Karizes and Current Prospects for Their Use in Kazakhstan

The kariz (karez, qanat) represent one of the ancient water supply systems in arid zones. Natural collection of groundwater coming down from the mountains and its transportation to irrigated fields is the main advantage of the kariz systems. This article aims to introduce into the community of Central Asian hydrologists, hydrogeologists, and farmers the idea of the possibility of applying the kariz technologies and constructing them based on the experiences of neighboring countries and the ancient settlement of Sauran (Turkestan Region, Kazakhstan). Satellite imagery allowed identifying 3 (three) karizes around Sauran. The subsequent geomorphological analyses of the digital elevation model was carried out using the specialized ECO GIS-software. Further on, the maximum catchment areas (MCA) of mother wells (kariz beginning) were calculated. As the result, it was revealed that the target karizes themselves were located in the areas with low MCA. However, the mother wells were located in close proximity to the areas with high MCAs. 300 hectares was enough to collect groundwater to feed the entire irrigation system in ancient times. Modern examples from neighboring countries and the archaeological sites on the territory of Kazakhstan prove the possibility of using the kariz technology in current conditions. The introduction of this practice will allow introducing the foothill land in Southern Kazakhstan into agricultural circulation, as well as eliminating water losses due to evaporation during storage and transportation.

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Terrain-Based Shadow Correction Method for Assessing Supraglacial Features on the Greenland Ice Sheet

Frontiers in Remote Sensing ◽

10.3389/frsen.2021.690474 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

Author(s):

Sasha. Z. Leidman ◽

Åsa K. Rennermalm ◽

Richard G. Lathrop ◽

Matthew. G. Cooper

Keyword(s):

Land Surface ◽

Greenland Ice Sheet ◽

Correction Method ◽

Correction Coefficient ◽

Digital Elevation ◽

Aerial Vehicle ◽

Sediment Cover ◽

Elevation Model ◽

Uav Images ◽

Gis Software

The presence of shadows in remotely sensed images can reduce the accuracy of land surface classifications. Commonly used methods for removing shadows often use multi-spectral image analysis techniques that perform poorly for dark objects, complex geometric models, or shaded relief methods that do not account for shadows cast on adjacent terrain. Here we present a new method of removing topographic shadows using readily available GIS software. The method corrects for cast shadows, reduces the amount of over-correction, and can be performed on imagery of any spectral resolution. We demonstrate this method using imagery collected with an uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) over a supraglacial stream catchment in southwest Greenland. The structure-from-motion digital elevation model showed highly variable topography resulting in substantial shadowing and variable reflectance values for similar surface types. The distribution of bare ice, sediment, and water within the catchment was determined using a supervised classification scheme applied to the corrected and original UAV images. The correction resulted in an insignificant change in overall classification accuracy, however, visual inspection showed that the corrected classification more closely followed the expected distribution of classes indicating that shadow correction can aid in identification of glaciological features hidden within shadowed regions. Shadow correction also caused a substantial decrease in the areal coverage of dark sediment. Sediment cover was highly dependent on the degree of shadow correction (k coefficient), yet, for a correction coefficient optimized to maximize shadow brightness without over-exposing illuminated surfaces, terrain correction resulted in a 49% decrease in the area covered by sediment and a 29% increase in the area covered by water. Shadow correction therefore reduces the overestimation of the dark surface coverage due to shadowing and is a useful tool for investigating supraglacial processes and land cover change over a wide variety of complex terrain.

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Soil use and occupation in Caracol Settlement: a multitemporal assessment using remote sensing and geoprocessing techniques

Research Society and Development ◽

10.33448/rsd-v9i12.11029 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. e30891211029

Author(s):

Odemir Coelho da Costa ◽

José Francisco dos Reis Neto ◽

Ana Paula Garcia Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Vegetation Index ◽

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽

Soil Cover ◽

The United States ◽

United States Geological Survey ◽

Vegetation Landscape ◽

Digital Elevation ◽

Elevation Model ◽

Gis Software

This study focused on the application of remote sensing and geoprocessing techniques to quantify the agroecological use of Caracol settlement area in order to quantify the vegetated areas, as well as the use and occupation of the soil in the years 2000, 2010 and 2020, in the months of May of each year. To achieve the objectives, computational tools (Quantum GIS software) were used, as well as data from Landsat 5 and 8 satellites, bands 3 and 4, 4 and 5 respectively. Vector data from the database of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), a Digital Elevation Model (DEM), from the United States Geological Survey (USGS/NASA) for evaluation of the watersheds were also used. For vegetation analysis, as well as temporal evolution, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used, with this it was possible to evaluate by means of thematic maps and tables containing the quantification and classification of vegetation and soil cover. It was evident in the present study that there were significant changes in the vegetation landscape over two decades, through anthropic activity by settled families, that were responsible for such changes in the use and soil cover of Caracol settlement.

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Spatial Modeling of Flood Sea Tides (Case Study: East Coast Semarang)

Forum Geografi ◽

10.23917/forgeo.v18i1.599 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Muhammad Aris Marfai

Keyword(s):

Open Space ◽

Flood Hazard ◽

Hazard Analysis ◽

Spatial Modelling ◽

Flood Level ◽

Digital Elevation ◽

Elevation Model ◽

Gis Software ◽

The Impact

The aims of this research are 1) to construct a spatial model of tidal flood hazard, 2) to do hazard analysis of tidal flood. Spatial modelling has been generated using Geographic Information System (GIS) software and ILWIS software was seleccted to do the model operation. Neighborhood function and digital elevation model (DEM) have been applied on the modelling calculation process. DEM data was correted and menipulated using map calculation on the digital form. Tidal flood hazard analysis has been done by means of map calulation on the tidal flood hazard map and detail landuse map. Histogram and tabulation from the result of the map calculation have been analyzed to identify the impact of the tidal flood hazard on the landuse. The highest impact of the tidal flood hazard occurs on the 1 meter of tidal flood level, where in the inundation occurs mainly on the fishpond and yard/ open space area.

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CABra: a novel large-sample dataset for Brazilian catchments

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences ◽

10.5194/hess-25-3105-2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (6) ◽

pp. 3105-3135

Author(s):

André Almagro ◽

Paulo Tarso S. Oliveira ◽

Antônio Alves Meira Neto ◽

Tirthankar Roy ◽

Peter Troch

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sources ◽

Large Sample ◽

Landscape Characteristics ◽

Related Data ◽

Continental Scale ◽

Daily Streamflow ◽

Multiple Data ◽

Digital Elevation ◽

Catchment Areas ◽

Elevation Model

Abstract. In this paper, we present the Catchments Attributes for Brazil (CABra), which is a large-sample dataset for Brazilian catchments that includes long-term data (30 years) for 735 catchments in eight main catchment attribute classes (climate, streamflow, groundwater, geology, soil, topography, land cover, and hydrologic disturbance). We have collected and synthesized data from multiple sources (ground stations, remote sensing, and gridded datasets). To prepare the dataset, we delineated all the catchments using the Multi-Error-Removed Improved-Terrain Digital Elevation Model (MERIT DEM) and the coordinates of the streamflow stations provided by the Brazilian Water Agency, where only the stations with 30 years (1980–2010) of data and less than 10 % of missing records were included. Catchment areas range from 9 to 4 800 000 km2, and the mean daily streamflow varies from 0.02 to 9 mm d−1. Several signatures and indices were calculated based on the climate and streamflow data. Additionally, our dataset includes boundary shapefiles, geographic coordinates, and drainage area for each catchment, aside from more than 100 attributes within the attribute classes. The collection and processing methods are discussed, along with the limitations for each of our multiple data sources. CABra intends to improve the hydrology-related data collection in Brazil and pave the way for a better understanding of different hydrologic drivers related to climate, landscape, and hydrology, which is particularly important in Brazil, having continental-scale river basins and widely heterogeneous landscape characteristics. In addition to benefitting catchment hydrology investigations, CABra will expand the exploration of novel hydrologic hypotheses and thereby advance our understanding of Brazilian catchments' behavior. The dataset is freely available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4070146 and https://thecabradataset.shinyapps.io/CABra/ (last access: 7 June 2021).

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Water and Energy Efficiency Assessment in Urban Green Spaces

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14175490 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (17) ◽

pp. 5490

Author(s):

Laura Monteiro ◽

Raquel Cristina ◽

Dídia Covas

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Green Spaces ◽

Water Supply Systems ◽

Water Losses ◽

Urban Green ◽

Urban Green Spaces ◽

Efficiency Measures ◽

Water Scarce ◽

The Impact

Urban green spaces can be intensive water and energy consumers in the cities, particularly in water scarce regions. Though a very efficient use of such resources is necessary, tools for assessing both water and energy consumption and efficiency are not available. In this paper, a new methodology based on water and energy balances is developed for assessing the water-use and energy efficiency in urban green spaces. The proposed balances, adapted from those developed for water supply systems, are specifically tailored for accounting for urban green spaces specificities, namely, landscape water requirements, other uses besides irrigation and over irrigation water losses. The methodology is demonstrated in two case studies of different nature and characteristics: a modern garden with a smart irrigation system and an urban park with traditional irrigation system. The results show that the developed water balances allow to estimate and assess the irrigation efficiency over the years and to assess the effectiveness of implemented water saving measures. The application of the water–energy balance demonstrates the impact of water efficiency measures on the energy efficiency of the irrigation systems. The proposed methodology can be used to assess water and water–energy efficiency in urban green spaces and to identify the most adequate improvement measures, contributing for a better management of the two resources in the cities.

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Evaluation of Active Tectonics in Northwest of Saveh

10.21203/rs.3.rs-303169/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Bahar Rezaeinahal ◽

Mohsen PourKermani ◽

Mehdy Zare ◽

Maryam Dehbozorgi ◽

Reza Nozaem

Keyword(s):

Drainage Basin ◽

Active Tectonics ◽

Tectonic Activity ◽

Drainage Basins ◽

The North ◽

Level Of Activity ◽

Digital Elevation ◽

Arc Gis ◽

Elevation Model ◽

Gis Software

Abstract The northwest zone of Saveh city is located in the fault zone of the Indes, Koosh e Nosrat, Avaj and Aipak. Indes faults, Cox Nosrat, Avaj and Aipak are considered as the major faults of central Iran, which are also active in the Quaternary and the last movements of these faults are attributed to the present covenant, therefore, the estimation of morphometri in order to identify the effect of active tectonics on the tectonic evolution of drainage basins seems necessary. Therefore, in this study, six important morphotectonic indexes were analyzed; longitudinal gradient of the river, asymmetry of drainage basin, hypometric integral, Drainage basin shape,the ratio of the width of the floor to the height of the valley and forehead of the mountain is discussed.to create the basins on the studied area, Arc Hydro software (Arc GIS software) has been used based on data from a digital elevation model, Then, 6 morphotectonic indexes have been compiled and classified on each of the basins.Finally, according to which the region has been classified into 4 categories of high, medium and low tectonic activity the, Active Tectonic Index (IAT) has been calculated.According to the IAT index, 5% of the study area shows very high tectonic activity, 25% of the studied area has high tectonic activity, the average tectonic activity has 65% and about 5% of the tectonic activity are low. In this study, the highest level of tectonic activity is in the north-eastern part of the region. In most of the sectors, the level of activity is high and moderate, which is related to the activity of Koshk E Nosrat, Aipak, Avaj faults.

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MORPHOMETRY OF THE HYDROGRAPHIC BASINS INSERTED IN THE URBAN AREA OF DOURADOS – MS – BRAZIL

Raega - O Espaço Geográfico em Análise ◽

10.5380/raega.v46i3.67039 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 46 (3) ◽

pp. 75

Author(s):

Leonardo Lima dos Santos ◽

Vinícius De Oliveira Ribeiro ◽

Jonailce Oliveira Diodato

Keyword(s):

Urban Area ◽

Drainage Density ◽

Water Quantity ◽

Digital Elevation ◽

Circularity Index ◽

Physical Variables ◽

Elevation Model ◽

Gis Software ◽

Morphometric Characterization

The morphometric characterization of watersheds has great importance and appliance for the prediction of phenomena such as floods. The objective of this study was to delimitate and characterize morphometrically the hydrographic basins that encompass the urban area of the Municipality of Dourados / MS – Brazil, which derived from estimated physical variables obtained by applying a license-free GIS software. Based on a Digital Elevation Model (DEM), the following microcatchment characteristics were determined: area, perimeter, slope, altitude, and watercourse orders. Four morphometric parameters that express a direct or inverse relationship with the water quantity factors of a hydrographic source were calculated and analyzed, being them: compactness coefficient, shape factor, circularity index, and drainage density. By comparing the studied basin results, it was observed that Água Limpa, Água Boa, and Laranja Azeda basin streams are more susceptible to flooding, especially considering the measurement factor and drainage density.

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Impact of the use of existing ditch vector data on soil moisture predictions

10.22616/rrd.26.2020.036 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Janis Ivanovs ◽

◽

Toms Stals ◽

Santa Kaleja ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Water Runoff ◽

Vector Data ◽

Geospatial Information ◽

Digital Elevation ◽

Close Proximity ◽

Open Source Gis ◽

Soil Wetness ◽

Forest Lands ◽

Gis Software

Wet soils play an important role in hydrological, biological and chemical processes, and knowledge on their spatial distribution is essential in forestry, agriculture and similar fields. Digital elevation models (DEM) and various hydrological indexes are used to perform water runoff and accumulation processes. The prerequisite for the calculation of the hydrological indexes is the most accurate representation of the Earth’s surface in the DEM, which must be corrected as necessary to remove surface artifacts that create a dam effect. In addition, different resolutions for DEM give different results, so it is necessary to evaluate what resolution data is needed for a particular study. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of using existing ditch vector data for DEM correction and the resulting implications for soil moisture prediction. Applied methodology uses a network of available ditch vectors and creates gaps in the overlapping parts of the DEM. The data were processed using open source GIS software QGIS, GRASS GIS and Whitebox GAT. Ditch vector data were obtained from JSC Latvian State Forests and the Latvian Geospatial Information Agency. The results show that by applying the bottomless ditch approach in forest lands on moraine deposits, depending on the accuracy of the ditch vector data, the values of the prediction of the soil wetness both increase and decrease. On the other hand, in forest lands on graciolimnic sediments it is visible that predicted soil wetness values increase in the close proximity of ditches. For forest lands on glaciofluvial and eolitic sediments there were no visible changes because of lack of ditches.

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Pilot study for irrigation modelling of a pear plantation

International Journal of Horticultural Science ◽

10.31421/ijhs/16/3/901 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

Author(s):

J. Tamás ◽

T. Fórián ◽

A. Nagy ◽

J. Nyéki ◽

M. Soltész ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hyperspectral Image ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Canopy Cover ◽

Non Profit ◽

Digital Elevation ◽

Pear Orchard ◽

Fruit Growing ◽

Large Water ◽

Elevation Model ◽

Precision Irrigation

Our investigation was carried out in the area of Fruit growing Research and Consultant non-profit company, at Újfehértó. The pear requires large water quantity, but this pear plantation hasn’t irrigation system not yet. This study reviews the drainage conditions of the area based on digital elevation model, and examined the canopy cover of pear trees by evaluating of the hyperspectral image. Our aims were to determine the exact watershed based irrigation modelling and determining of the canopy% of the pear orchard to facilitate a precision irrigation decision support system.

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Detailed soil survey of an experimental watershed representative of the Brazilian Coastal Plains and its practical application

Ciência e Agrotecnologia ◽

10.1590/s1413-70542014000100006 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 50-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Walbert Júnior Reis dos Santos ◽

Nilton Curi ◽

Sérgio Henrique Godinho Silva ◽

Sebastião da Fonseca ◽

Elidiane da Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Survey ◽

Coastal Plains ◽

Topographic Wetness Index ◽

Practical Applications ◽

Soil Map ◽

Digital Elevation ◽

Physical Particle ◽

Elevation Model ◽

Tools And Techniques ◽

Gis Software

This paper presents a detailed soil survey of an experimental watershed with representative pedoclimatic characteristics of the Coastal Plains in Espírito Santo State and its practical applications. For the pedological survey, 35 observation sites and three soil profiles were sampled and described, which were morphologically characterized and subjected to physical (particle size) and chemical analyses (routine and sulfuric acid digestion). The soil map was made using the geographic information system ArcGIS 9.3. This GIS software was also used to generate the digital elevation model (DEM) for identifying the slope classes. SAGA software was used to calculate the topographic wetness index (WI) which aided in a more accurate separation of Haplic Organosol from other soils. The predominant soil class in the watershed was the dystrophic/dystrocohesive Yellow Argisol (97%), containing morphological, chemical and physical characteristics representative of the most expressive Coastal Plains soils. Geoprocessing tools and techniques aided to make the watershed soil map.

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