scholarly journals La etnografía: instrumento de investigación en antropología jurídica. El caso de un pueblo amazónico

2019 ◽  
pp. 307
Author(s):  
Roberto Narváez Collaguazo

La antropología jurídica remite su ámbito de investigación e interpretación a los sistemas jurídicos que establecen el orden interno de las sociedades, y tiene en la etnografía un método de investigación que permite un acercamiento sistemático a las prácticas y particularidades culturales de los grupos sociales, analizándolos y desarrollando una descripción que nos permite una comprensión de sus aspectos culturales. La antropología jurídica utiliza la etnografía como un método para comprender el orden social y los sistemas legales imperantes en un grupo humano. El estudio de caso nos remite al pueblo waorani que habita la Amazonía ecuatoriana, contactado en la década del sesenta del siglo anterior y en proceso de cambio cultural, con influencia de preceptos religiosos evangélicos y de moral occidental. Después de más de cincuenta años de contacto, una institución del orden social tradicional, la guerra, mantiene vigencia y se expresa como un espacio de reafirmación cultural en un contexto moderno, con un nuevo marco simbólico y referentes históricos y tradicionales previos al contacto. La guerra, para los waorani, es un articulador social que otorga prestigio a sus participantes y rememora el ethos tradicional waorani siendo una expresión vigente de la cultura tradicional.Ethnography: a research instrument in legal anthropology.A case of amazon peopleAbstractLegal anthropology refers its research and interpretation field to legal systems establishing the internal order of societies, and – in ethnography – it has a research method with a systematic approach to cultural practices and particularities of social groups, analyzing and describing them for understanding its cultural aspects. Legal anthropology uses ethnography as a method for understanding the social order and legal systems prevailing in a human group. The case study refers us to the Waorani people who live in the Ecuadorian Amazon, contacted in the 1960s and in process of cultural change, influenced by evangelical religious precepts and Western morality. After more than fifty years of contact, an institution of the traditional social order, i.e. war, remains valid and expressed as a cultural reaffirmation in a modern context, with a new symbolic framework and historical and traditional references prior to contact. For the Waorani, war is a social articulator giving prestige to its participants and recalling the traditional Waorani ethos, being a current expression of the traditional culture.Keywords: Ethnography, war, Amazonian peoples, interculturality, culturaltradition.A etnografia: instrumento de pesquisa em antropologia jurídica. O caso de um povo amazônicoResumoA antropologia jurídica remete seu âmbito de pesquisa e interpretação aos sistemas jurídicos que estabelecem a ordem interna das sociedades, e tem na etnografia um método de pesquisa que permite uma aproximação sistemática às práticas e particularidades culturais dos grupos sociais, analisando-os e desenvolvendo uma descrição que nos permite una compreensão de seus aspectos culturais. A antropologia jurídica utiliza a etnografia como um método que lhe permite uma compreensão da ordem social e dos sistemas legais imperantes em um grupo humano. O estudo de caso nos remete ao povo waorani que habita a Amazônia equatoriana, contatado na década do sessenta do século anterior e em processo de mudança cultural, com influência de preceitos religiosos evangélicos e de moral ocidental. Depois de mais de cinquenta anos de contato uma instituição da ordem social tradicional, a guerra, mantém vigência e se expressa como um espaço de reafirmação cultural em um contexto moderno, com um novo marco simbólico e referentes históricos e tradicionais prévios ao contato. A guerra, para os waorani, é um articulador social que outorga prestígio a seus participantes y rememora o ethos tradicional waorani sendo uma expressão vigente da cultura tradicional.Palavras-chave: Etnografia, guerra, povos amazônicos, interculturalidade,tradição cultural.

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-215
Author(s):  
Sogimin Sogimin

This research describes the cultural obstacles in the communication oral and written between native speaker and non native speaker in English.  The obstacles of cultural is one of main obstacles in the  two peoples of communication in the different culural. The research,especially describes the one case of communication between Indonesian people and British people in the social media WhatsApp. The main data of the research is the communication transcript in the social media WhatsApp. Besides of that, the data comes from the interview with the responden.             The research is the case study of the Indonesian people and British people. The data analysis uses qualitative and descriptive method. The result of research shows the miscommunication from different cultural in English. This miscommunication not only caused of the skill of language(language competence) but also difference of cultural between of two peoples. Suggested  to the English learner that  not only learns in the languages aspects but also learns in the cultural aspects, because both of them coud not separate and interplay each others.


2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
IAN GREENER

This paper examines the social learning models of policy of Hall and May attempting to create a synthesis of the best elements of each. We then apply the revised model to three specific instances of macroeconomic policy in Britain; the introduction of ‘Keynesian-plus’ policy in the 1960s, the movement from Keynesianism to monetarism, and the experiment with monetarism in the 1980s. In each case study, the degree of policy change is assessed, and possible reasons for that level of change explored. We conclude that a more social constructionist approach is required to understand the link between policy instruments, indicators, and paradigms, and, alongside this, a greater need to understand the implications of the assumptions underlying policy.


2021 ◽  
pp. 202-236
Author(s):  
Claudia Mesa Higuera

RESUMEN: Este ensayo propone una lectura de La pícara Justina y sus paratextos, a partir de la relación de complementariedad entre el self-fashioning y las artes plásticas. Este análisis subraya el potencial de emblemas y jeroglíficos, escudos y empresas, de moldear la identidad individual y así contrarrestar la fijación del orden establecido con la genealogía, el abolengo, y la “limpieza de sangre”. El caso de Rodrigo Calderón, poderoso ministro de Felipe III, cuyo escudo de armas figura en la portada de la editio princeps, sirve como ejemplo para investigar la conexión entre la heráldica y el fenómeno del self-fashioning, en la España de la temprana modernidad. Por una parte, la manipulación de la identidad a partir de formas simbólicas representa un desafío al sistema; por otra, la adopción de sus paradigmas perpetúa y sustenta los idearios culturales sobre los que está construido. ABSTRACT: This essay proposes a reading of La pícara Justina and its paratexts based on the complementary relationship between self-fashioning and artistic modes of expression. This analysis emphasizes the potential of emblems and hieroglyphics, imprese and coats of arms, to shape individual identity in order to counteract the establishment’s fixation with genealogy, ancestry, and the so-called “purity of blood”. The case of Rodrigo Calderón, a powerful political figure at the court of Philip III whose coat of arms is featured on the title page of the first edition, offers an example to investigate the connection between heraldry and the process of self-fashioning in early modern Spain. On the one hand, the exercise of shaping one’s public persona through symbolic forms of representation constitutes a challenge to the social order; on the other hand, the adoption of its own paradigms, contributes to perpetuate discriminatory cultural practices and prevailing ideologies.


Author(s):  
Arthur Crucq

In this paper processes of appropriation and commodification are discussed from the perspective of subcultures and their relation to class. Dr. Martens boots are discussed as a specific case-study. They were appropriated in the 1960s by British Skinheads to signify their working-classness. Besides being functional, design objects are apparently endowed with meaning and these can vary depending on different modes of appearance, on different styles. Today Dr. Martens, is primarily a fashion-item. This calls into question to what extent commercialization undermines the potential of design objects to be endowed with meaning. By critically discussing recent scholarly literature on subcultures and style I will explain how in recent decades the dynamics of the neo-liberal market economy with its emphasis on consumption, facilitated a further commodification of style-objects as desirable value-objects. What will be argued successively is that appropriation and commodification in late capitalist society might obscure but not obliterate the social realities of class that lie hidden beneath the flux of images in which we are engulfed today.


2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacek Kotus ◽  
Tomasz Sowada ◽  
Michał Rzeszewski ◽  
Patrycja Mańkowska

Abstract The article presents a discussion on the anatomy of place-making within the framework of the communication processes against the background of social order in a post-socialist city. The main aim of the text is to look at the social mechanisms of place-making processes “under the microscope”. The place-making activities are very often associated with planning and urban design. However, behind that planning veil is the social world of urban neighbourhood communities. In the article we propose, the social communication and participation processes are among the key factors responsible for creating urban spaces. We are presenting a place-making case study, using the example of Asnyk Square in Poznań. In this context, we are analysing social attitudes and social communication, which took place in the course of the place-making processes and influenced urban planning activities. The discussed case is complicated and provides no easy solutions.


Target ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Monzó-Nebot

Abstract Remarkable efforts have been made in Translation and Interpreting Studies to test the subservient habitus hypothesis formulated by Simeoni (1998) in his seminal work. In the face of increasing evidence that translators tend to reproduce a given society’s or community’s prevalent norms and contribute to the stability of such norms (Toury 1978), subversive translation practices have been reported (Delabastita 2011; Woods 2012) and indeed promoted as a way of fostering social and cultural change (Levine 1991; Venuti 1992). However, insights into how translators’ subservient or subversive habitus develop and depart from each other are still lacking. In order to shed light on this gray area, this article scrutinizes the contrasts between the habitus of professional legal translators who acquiesce to and who reject the norms governing their positions in the field. Special attention is given to those who decide to abandon the translation field. Their behavior is examined by relating habitus to forms of socialization and studying the implications of their strategies. Based on a case study drawn from interview data, this article focuses on the social practices of resistance and rebellion vis-à-vis subservience, and the impact of both on translation workplaces, work processes, and translators’ futures.


Author(s):  
Bob Andrian

Many experts believe that in the sociological paradigm an order of community life is dynamic in nature, in accordance with the factors that shape the social construction of the community itself. These factors include those contained in the social order itself, ethnicity, race, religion, culture, type of work, level of education, social status, and other elements. These elements will be an important factor in shaping cultures in society. Included in it is the mainstay culture between elements of society, which is then known as the culture of communication. In terms of general aspects, the classification of society is very diverse. Some are known as peripheral communities, border communities, industrial societies, laborers, even including the academic community. However, in terms of geography or demography, there are two classifications of society, namely rural communities and urban communities. Where in between, inspiration certainly has differences and characteristics of each, especially in the cultural aspects, namely the culture of communication.


Author(s):  
Selmer Bringsjord ◽  
Michael Giancola ◽  
Naveen Sundar Govindarajulu

After taking note of the conceptual fact that robots may well carry humans inside them, and more specifically that modern AI-infused cars, jets, spaceships, etc. can be viewed as such robots, we present a case study in which inconsistent attitude measurements resulted in the tragic crash in Sweden of such a jet and the death of both pilots. After setting out desiderata for an automated defeasible inductive reasoner able to suitably prevent such tragedies, we formalize the scenario in a first-order defeasible reasoner—OSCAR—and find that it can quickly generate a partial solution to the dilemma the pilots couldn’t conquer. But we then note and address the shortcomings of OSCAR relative to the desiderata, and adumbrate a solution supplied by a more expressive reasoner based on an inductive defeasible multi-operator cognitive calculus (ℐ𝒟𝒞ℰ𝒞) that is inspired by a merely deductive (monotonic) precursor (𝒟𝒞ℰ𝒞). Our solution in this calculus exploits both the social and cultural aspects of of the jet/robot we suggest be engineered in the future. After describing our solution, some remarks about related prior work follow, we present and rebut two objections, and then wrap up with a brief conclusion.


With the rapid emergence of ever more diverse forms of cultural tourism, sacred indigenous practices around the world are increasingly becoming part of the repertoire of experiences available in the global travel market. Particularly, the growing tourist use of sacred plants with psychoactive properties in shamanic contexts is a sensitive issue that is still under-researched. By implementing an ethnographic case study approach in the Mazatec town of Huautla de Jimenez (HDJ), Mexico, this study analyses the effects of the touristic commodification of sacred-plant ceremonies in the social capital of indigenous communities. Findings reveal that tensions and disputes based on differing aspirations between traditionalists and modernists residents of HDJ have emerged as a result of the commodification of sacred-mushroom rituals or veladas. The lack of trust relations among local stakeholders diminishes the collective capacity to implement community-based initiatives of cultural heritage conservation and sustainable tourism development, which is indicative of a fractured social capital. Although the effects of neo-shamanic tourism in HDJ match those of more traditional forms of tourism in rural and indigenous settings, the case study of HDJ exemplifies how the touristic commodification of culture has reached the most sacred and intimate cultural practices in the most remote corners of the world. Findings are placed on a global context to enhance a holistic understanding of how touristic commodification of intangible cultural heritage affects structural relations of social capital in destination communities.


2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 793-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Innan Sasaki ◽  
Davide Ravasi ◽  
Evelyn Micelotta

Our study investigated how multi-centenary family firms in the area of Kyoto – collectively known as shinise – maintain a high social status in the community. Our analysis unpacks the socio-cultural practices through which the ongoing interaction among these actors re-enacts and reproduces the social order that ascribes shinise a distinct social standing in exchange for their continued commitment to practices and structures that help the community preserve its cultural integrity and collective identity. By doing so, our findings trace a connection between status maintenance and the expressive function that a category of firms performs within a community. At the same time, our study reveals a dark side of high status, by showing how their commitments lock shinise in a position of ‘benign entrapment’ that may impose sacrifices on family members and severe limitations to their personal freedom.


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