scholarly journals O movimento histórico: produto da (des)razão. Um ensaio sobre a filosofia católica da história (1800-1960)

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (254) ◽  
pp. 294
Author(s):  
Ivan Aparecido Manoel
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
Theory Of Knowledge ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pendular Movement ◽  
Historical Movement

Este texto propõe um esboço de interpretação das “causas” do movimento histórico, tendo como suporte um estudo das posições assumidas pelo iluminismo, positivismo, marxismo e, em particular, pelo catolicismo sobre o tema, demonstrando como todas essas tendências filosóficas e políticas vinculavam estreitamente o movimento da história à teoria do conhecimento. Como desdobramento, esboça também uma interpretação sobre a qualidade desse movimento, dando ênfase à tese do movimento pendular que freqüenta a filosofia da história do catolicismo conservador no período indicado.Abstract: Based on a study of the positions adopted by the Enlightenment, by Positivism, by Marxism and, in particular, by Catholicism on this specific issue, this text attempts to give a brief interpretation of the “causes” for the historical movement. It hopes to demonstrate how all of these philosophical and political trends closely linked the movement of history to the theory of knowledge. As a secondary theme, it also outlines an interpretation of the quality of this movement, focusing in particular on the thesis of the pendular movement that is commonly found in the philosophy of history of conservative Catholicism in the period under study.

Emblems as “Metaphysical Essays”: An Illustrated Edition of the Russian Poet G. Derzhavin

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-210
Author(s):  
Tatiana Artemyeva
Keyword(s):  
Artistic Value ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of

Among various approaches to intellectual processes in history we can find some space for new aspects of the history of visuality, including emblem studies.The visual part of the emblem depends on the conceptual description, and its artistic value or the quality of its image is not as important as its textual part. We can compare this with the calligraphic status of handwriting, or the particular configuration and style of a typeface. They are not important for the content of the text, although we can include them in our consideration. Paradoxically, the textual part of the emblem usually contains visual descriptions as explanations and can completely replace the image. The sustained connection between an image and a description of an emblem allows us to give it the status of a concept. In this paper, I use examples from the Russian emblematic discourse of the Enlightenment to contextualise an illustrated edition of the poetry of Gavriil Derzhavin.

The Historic Origins of Liberalism

1954 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Religious Minority ◽  
Modern Culture ◽  
Religious Persecution ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Intellectual Revolution ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Historical Movement

The history of the secularization of modern culture has yet to be written, and the reasons for this are easy enough to understand. For on the one hand, the mind of the secularized majority has been so deeply affected by the process of secularization that it cannot view that process in an objective historical manner, while on the other, the religious minority has been forced into an attitude of negative opposition which is no less unfavorable to dispassionate study. Nevertheless, it is emphatically a problem which requires an historical approach. The process of secularization was a historical movement no less than the Reformation, a minority movement which was gradually transmitted to wider circles until it eventually won the key positions of social and intellectual influence through which it dominated European society. This movement, which was already known as the Enlightenment in the eighteenth century, and the accompanying ideology, which later acquired the name of Liberalism, have long been studied by historians chiefly in Germany and France, though in a somewhat piecemeal fashion; but their work has not hitherto been fully assimilated by educated opinion in England and America. Here the tendency has been to concentrate attention on political and economic change, and above all on the American and French revolutions. But we have not paid enough attention to the intellectual revolution that had already taken place before there was any question of a political one. Yet it is this intellectual revolution that is responsible for the secularization of Western culture. This intellectual movement, like most of the movements that have changed the world, was religious in origin, although it was anti-religious in its results. It owed its dynamism to the resistance of a religious minority and its diffusion to the illjudged and unjust, though sincere, action of religious orthodoxy. It is indeed, the supreme example in history of the way in which religious persecution and repression defeats its own object and serves the cause it is attempting to destroy.

Western spirituality: A historical epistemology

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-46
Author(s):  
German E. Berrios ◽  
Ivana S. Marková
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Historical Epistemology ◽  
History Of Religion ◽  
Vast Amount ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Secular Spirituality

Despite the vast amount of literature on ‘spirituality’, the concept remains nebulous and unwieldy. This is only partially explained by the quality of the publications. A more convincing explanation must be sought in the history of the concept of spirituality itself. Until the eighteenth century, this history was just a subplot of the history of religion but, late during this period and encouraged by the rationalism of the Enlightenment, spirituality started to claim its independence from religion. Achieving such autonomy has not been easy and to this day there are publications still claiming that ‘real’ spirituality cannot be conceived of outside the space of religion. A method of analysis is offered in this chapter that may contribute to the shaping of a form of authentic lay or secular spirituality.

Great projects and crude realities

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Ángel Giménez Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Universal Schooling

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the circumstances that have conditioned the development of education in Spain from the enlightenment to the present day. Design/methodology/approach – Multidisciplinary scientific approach that combines the interpretation of the legal texts with the revision of the doctrinal and theoretical contributions made on the issue. Findings – From the beginning of the nineteenth century, the history of education in Spain has been marked by constant fluctuations between the reactionary instincts, principally maintained by the Catholic Church and the conservative social classes, and the progressive experiments, driven by the enlightened and the liberals first, and the republicans and the socialists later. As a consequence of that, the fight for finishing with illiteracy and guaranteeing universal schooling underwent permanent advances and retreats, preventing from an effective modernization of the Spanish educative system. On the one hand, renewal projects promoted by teachers and pedagogues were inevitably criticized by the ecclesiastical hierarchy, obsessed with the idea of preserving the influence of religion on the schools. On the other hand, successive governments were weak in implementing an educational policy which could place Spain at the level of the other European and occidental nations. Originality/value – At the dawn of the twenty-first century, although the country has overcome a good part of its centuries-old backwardness, increasing economic difficulties and old ideological splits keep hampering the quality of teaching, gripped by neoliberal policies which undermine the right to education for all. The reading of this paper offers various historical clues to understand this process.

scholarly journals Essence as a Fundamental Concept of Explaining and Understanding Reality

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Modern Philosophy ◽  
Logical Positivism ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Early Modernity ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Concept Change ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Controversial Nature

According to Aristotle, the “essence” or “substance” of a thing, concept, change or natural phenomenon, of an entity in general, expresses the identity, the fundamental quality of the entity, “the what”, that makes the entity what it fundamentally is. Thus, intrinsically embodied in Aristotle’s onto-theological “Metaphysics”, and connected with the Platonic world of ideas, and ideal forms, the “essence” or “substance” of a thing was, thus, considered unalterable and eternal. The concept of essence was not particularly popular in progressive times due to its controversial nature, as it carried different meanings in the history of modern and post-modern philosophy and was loaded with this metaphysical legacy. Although not entirely rejected in the Early Modernity, the total rejection of “essence” mainly occurs with the philosophical currents of the Enlightenment, Positivism and Logical Positivism, as well the philosophy of Pragmatism, in the modern and post-modern era. Indeed, modern and post-modern empiristic, positivistic, utilitarian, relativistic and pragmatic world-views, seem to totally reject metaphysics and essentialism, in studying reality and all issues interwoven with reality, in all fields. Essence, historically and epistemologically closely connected with Aristotle's causality theory should be interpreted and understood, along with its unalterable characteristic, in a modified, alterable way, so that it can also be used, by empiricists, positivists and progressive spirits, to explain and understand reality, while searching the first causes and fundamental features of things, concepts and any kind of phenomena. Based on literature, and giving some characteristic examples from the field of socioeconomic, environmental and natural science, this paper proves the necessity of the concept of essence in explaining and understanding reality.

Voltaire and Hume as Historians: A Comparative Study of the Essai sur les Moeurs and the History of England

PMLA ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul H. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Louis Xiv ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Writings

Seventeen years ago, in a highly provocative article in this journal, E. C. Mossner rose to the defense of David Hume's historical writings, which had been treated with considerable severity by scholars such as J. B. Black, who, in his Art of History, had compared them unfavorably with those of his contemporaries, in particular Voltaire. Mossner, however, in trying to bring out the qualities of Hume's History of England, confronted it almost exclusively with Voltaire's Siècle de Louis XIV, and in this instance it must be admitted that Hume labored under a grave disadvantage, since his far more comprehensive subject was harder to master from the artistic as well as the scientific point of view than Voltaire's. In the present article we shall transfer the comparison from the Siècle to Voltaire's longest and most mature historical effort, the Essai sur les moeurs et l'esprit des nations, and this considerably changes our perspective, for here Voltaire is dealing with a similar and, if anything, more difficult theme. In this way a parallel may prove highly instructive in bringing out the excellences and weaknesses of the two historians respectively in their approach to comparable subjects and in the formulation of their philosophy of history. What makes comparisons particularly inviting is the circumstance that Voltaire's topic also includes Hume's, so that in numerous instances it is possible to examine the reaction of both writers to the same events and personalities. While our investigation of the resemblances and differences in the thought of these two outstanding representatives of the Enlightenment will stress some of the traits shared by most historians of their age, we shall also attempt to underline the more individual elements that emerge from their works.

Historians and Philosophers

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Ferrone
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Western Culture ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theology Of History ◽  
Reciprocal Influences ◽  
Double Nature ◽  
European Civilization

This chapter examines the peculiarity of the Enlightenment as a category in the history of Western culture by highlighting the important differences and points of contact and reciprocal influences between the views of the Enlightenment held by philosophers and those held by historians. It considers efforts in the twentieth century to analyze the “Enlightenment question,” which proved pivotal in the study of the rise of modern European civilization. It also discusses the double nature of the eighteenth-century epistemological paradigm, caught between history and philosophy, as well as its unique historiographical character. Finally, it shows how, at the end of the eighteenth century, the Enlightenment opposed a brand new philosophy of history to a centuries-old theology of history.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Randall
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
James Madison ◽  
Modern Conception ◽  
Political World ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Constitutional Thought

The changed conception of conversation that emerged by c.1700 was about to expand its scope enormously – to the broad culture of Enlightenment Europe, to the fine arts, to philosophy and into the broad political world, both via the conception of public opinion and via the constitutional thought of James Madison (1751–1836). In the Enlightenment, the early modern conception of conversation would expand into a whole wing of Enlightenment thought. The intellectual history of the heirs of Cicero and Petrarch would become the practice of millions and the constitutional architecture of a great republic....

Vyshnivetsky Castle Library of Prince Mychailo Servaty Vyshnivetsky – Historical Book Heritage and Object of Bibliological and Historical Reconstruction

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 166-182
Author(s):  
Iryna Tsiborovska-Rymarovych
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Cultural Images ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
History Of ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Definition Of

The article has as its object the elucidation of the history of the Vyshnivetsky Castle Library, definition of the content of its fund, its historical and cultural significance, correlation of the founder of the Library Mychailo Servaty Vyshnivetsky with the Book.The Vyshnivetsky Castle Library was formed in the Ukrainian historical region of Volyn’, in the Vyshnivets town – “family nest” of the old Ukrainian noble family of the Vyshnivetskies under the “Korybut” coat of arm. The founder of the Library was Prince Mychailo Servaty Vyshnivetsky (1680–1744) – Grand Hetman and Grand Chancellor of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vilno Voievoda. He was a politician, an erudite and great bibliophile. In the 30th–40th of the 18th century the main Prince’s residence Vyshnivets became an important centre of magnate’s culture in Rich Pospolyta. M. S. Vyshnivetsky’s contemporaries from the noble class and clergy knew quite well about his library and really appreciated it. According to historical documents 5 periods are defined in the Library’s history. In the historical sources the first place is occupied by old-printed books of Library collection and 7 Library manuscript catalogues dating from 1745 up to the 1835 which give information about quantity and topical structures of Library collection.The Library is a historical and cultural symbol of the Enlightenment epoch. The Enlightenment and those particular concepts and cultural images pertaining to that epoch had their effect on the formation of Library’s fund. Its main features are as follow: comprehensive nature of the stock, predominance of French eighteenth century editions, presence of academic books and editions on orientalistics as well as works of the ideologues of the Enlightenment and new kinds of literature, which generated as a result of this movement – encyclopaedias, encyclopaedian dictionaries, almanacs, etc. Besides the universal nature of its stock books on history, social and political thought, fiction were dominating.The reconstruction of the history of Vyshnivetsky’s Library, the historical analysis of the provenances in its editions give us better understanding of the personality of its owners and in some cases their philanthropic activities, and a better ability to identify the role of this Library in the culture life of society in a certain epoch.

Probiotics in gastroenterology – from a different angle

2013 ◽  
Vol 154 (8) ◽  
pp. 294-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
György Miklós Buzás
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Probiotic Treatment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Irritable Bowel

After a short overview of the history of probiotics, the author presents the development of human intestinal microflora based on the newest genetic data and the microbiological features of main probiotics. The indications of probiotic administration have been defined and extended in recent years. The author reviews significant results of probiotic treatment in some gastrointestinal diseases based on meta-analytical data. Probiotics are useful in preventing and treating diarrhoea caused by antibiotics and Clostridium difficile caused diarrhoea. In the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection, preparations containing certain Lactobacillus,Bifidobacterium strains or Saccaromyces boulardii could enhance by 5–10% the rate of successful eradication and reduce the incidence and severity of the side effects. Some symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and thus the quality of life can be improved by probiotics. Their beneficial effect in ulcerative colitis was proven, while in Crohn’s disease has not yet been defined. The use of probiotics is not included in guidelines, with the exception of the Maastricht IV/Florence consensus. For each disease it is advisable to use probiotics containing strains only with proven beneficial effect. The efficiency of preparations containing mixed strains has not yet been properly investigated. The author reviews the rare but potentially serious side effects of probiotics. In Hungary, there are many probiotic preparations available which can be purchased in pharmacies without prescription: their use is more empirical than evidence-based. The European Food Safety Authority has recently rejected claims for probiotics to be classed as medicines given the lack of convincing evidence on the effects of probiotics on human health and well-being. Clearly, further research is needed to collect evidence which could be incorporated into the international guidelines. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 294–304.

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