scholarly journals COLORECTAL CANCER

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (06) ◽  
pp. 687-692
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fahd Shah ◽  
Irum Sabir Ali ◽  
Ahmed Faraz
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Sample Size Determination ◽  
Surgical Department ◽  
Well Differentiated ◽  
Adeno Carcinoma ◽  
Time Of Presentation

Introduction: Colorectal cancer is a potentially fatal gastrointestinal disease andhas been studied extensively. In an effort to decrease the morbidity and mortality associatedwith this disease, studies have been performed to gain insight into the anatomic distribution,average age at presentation, mean age at presentation for different segments of colon involvedand intersex differences. Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the frequencyof sites of colorectal cancer involvement. Material and methods: Study design: Study wasdescriptive case series. Setting: General surgical department post graduate Lady ReadingHospital Peshawar. Period: From 01/01/2011 to 30/06/2012. Sample size: Sample size was416 using 3.57% proportion of descending colon5, 95% confidence level and 1.785% margin oferror under WHO software for sample size determination. Sampling technique: Consecutivenon probability sampling. Results: This study was carried out in 416 consecutive patients.These patients included 233 men (56 %) and 183 women (44%). Age varied from twelve yearsto seventy years. The commonest age group in the study at the time of presentation was63-72 years. Commonest site involved was rectum (26%) followed by sigmoid colon (16%).Bleeding per rectum was the commonest symptom (62.05%) followed by altered bowel habits(35.71%). Twelve patients (21.43%) presented with intestinal obstruction. Histopathologically,twenty patients had well differentiated adeno-carcinoma (35.72%) whereas eighteen patientshad anaplastic tumour (32.14%) and mucinous adeno-carcinoma was found in five patients(8.92%).Conclusion: Rectum is the most common site of tumour followed by left, right andtransverse colon respectively. The site of involvement affects the surgical procedure required.In conclusion the symptoms of colorectal cancer may not be representative of any anatomicalsite, by the time symptoms appear the lesion may have become invasive.

Perceived Influence of Students’ Demographic Variables on Their Access to Financial Aids in Public Universities in Rivers State, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-50
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Olorunleke Eseyin
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Public Universities ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Sample Size Determination ◽  
Interview Schedule ◽  
The Public ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Rivers State

The paper investigated the perceived influence of students’ demographic variables on their access to financial aids in public Universities in Rivers State, Nigeria. Six questions were formulated to guide the study and five hypotheses tested at 0.05 level of significance. The design adopted for the study was an analytical survey. The population of the study included 78, 216 students (34,997 male and 43,219 female) in the three public Universities in Rivers State. The sample of the study covered 791 students (Male= 395 and Female= 396) selected through the random sampling technique while Taro Yamane method of sample size determination was used for determining the sample size. The instruments used for collecting responses from students were questionnaire and a ten items interview schedule. The research questions were answered using frequency, percentage and cumulative percentage. Findings of the study revealed that students’ demographic variables have an influence on their access to financial aids in public Universities in Rivers State, Nigeria. The implication of this is that the government’s expenditure on education will continue to increase in the absence of these alternative financial aids in the public Universities in Rivers State, Nigeria.

A Proposal for Parameter-Free Surrogate Building Algorithm Using Artificial Neural Networks

2022 ◽  
pp. 749-782
Author(s):  
Srinivas Soumitri Miriyala ◽  
Kishalay Mitra
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Artificial Neural Networks ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Sample Size Determination ◽  
Estimation Of Parameters ◽  
Training Sample Size ◽  
Online Implementation ◽  
Artificial Neural

Surrogate models, capable of emulating the robust first principle based models, facilitate the online implementation of computationally expensive industrial process optimization. However, the heuristic estimation of parameters governing the surrogate building often renders them erroneous or under-trained. Current work aims at presenting a novel parameter free surrogate building approach, specifically focusing on Artificial Neural Networks. The proposed algorithm implements Sobol sampling plan and intelligently designs the configuration of network with simultaneous estimation of optimal transfer function and training sample size to prevent overfitting and enabling maximum prediction accuracy. A novel Sample Size Determination algorithm based on a potential concept of hypercube sampling technique adds to the speed of surrogate building algorithm, thereby assuring faster convergence. Surrogates models for a highly nonlinear industrial sintering process constructed using the novel algorithm resulted in 7 times faster optimization.

Sampling in Research

2016 ◽  
pp. 107-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Never Mujere
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Sample Size Determination ◽  
Size Determination ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Sampling Errors ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Needed Information ◽  
Different Types

Research is aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws. A sample provides needed information about the population quickly. However, there is no guarantee that any sample will be precisely representative of the population from which it comes. It is cheaper to observe a part rather than the whole. This chapter is a discussion on sampling in research and it is mainly designed to equip researchers with knowledge of the general issues to consider when sampling. The purpose of sampling in research, dangers of sampling and how to minimize them, types of sampling and guides for deciding the sample size are discussed. For a clear flow of ideas, a few definitions of the terms used are given. They highlight the types and methods of sampling, sampling errors and discusses techniques of sample size determination. Different types of sampling technique, how to carry them out, and their advantages and disadvantages are also introduced.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS ON SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES (SMEs) PERFORMANCE: A STUDY OF REGISTERED BUSINESSES OPERATING IN SABON GARI MARKET KANO

2015 ◽  
pp. 82-96
Author(s):  
Muslimu Khamis ◽  
Alhassan Musa
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Personal Development ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Sample Size Determination ◽  
Face Validity ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Entrepreneurial Skills

Entrepreneurial skills are a set of specific knowledge, abilities, skills, traits, motives, attitudes and values essential for the personal development and successful participation of each person in an organization. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of entrepreneurial skills on SMEs performance among owners/managers operating registered businesses in Sabon Gari Market Kano, Nigeria. Descriptive survey research design was used while a sample size of one hundred and seventy two (172) business owners/managers were drawn through the use of Yamane (1967) formula for sample size determination out of three hundred and three (303) owners/managers operating registered businesses in Sabon Gari Market, Kano, which constituted the study population. Probability sampling technique was used which involves simple random sampling. Closed-ended questionnaire served as a data collection tool for the study and Regression analysis was used to analyse the collected data through Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 21. Face validity and reliability test (Cronbach’s Alpha) were conducted. The findings indicate that entrepreneurial skills have significant effect on SMEs performance; it also shows that significant relationship exists between entrepreneurial skills and SMEs performance. The study recommends that business owners and managers should focus on improving entrepreneurship skills in order to improve the performance of small and medium scale enterprises. Future researchers should expand the scope of the study to incorporate more organizations; again the research used only one variable, future researchers should use more variables in order to better capture the opinion of the respondents.

scholarly journals Undergraduates’awareness, utilization and satisfaction with online public access catalogue (OPAC) in public university libraries in Nasarawa State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-29
Author(s):  
David T. Aju ◽  
Simon Ternenge Tofi
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Public Access ◽  
Sample Size Determination ◽  
State University ◽  
University Libraries ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Library Users ◽  
Network Server ◽  
Frequency Counts

The study investigated undergraduate’s awareness, utilization and satisfaction with online public access catalogue (OPAC) in selected University libraries in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Four (4) objectives with corresponding research questions guided the study. The study adopted survey research design. The population of the study was 7,233 registered library users (undergraduates) in two (2) public universities in Nasarawa State, namely Federal University Lafia (FULAFIA) and Nasarawa State University, Keffi (NSUK). The sample size for the study was 379 drawn using Taro-Yemene’s formula for sample size determination. Proportionate stratified random sampling technique was used to select the sample of respondents from the two (2) universities under study (i.e.) FULAFIA with 150 and NSUK, 299 respectively. Questionnaire was used as instrument for data collection. A total of 379 questionnaire were distributed and 362 retrieved for analysis representing a percentage of 95.5%. Data was analyzed using frequency counts; mean scores and standard deviation. Findings of the study revealed that, undergraduates were highly aware of Online Public Access Catalogue in selected University Libraries in Nasarawa State. The finding also revealed, undergraduates in selected university libraries in Nasarawa State utilized OPAC to a little extent and students were not satisfied with the use of OPAC, hence their extent of satisfaction derived from the use of OPAC was little extent. Findings further revealed factors affecting use of OPAC by undergraduates in selected university libraries to include: library guide to explain how to use the OPAC is not available, unstable power supply, library staff not friendly, network/server problems, lack of computer systems, among others. Finally, conclusion and recommendations were made based on the findings of the study.

scholarly journals Frequency of caesarean section in diabetic vs. non diabetic females undergoing induction of labour at term

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-101
Author(s):  
Fozia Umber Quraishi ◽  
Saima Jabeen ◽  
Anum Yousaf ◽  
Rukhsana Gulzar
Keyword(s):  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Induction Of Labour ◽  
Intrauterine Fetal Death ◽  
Obstetrics And Gynecology ◽  
Normal Delivery

Introduction: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common complication of pregnancy characterized by glucose intolerance recognized during pregnancy. Gestational diabetes is associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcome. Majority of patients with diabetes had induction of labour at term (≥37weeks) to prevent maternal and fetal morbidity especially shoulder dystocia, macrosomia and intrauterine fetal death at term Objectives: To find frequency of gestational diabetes (GDM) in patients undergoing induction of labour. To compare the frequency of caesarean section in diabetic (GDM) and non-diabetic females undergoing induction of labour Methodology: Study Type; It was a descriptive case series conducted at the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shalamar Hospital Lahore. Duration of study was six months after approval from IRB. Sample size; Sample size of 214 cases undergoing induction of labour at term during study period; calculated with 95%confidence level and 3.4% margin of error and taking expected percentage of GDM is 6.9%. Sampling Technique; purposive sampling Methodology: 214 females who will fulfill the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study from labour room of Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shalamar Hospital Lahore. Induction of labour done with tab prostin 3mg single dose and patients having gestational diabetes were identified and frequency of caesarean section in Diabetic and non-diabetic calculated. Results: In current study, mean age of the patients was 27.8±4.4 years. Mean gestational age was 37.1±3.8 weeks and mean BMI was 28.6±4.1 kg/m2. Primigravida were 88 (41.1%) and multigravidas were 126 (58.9%). Gestational diabetes was found to be in 36 patients (16.8%). Caesarean section was performed in 77 patients (36%). Comparison of frequency of cesarean section in diabetic (GDM) and non-diabetic females undergoing induction of labour revealed majority of the caesarean sections performed in GDM patients (p=0.007). Conclusion In conclusion, our study found a higher incidence of cesarean section than normal delivery in pregnant women with gestational diabetes. Major factors for operational delivery in GDM population included: advanced maternal age and high BMI value.

A Proposal for Parameter-Free Surrogate Building Algorithm Using Artificial Neural Networks

2018 ◽  
pp. 232-264
Author(s):  
Srinivas Soumitri Miriyala ◽  
Kishalay Mitra
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Artificial Neural Networks ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Sample Size Determination ◽  
Estimation Of Parameters ◽  
Training Sample Size ◽  
Online Implementation ◽  
Artificial Neural

Surrogate models, capable of emulating the robust first principle based models, facilitate the online implementation of computationally expensive industrial process optimization. However, the heuristic estimation of parameters governing the surrogate building often renders them erroneous or under-trained. Current work aims at presenting a novel parameter free surrogate building approach, specifically focusing on Artificial Neural Networks. The proposed algorithm implements Sobol sampling plan and intelligently designs the configuration of network with simultaneous estimation of optimal transfer function and training sample size to prevent overfitting and enabling maximum prediction accuracy. A novel Sample Size Determination algorithm based on a potential concept of hypercube sampling technique adds to the speed of surrogate building algorithm, thereby assuring faster convergence. Surrogates models for a highly nonlinear industrial sintering process constructed using the novel algorithm resulted in 7 times faster optimization.

Knowledge Sharing and Organisational Sustainability of Ict Firms In Nigeria

GIS Business ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 978-996
Author(s):  
Friday Ogbu Edeh ◽  
Ule, Prince Alamina ◽  
Osueke Nelson Chibuike ◽  
Victoria Ogwu Onya ◽  
Chioma Keyna Ozurumba
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Information And Communication Technology ◽  
Communication Technology ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Sample Size Determination ◽  
Face Validity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Technology Firms ◽  
Information And Communication

This study investigates the effect of knowledge sharing on organisational sustainability of ICT firms in Nigeria using cross sectional research survey. A total of one hundred and eighty (180) workers were surveyed from twenty information and communication technology firms with convenience sampling technique. Sample size of one hundred and twenty three (123) was ascertained using Krejcie and Morgan sample size determination table. Questionnaire was used to collect data from the workers in the selected information and communication technology firms in Nigeria. Instrument was found valid with face validity, while Cronbach Alpha was used to ascertain reliability of the questionnaire. Frequency was used to analyse the respondents demographic characteristics while linear regression was used to analyse the hypotheses.

scholarly journals FREQUENCY OF COMMON FACTORS INFLUENCING THE GRAFT UPTAKE IN MYRINGOPLASTY AMONG THE TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL KPK

2022 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Azam Khan ◽  
Khalil Ahmed Orakzai ◽  
Allah Noor ◽  
Usman Khan ◽  
Sohail Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Common Factors ◽  
Prognostic Index ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Sample Size Determination ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Perineal Tear ◽  
Fourth Degree ◽  
Factors Influencing

Introduction: Tympanoplasty refers to any operation involving reconstruction of the tympanic membrane and /or the ossicular chain. Myringoplasty is a tympanoplasty without ossicular reconstruction. Over the years many methods have been used for closing perforations. Myringoplasty was introduced by Berthold in 1878 but the modern era began only in 1950s with the work of Wullstein and Zoellner. The study aims to analyse the common factors which are predictive of success of myringoplasty in adult patients and to construct and validate a prognostic index that could be used as tool to predict the success of myringoplasty in adults. Objectives: To determine the frequency of common factors influencing the graft uptake in myringoplasty. Materials and Method: In this study, a total sample size was 376, using 4.08% proportion of fourth degree perineal tear, 95% confidence level and 2% margin of error under WHO software for sample size determination. Moreover, consecutive non probability sampling technique was used. Results: The mean age was 40 years with standard deviation of ± 2.63.  Sixty two percent of the patients were male while thirty eight percent patients were female. The success rate of myringoplasty was 90% while the failure rate was 15(10%) patients in which 4(25%) patients had medium perforation, 5(33%) patients had large perforation while 6(42%) patients had subtotal perforation. Regarding the causes of perforation among 15(10%) patients, 13(85%) patients had infection while only 2 patients had trauma. Conclusion: The study concludes that infection (85%) was the most common cause of perforation followed by trauma (15%) in the graft uptake in myringoplasty.

scholarly journals The Determinant Factors of Food and Beverage Small and Medium Industries Competitive Advantage that Mediated by E-Commerce Adoption Level in Bogor

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 58-71
Author(s):  
Ayuningtyas Octora ◽  
◽  
Heri Kurniawan ◽  
Luqman Fadhil Gultom ◽  
Arta Moro Sundjaja
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Sample Size Determination ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Determinant Factors ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
Adoption Level

The research aims to examine the determinant factors of culinary Small-and-Medium Industries (SMIs) competitive advantage that mediated by e-commerce adoption level in Bogor. This research uses a quantitative approach using Structural Equation Modelling. The primary data is collected using online questionnaires. The population size is 360 culinary SMIs that already used e-commerce. The sampling technique is using purposive sampling. The sample size determination method is using Slovin’s formula with 85% confidence level and the sample size in this study is 42 culinary founders. The data analyse using Smart PLS 3.0. Based on the data analysis, the top management is the only determine the SMIs to adopt e-commerce for each ecommerce adoption level. For adoption level 1, the ecommerce adoption affects growth and quality. For adoption level 2, the e-commerce adoption affects quality, growth, and differentiation. For adoption level 3, the e-commerce adoption affect growth. For adoption level 4, the e-commerce adoption affects growth, differentiation, quality, and cost reduction. the e-commerce adoption level, the cost reduction, company differentiation, sales growth, and quality. Keywords— Small-and-Medium Industry; culinary industry; e-commerce adoption level; TechnologyOrganization-Environment; competitive advantage

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