Optimasi Sintesis Asam Lemak Etanolamida Berbasis Minyak Ketapang Menggunakan Response Surface Methodology

Telah dilakukan optimasi sintesis asam lemak etanolamida berbasis minyak ketapang (Terminalia catappa L) menggunakan Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Asam lemak etanolamida adalah surfaktan yang banyak dibutuhkan pada industri farmasi. Sintesis asam lemak etanolamida dilakukan dengan mereaksikan minyak ketapang dan etanolamina sebagai substrat menggunakan katalis Lipozyme TL.IM. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengamati interaksi antar variabel yang dapat mempengaruhi kondisi optimum dan hasil reaksi. Beberapa variabel yang dimaksud yaitu waktu reaksi, suhu reaksi, molar rasio substrat dan jumlah enzim. Metode RSM yang digunakan terdapat dalam perangkat lunak Design Expert v.7. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan model untuk mendapatkan kondisi yang optimal adalah model quadratic (p-value 0.0048/signifikan), lack of fit (p-value 0.3827 /non signifikan) dan nilai R-squared sebesar 0,7953. Kondisi optimum yang dihasilkan yaitu waktu reaksi 1,50 jam, suhu reaksi 38,10 °C, molar ratio minyak : etanolamina (1 : 20,52) gram/mol dan jumlah enzim 0.16 gram dengan prediksi dan aktual persen hasil asam lemak etanolamida secara berturut-turut sebesar 60,02 dan 64,00 %.

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Boron removal from aqueous solution using coagulation- flocculation with curcumin : A response surface methodology

Journal of Environmental Biology ◽

10.22438/jeb/42/3(si)/jeb-03 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 42 (3(SI)) ◽

pp. 750-755

Author(s):

A.A. Halim ◽

◽

M.M. Hanafiah ◽

M. Asmi ◽

Z. Daud ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Solution ◽

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Response Surface ◽

P Value ◽

Boron Removal ◽

Optimum Parameters ◽

Lack Of Fit ◽

Coagulant Dosage ◽

Model Correlation ◽

Flocculation Process

Aim: Application of response surface methodology (RSM) to determine optimum parameters in the coagulation-flocculation process aided by curcumin for boron removal from aqueous solution was investigated. Methodology: Different parameters such as pH, coagulant dosage, and curcumin dosage that effect boron removal were tested. Application of central composite design in RSM was used to design the coagulation-flocculation experiment. Results: The results showed 75% of boron removal, while the optimum parameters for boron removal were observed at pH 2.8, 132.05 ppm poly aluminum chloride dose and 1161.4 ppm curcumin dose, respectively. Interpretation: Quadratic regression showed that the model was significant and lack of fit P value was 0.107 (p > 0.05), implying a significant model correlation between the variables and responses. The experimental data and predicted model proved that RSM is an appropriate approach for optimising the coagulation–flocculation process in removing boron from aqueous solution.

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Employment of Quality by Design approach via Response Surface Methodology to Optimize and Develop Modified Release formulation of Hydrochlorothiazide

Current Computer - Aided Drug Design ◽

10.2174/1573409916666200226114517 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

Author(s):

Vikas D Singhai ◽

Rahul Maheshwari ◽

Swapnil Sharma ◽

Sarvesh Paliwal

Keyword(s):

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Response Surface ◽

Quality By Design ◽

Management Tool ◽

Contour Plot ◽

P Value ◽

Average Weight ◽

Content Uniformity ◽

Modified Release ◽

Release Formulation

Background: Heart attack predominantly occurs during the last phase of sleep and early morning hours, causing millions of death worldwide. Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) is recommended drug for the prevention of heart disease but its long action (>4 h) dosage form is lacking in the commercial market and development of extended-release formulation may have industrial significance. Regulatory agencies emphasize Quality by Design based approach for product development to entrust quality in the product. Objective: Aim of the current research was to develop a quality product profile of HCTZ modified-release tablets (MRT; ~14 h) by applying Response Surface Methodology using computational QbD approach. Methods: Three independent factors were identified by qualitative and quantitative risk assessment. Statistical terms like p-value, lack of fit, sum of square, R-squared value, model F value and linear equations were determined. Graphical tools like normal plot of residual, residual vs predicted plot and box cox plot were used to verify model selection. Graphical relationship among the critical, independent variables was represented using the Contour plot and 3-D surface plot. Design space was identified by designing overlay plot using response surface design. Results: Excellent correlation was observed between actual and predicted values. Similarity Factor (F2) of reproducible trials was 78 and 79 and content uniformity was 100.9% and 100.4%. Average weight, hardness, thickness, diameter and friability were within acceptable limits. Conclusions: QbD approach along with quality risk management tool provided an efficient and effective paradigm to build quality MRT of HCTZ.

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Effective Chromium Adsorption From Aqueous Solutions and Tannery Wastewater Using Bimetallic Fe/Cu Nanoparticles: Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Network

Air Soil and Water Research ◽

10.1177/11786221211028162 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

pp. 117862212110281

Author(s):

Ahmed S. Mahmoud ◽

Nouran Y. Mohamed ◽

Mohamed K. Mostafa ◽

Mohamed S. Mahmoud

Keyword(s):

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Response Surface ◽

Industrial Effluent ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Tannery Wastewater ◽

P Value ◽

Cu Nanoparticles ◽

Artificial Neural ◽

Cr Removal

Tannery industrial effluent is one of the most difficult wastewater types since it contains a huge concentration of organic, oil, and chrome (Cr). This study successfully prepared and applied bimetallic Fe/Cu nanoparticles (Fe/Cu NPs) for chrome removal. In the beginning, the Fe/Cu NPs was equilibrated by pure aqueous chrome solution at different operating conditions (lab scale), then the nanomaterial was applied in semi full scale. The operating conditions indicated that Fe/Cu NPs was able to adsorb 68% and 33% of Cr for initial concentrations of 1 and 9 mg/L, respectively. The removal occurred at pH 3 using 0.6 g/L Fe/Cu dose, stirring rate 200 r/min, contact time 20 min, and constant temperature 20 ± 2ºC. Adsorption isotherm proved that the Khan model is the most appropriate model for Cr removal using Fe/Cu NPs with the minimum error sum of 0.199. According to khan, the maximum uptakes was 20.5 mg/g Cr. Kinetic results proved that Pseudo Second Order mechanism with the least possible error of 0.098 indicated that the adsorption mechanism is chemisorption. Response surface methodology (RSM) equation was developed with a significant p-value = 0 to label the relations between Cr removal and different experimental parameters. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were performed with a structure of 5-4-1 and the achieved results indicated that the effect of the dose is the most dominated variable for Cr removal. Application of Fe/Cu NPs in real tannery wastewater showed its ability to degrade and disinfect organic and biological contaminants in addition to chrome adsorption. The reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), Cr, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and oil reached 61.5%, 49.5%, 44.8%, 100%, 38.9%, 96.3%, 88.7%, and 29.4%, respectively.

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A Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Approach for Optimizing the Attenuation of Human IgE-Reactivity to β-Lactoglobulin (β-Lg) by Hydrostatic High Pressure Processing

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10081741 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1741

Author(s):

Xin Sun ◽

Jialing Vivien Chua ◽

Quynh Anh Le ◽

Francisco Trujillo ◽

Mi-Hwa Oh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Optimal Condition ◽

Response Surface ◽

High Pressure Processing ◽

Molecular Structures ◽

Holding Time ◽

P Value ◽

Molecular Change ◽

Ige Reactivity ◽

Β Lactoglobulin

The response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) technique were used to optimize the three key process parameters (i.e., pressure, temperature and holding time) of the high-hydrostatic-pressure (HHP) processing either standalone or combined with moderate thermal processing to modulate molecular structures of β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) and α-lactalbumin (α-La) with reduced human IgE-reactivity. The RSM model derived for HHP-induced molecular changes of β-Lg determined immunochemically showed that temperature (temp), pressure (p2) and the interaction between temperature and time (t) had statistically significant effects (p < 0.05). The optimal condition defined as minimum (β-Lg specific) IgG-binding derived from the model was 505 MPa at 56 °C with a holding time of 102 min (R2 of 0.81 and p-value of 0.01). The validation carried at the optimal condition and its surrounding region showed that the model to be underestimating the β-Lg structure modification. The molecular change of β-Lg was directly correlated with HHP-induced dimerization in this study, which followed a quadratic equation. The β-Lg dimers also resulted in the undetectable human IgE-binding.

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Assessment of TiO2 Nanoconcentration and Twin Impingement Jet of Heat Transfer Enhancement—A Statistical Approach Using Response Surface Methodology

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14030595 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 595

Author(s):

Mahir Faris Abdullah ◽

Rozli Zulkifli ◽

Hazim Moria ◽

Asmaa Soheil Najm ◽

Zambri Harun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Transfer ◽

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Response Surface ◽

Heat Transfer Rate ◽

Transfer Rate ◽

Tio2 Nanoparticle ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Improvement Rate ◽

Design Expert ◽

Impingement Jet

Impinging jets are considered to be a well-known technique that offers high local heat transfer rates. No correlation could be established in the literature between the significant parameters and the Nusselt number, and investigation of the interactions between the correlated factors has not been conducted before. An experimental analysis based on the twin impingement jet mechanism was achieved to study the heat transfer rate pertaining to the surface plate. In the current paper, four influential parameters were studied: the spacing between nozzles, velocity, concentration of Nano solution coating and nozzle-plate distance, which are considered to be effective parameters for the thermal conductivity and the heat transfer coefficient of TiO2 nanoparticle, an X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis were done, which highlighted the structure and showed that the nanosolution coated the surface homogenously. Moreover, a comparison was done for the experimental results with that of the predicted responses generated by the Design Expert software, Version 7 User’s Guide, USA. A response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to improve a mathematical model by accounting for a D-optimal design. In addition, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed for testing the significance of the models. The maximum Nu of 91.47, where H = S = 1 cm; Reynolds number of 17,000, and TiO2 nanoparticle concentration of 0.5% M. The highest improvement rate in Nusselt was about 26%, achieved with TiO2 Nanoparticle, when S = 3 cm, H = 6 cm and TiO2 nanoparticle = 0.5 M. Furthermore, based on the statistical analysis, the expected values were found to be in satisfactory agreement with that of the empirical data, which was conducted by accounting for the proposed models’ excellent predictability. Multivariate approaches are very useful for researchers, as well as for applications in industrial processes, as they lead to increased efficiency and reduced costs, so the presented results of this work could encourage the overall uses of multivariate methods in these fields. Hypotheses: A comparison was done for the predicted responses generated by the Design Expert software with the experimental results and then studied to verify the following hypotheses: ► Preparation of three concentrations of TiO2 nanosolution was done and studied. ► The heat transfer rate could be increased by surface coating with TiO2 nanoparticle. ► The heat transfer could be improved by the impingement jet technique with suitable adjustments.

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Optimization of biodiesel synthesis under simultaneous ultrasound-microwave irradiation using response surface methodology (RSM)

Green Processing and Synthesis ◽

10.1515/gps-2015-0029 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Seyed Mohammad Safieddin Ardebili ◽

Teymor Tavakoli Hashjin ◽

Barat Ghobadian ◽

Gholamhasan Najafi ◽

Stefano Mantegna ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Microwave Irradiation ◽

Response Surface ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Irradiation Time ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Reaction Conditions ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis

AbstractThis work investigates the effect of simultaneous ultrasound-microwave irradiation on palm oil transesterification and uncovers optimal operating conditions. Response surface methodology (RSM) has been used to analyze the influence of reaction conditions, including methanol/palm oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature and irradiation time on biodiesel yield. RSM analyses indicate 136 s and 129 s as the optimal sonication and microwave irradiation times, respectively. Optimized parameters for full conversion (97.53%) are 1.09% catalyst concentration and a 7:3.1 methanol/oil molar ratio at 58.4°C. Simultaneous ultrasound-microwave irradiation dramatically accelerates the palm oil transesterification reaction. Pure biodiesel was obtained after only 2.2 min while the conventional method requires about 1 h.

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Comparison of different modeling methods toward predictive capability evaluation of the bonding strength of wood laminated products

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part E Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering ◽

10.1177/09544089211053074 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 095440892110530

Author(s):

Morteza Nazerian ◽

Seyed Ali Razavi ◽

Ali Partovinia ◽

Elham Vatankhah ◽

Zahra Razmpour

Keyword(s):

Neural Network ◽

Artificial Neural Network ◽

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Response Surface ◽

Bonding Strength ◽

Fuzzy Inference ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Inference System ◽

Neuro Fuzzy ◽

Artificial Neural

The main aim of this study is usability evaluation of different approaches, including response surface methodoloy, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system, and artificial neural network models to predict and evaluate the bonding strength of glued laminated timber (glulam) manufactured using walnut wood layers and a natural adhesive (oxidized starch adhesive), with respect to this fact that using the modified starch can decrease the formaldehyde emission. In this survey, four variables taken as the input data include the molar ratio of formaldehyde to urea (1.12–1.52), nanocellulose content (0%–4%, based on the dry weight of the adhesive), the mass ratio of the oxidized starch adhesive to the urea formaldehyde resin (30:70–70:30), and the press time (4–8 min). In order to find the best predictive performance of each selected evaluation approach, different membership functions were used. The optimal results were obtained when the molar ratio, nanocellulose content, mass ratio of the oxidised starch, and press time were set at 1.22, 3%, 70:30, and 7 min, respectively. Based on the performance criteria including root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) obtained from the modeling of response surface methodology, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference network, and artificial neural network, it became evident that response surface methodology could offer a better prediction of the response with the lowest level of errors. Beside, artificial neural network and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system support the response surface methodology approach to evaluate bonding strength response with high precision as well as to determine the optimal point in fabrication of laminated products.

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Optimization of pretreating poplar wood shavings with cellulase to produce binderless fiberboard using response surface methodology

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.15.3.6431-6441 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 6431-6441

Author(s):

Jianguo Wu ◽

Yuanyuan Wang ◽

Zhao Zhang ◽

Xuanxian Luo ◽

Chi Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Response Surface ◽

Bending Strength ◽

Good Choice ◽

P Value ◽

Poplar Wood ◽

Wood Processing ◽

Wood Shavings ◽

Validation Experiment ◽

Pretreatment Conditions

Wood processing waste, poplar wood shavings, were used for fiberboard production, and the pretreatment conditions using cellulase were studied using response surface methodology (RSM). After single factors optimization, central level of temperature, dosage, and liquid/solid ratio (LSR) of cellulase pretreatment conditions were obtained. Further optimization to study the influence of the factors was carried out using Box-Behnken design of experiments. A second-order polynomial equation was obtained, and the low p-value (<0.007) implied that the model was highly significant by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimized cellulase pretreatment conditions for maximum bending strength (BS) of the fiberboard were determined by ridge analysis as 44.4 °C of temperature, 1.23 U/g of dosage, 4.2 of LSR, and 5 h of pretreatment time. Under the optimized conditions, the BS of the fiberboard reached 25.12 ± 0.35 MPa by validation experiment, which was twice that of the fiberboard without pretreatment. Thus, the cellulase pretreatment should be a good choice to produce high-strength binderless fiberboard.

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Optimization of Enzymatic Synthesis of Betulinic Acid Amide in Organic Solvent by Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Indonesian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.22146/ijc.34903 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 849

Author(s):

Nurul Atikah Amin Yusof ◽

Nursyamsyila Mat Hadzir ◽

Siti Efliza Ashari ◽

Nor Suhaila Mohamad Hanapi ◽

Rossuriati Dol Hamid

Keyword(s):

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Reaction Time ◽

Response Surface ◽

Reaction Temperature ◽

Betulinic Acid ◽

Enzymatic Synthesis ◽

Acid Amide ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Percentage Yield ◽

Substrate Molar Ratio

Optimization of the lipase catalyzed enzymatic synthesis of betulinic acid amide in the presence of immobilized lipase, Novozym 435 from Candida antartica as a biocatalyst was studied. Response surface methodology (RSM) and 5-level-4-factor central-composite rotatable design (CCRD) were employed to evaluate the effects of the synthesis parameters, such as reaction time (20–36 h), reaction temperature (37–45 °C), substrate molar ratio of betulinic acid to butylamine (1:1–1:3), and enzyme amounts (80–120 mg) on the percentage yield of betulinic acid amide by direct amidation reaction. The optimum conditions for synthesis were: reaction time of 28 h 33 min, reaction temperature of 42.92 °C, substrate molar ratio of 1:2.21, and enzyme amount of 97.77 mg. The percentage yield of actual experimental values obtained 65.09% which compared well with the maximum predicted value of 67.23%. The obtained amide was characterized by GC, GCMS and 13C NMR. Betulinic acid amide (BAA) showed a better cytotoxicity compared to betulinic acid as the concentration inhibited 50% of the cell growth (IC50) against MDA-MB-231 cell line (IC50 < 30 µg/mL).

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