SVD method to reduce dimensions and then learn the preferences and interests of all users based on the improved kernel function and map them to the network; finally, we predict the user’s rating for the items through the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP). Compared with existing methods, on one hand, our method can discover some latent features between users by mapping users’ information to the network. On the other hand, we improve the vectors with the ratings information to the MLP method and predict the ratings for items, so we can achieve better effects for recommendation.

scholarly journals Consumption of fertilizers in districts of Slovakia in the period 2006–2015

2018 ◽  
pp. 389-398
Author(s):  
Cyril Siman ◽  
Yvetta Velísková
Keyword(s):  
Point Source ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
The Other ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Source Of Pollution

Consumption of fertilizers in districts of Slovakia in the period 2006–2015 Water quality in the surface streams is influenced by several factors. One of important information which can help us to solve problems with quality of water in water body is a distribution of point and non-point pollution sources in a river basin and also amount of pollutants released from them to surface streams. An example of a point source of pollution is the outlet from wastewater treatment plants (industry, urban areas, farms, etc.). On the other hand the most significant non-point source of pollution is considered the application of fertilizers in agriculture. In this paper we have evaluated consumption of organic and industrial fertilizers in Slovakia in the period 2006–2015. Total (in tonnes) and average (in kg ha-1) consumption of industrial and organic fertilizers was analyzed. In monitored period, the amount of applied organic fertilizers was much higher than the amount of applied industrial fertilizers and in addition a significant part of total fertilizers consumption had nitrogenous fertilizers in a group of industrial fertilizers. In a group of industrial fertilizers during the period 2006–2015 we observed just moderately increasing in their consumption, while in the period 2010–2015 the average amount of applied industrial fertilizers per hectare of agricultural land increased by about 20 kg ha-1. On the other hand, in a group of organic fertilizers we observed a decreasing in consumption of fertilizers.

scholarly journals Perception of street vendors and their effect on urban settings in Portobello Road, London

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Esraa Torky ◽  
Tim Heath
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
The Other ◽  
Street Life ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Urban Settings ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Street Vending ◽  
Urban Street ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Almost All

PurposeStreet vendors create a vital urban street and a significant and important part of our urban areas are streets, they cater to our leisure, social and functional needs. There are many debates concerning street vendors; on one hand, there are those who argue against them because they believe they create problems and should be abolished, and on the other hand, there are arguments that defend them and believe that they are vital to the street life.Design/methodology/approachThis paper aims to identify people's perception and acceptance of street vending and its effect on experience of the street. Observations and user interviews were undertaken in Portobello and Golborne Road to explore the influence of street vendors on urban settings and analyze their vending patterns and their relationship with urban users.FindingsFindings state that street vending takes up a large part in the liveliness and attractiveness of the market in London. People tend to accept street vendors because they have many benefits for vitality and liveliness of the urban environment; however, they sometimes cause problems with ease of mobility in the area for pedestrians and the public in general.Originality/valueStreet vendors create a vital urban street and provide affordable goods. There are many debates concerning street vendors; on the one hand, there are those who argue against them because they believe they create problems and should be abolished, and on the other hand, there are arguments that defend them and believe that they are vital to the street life. It was important to study street vending in detail in order to explore this unique and important activity that takes place in almost all cities of the world. The case study chosen was quite unique and street vending taking place in Portobello Road and London in general is mostly formal street vending, which wasn't studied in detail previously.

Temporal patterns and trends of air pollution over distinct European urban areas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Rodrigues ◽  
Carla Gama ◽  
Ana Ascenso ◽  
Kevin Oliveira ◽  
Sílvia Coelho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The Other ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
Residential Heating ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The City

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;European cities have made significant progress over the last decades towards a clean air. Despite all this progress, several urban areas are frequently exceeding air quality levels allowed by the European legal standards. The ClairCity project funded by the H2020 program addressed air pollution bringing a key missing factor in the way cities and societies organized themselves and work: citizens at the heart not only of the air pollution issues, but also of the solution, focusing on their behaviour, activities and practices. In this work, the ClairCity European pilot cities and regions (Bristol in the UK, Amsterdam in the Netherlands, Ljubljana in Slovenia, Sosnowiec in Poland, the Aveiro region in Portugal and the Liguria region around Genoa in Italy&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;) are studied in terms of air quality for a 10 year period regarding the main atmospheric pollutants over urban areas, namely particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ozone.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Therefore, the main objective of this work is to present a comprehensive diagnosis of the air quality and its main emission sources for each case study. The concentrations trends in the different typology of monitoring stations (background, traffic and industrial) were addressed, together with the knowledge of daily, weekly and seasonal pollution patterns to better understand the city specific profiles and to characterise pollutant dynamics and variations in multiple locations. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Each city/ region faces different issues and causes of air pollution, but all of these case studies have been working on to improve their air quality. In Bristol there have been strong downward trends in many air pollutants, but the levels of NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; remain persistently high and of concern, with transport the key contributor. PM on the other hand is not widely monitored in Bristol, but background levels at least are under limit values. Similarly, the main sources of air pollution in Amsterdam are traffic, in particular for NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, and international shipping. Decreasing emissions and concentration levels point to some success of Amsterdam air quality policies in recent years. PM&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; exceedances are a seasonal pollution problem in Ljubljana, with the main particulate matter sources attributed to residential heating, which is still significantly outdated in some parts of the city, where households still heat with burning wood and biomass during winter. The most pressing issue for air quality within Sosnowiec is emissions from residential heating. Particulate matter are the main critical pollutants, linked with the use of inefficient heating systems, together with poor quality fuels, in winter. On the other hand, NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; limit values are also exceeded in Sosnowiec, but in comparison to the low-stack emissions, the problem is far smaller. On contrary, air quality in the Aveiro region is relatively good, due to an overall relatively low population density in the region, and an open landscape in a maritime climate. PM&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; and O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; exceedances do occur occasionally. While, exceedances of NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; concentrations are still problematic in Liguria region, with road transport, industrial plants and port activities being the main contributors to these problems.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Debt and Pledge Verses in the Holy Quran: An Objective Inimitable Study: آيتا الدَّين والرِّهَان: دراسة إعجازية موضوعية

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shareefah Abedulkareem Freihat
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Holy Quran ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Holy Quran ◽  
Fear Of God ◽  
The Right ◽  
Status Of Women

    This study shows the legislative miracles in Ayah Debt and Ayah Mortgage and also it shows the accuracy of the Koran in the issues which is related to religious questions of Mortgage. The study dealt with the issue of writing the debt and the related rules for the debtor, lender and the writer of the debt; therefore, the right will not be lost and to achieve the goal of the act of debt which is gain the good form God and even not regret for debiting and lose reward from God. So, the debtor should state and recognize the right to give back the lender his money in the agreed time. At the same time, the Ayah stated the right of the debtor not to be exploited for his weakness or for his weak needs. As it stated also the indications that are harmful to the debtor from his or her inability to payback the debt, there are those who represent the debtor to payback the debt. The second topic discusses the issue that; in order to increase the creditability and guardianship and the preservation of rights, the verses stated the issue of witness, witnesses are either two men or men and two women and in view of the testimony of two women modify the testimony of one man which is very wise: to take into account the status of women in forgetfulness commensurate with her high profession and mandate The Lord has her motherhood and caring for her children. The Ayah stated the importance of attendance of the witnesses when it is needed for the preservation of rights, if necessary. The third topic deals with the issue of trade and writing of trade and showing the similarity between debt and trade in the term and the possibility of ignorance or forgetfulness. In order to avoid the conflicts and problems writing and witness were applied too. To achieve balance in the control of rights, the Ayah came to emphasize the piety because it is the only deterrent to those who violate the Gods’ ordered. As for traveling, the situation is different in urban areas, the possibility of the availability of the writer and the witnesses is almost weak, consequently to protect the rights in debt and trusteeship is discussed in the fourth topic. The mortgage is a means of preserving the rights and be away from conflicts and dispute. On the other hand; in the case trusteeship were it must be given to a trustful person, and the in case of payback the debt without writing or certification or mortgage; the fear of God is enough to justify the rights.    

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