Emblems as “Metaphysical Essays”: An Illustrated Edition of the Russian Poet G. Derzhavin

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-210
Author(s):  
Tatiana Artemyeva
Keyword(s):  
Artistic Value ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of

Among various approaches to intellectual processes in history we can find some space for new aspects of the history of visuality, including emblem studies.The visual part of the emblem depends on the conceptual description, and its artistic value or the quality of its image is not as important as its textual part. We can compare this with the calligraphic status of handwriting, or the particular configuration and style of a typeface. They are not important for the content of the text, although we can include them in our consideration. Paradoxically, the textual part of the emblem usually contains visual descriptions as explanations and can completely replace the image. The sustained connection between an image and a description of an emblem allows us to give it the status of a concept. In this paper, I use examples from the Russian emblematic discourse of the Enlightenment to contextualise an illustrated edition of the poetry of Gavriil Derzhavin.

scholarly journals Aristocratic libraries in Slovakia – status, research, history

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-441
Author(s):  
Michaela Sibylová
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Public Libraries ◽  
Adverse Impact ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research History ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Times

The author has divided her article into two parts. The first part describes the status and research of aristocratic libraries in Slovakia. For a certain period of time, these libraries occupied an underappreciated place in the history of book culture in Slovakia. The socialist ideology of the ruling regime allowed their collections (with a few exceptions) to be merged with those of public libraries and archives. The author describes the events that affected these libraries during and particularly after the end of World War II and which had an adverse impact on the current disarrayed state and level of research. Over the past decades, there has been increased interest in the history of aristocratic libraries, as evidenced by multiple scientific conferences, exhibitions and publications. The second part of the article is devoted to a brief history of the best-known aristocratic libraries that were founded and operated in the territory of today’s Slovakia. From the times of humanism, there are the book collections of the Thurzó family and the Zay family, leading Austro-Hungarian noble families and the library of the bishop of Nitra, Zakariás Mossóczy. An example of a Baroque library is the Pálffy Library at Červený Kameň Castle. The Enlightenment period is represented by the Andrássy family libraries in the Betliar manor and the Apponyi family in Oponice. 

scholarly journals Ukrainian Issues in Geopolitical Thought of the Twentieth and Twenty-first Centuries

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-39
Author(s):  
Jacek Reginia-Zacharski
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Relative Power ◽  
Late Autumn ◽  
Windows Of Opportunity ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

Ukrainian lands in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries have been in proximity of great geopolitical changes several times. During that time the Ukrainian nation – due to various factors – encountered a number of “windows of opportunity” for achieving the realization of dreams about independence and national sovereignty. The author identified in the period considered four “general moments,” of which two have been completed successfully. The first of these occurred in 1990–1991, when for the first time in modern history, Ukrainians managed to achieve a lasting and relatively stable independence. The second of the “moments” – still unresolved – are events that began in the late autumn of 2013. The process, called “Revolution of Dignity”, represents a new quality in the history of the Ukrainian nation, therefore, that the Ukrainians have to defend the status quo (independence, territorial integrity, sovereignty, etc.) but not to seek to achieve an independent being. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the ability of Ukrainians to achieve and maintain independence is largely a function of the relative power of the Russian state as measured with respect to the shape and quality of international relations.

scholarly journals Clinical study of nerve function impairment in newly diagnosed leprosy patients at a tertiary care center in Shahjahanpur district

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 257
Author(s):  
Amar Singh ◽  
Astha Pant
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Power ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Nerve Function ◽  
Function Impairment ◽  
The Status ◽  
Leprosy Patients ◽  
History Of

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> In leprosy nerve function impairment may result from pathological and immunological processes that take place in peripheral nerves. Prevalence rate of leprosy in India is 0.81 per 10,000 populations. The study was undertaken to determine the status of nerve function impairment at the time of registration for therapy in new leprosy patients.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> History of the patients was taken and clinical examinations were performed and they were assisted for nerve function impairment by performing sensory test and voluntary muscle power.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> The most commonly affected nerve by function impairment was the posterior tibial, followed by the ulnar nerve. In the present study 29% patients had grade 1 disability and 10% had grade 2 disabilities.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The loss of nerve function and incapacitating deformities occurring in a small proportion of leprosy patients result in serious social and psychological impact in their quality of life. Therefore, early detection of nerve function impairment is needed to avoid complications and better management of leprosy.</p>

Western spirituality: A historical epistemology

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-46
Author(s):  
German E. Berrios ◽  
Ivana S. Marková
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Historical Epistemology ◽  
History Of Religion ◽  
Vast Amount ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Secular Spirituality

Despite the vast amount of literature on ‘spirituality’, the concept remains nebulous and unwieldy. This is only partially explained by the quality of the publications. A more convincing explanation must be sought in the history of the concept of spirituality itself. Until the eighteenth century, this history was just a subplot of the history of religion but, late during this period and encouraged by the rationalism of the Enlightenment, spirituality started to claim its independence from religion. Achieving such autonomy has not been easy and to this day there are publications still claiming that ‘real’ spirituality cannot be conceived of outside the space of religion. A method of analysis is offered in this chapter that may contribute to the shaping of a form of authentic lay or secular spirituality.

Great projects and crude realities

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Ángel Giménez Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Universal Schooling

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the circumstances that have conditioned the development of education in Spain from the enlightenment to the present day. Design/methodology/approach – Multidisciplinary scientific approach that combines the interpretation of the legal texts with the revision of the doctrinal and theoretical contributions made on the issue. Findings – From the beginning of the nineteenth century, the history of education in Spain has been marked by constant fluctuations between the reactionary instincts, principally maintained by the Catholic Church and the conservative social classes, and the progressive experiments, driven by the enlightened and the liberals first, and the republicans and the socialists later. As a consequence of that, the fight for finishing with illiteracy and guaranteeing universal schooling underwent permanent advances and retreats, preventing from an effective modernization of the Spanish educative system. On the one hand, renewal projects promoted by teachers and pedagogues were inevitably criticized by the ecclesiastical hierarchy, obsessed with the idea of preserving the influence of religion on the schools. On the other hand, successive governments were weak in implementing an educational policy which could place Spain at the level of the other European and occidental nations. Originality/value – At the dawn of the twenty-first century, although the country has overcome a good part of its centuries-old backwardness, increasing economic difficulties and old ideological splits keep hampering the quality of teaching, gripped by neoliberal policies which undermine the right to education for all. The reading of this paper offers various historical clues to understand this process.

Alexander Galagan: Russian titan of the Enlightenment in the history of accounting

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail I Kuter ◽  
Marina M Gurskaya ◽  
Alexander V Kuznetsov
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
English Language ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
English Language Literature ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
First Time ◽  
Outstanding Representative ◽  
Language Literature

The purpose of the article is to analyze the characteristic features of the Enlightenment in Russian accounting in relation to the activity of its outstanding representative Alexander Galagan, who followed the motto, proclaimed in the essay “An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?” by Immanuel Kant, “Sapere aude!” (Dare to know!). For the first time in the English language literature, Galagan is spoken about not only as a theorist but as an accounting historian and a teacher. A detailed description of his works and views is presented. The article’s attention is focused on Galagan’s main aim: improving the status of accounting as a science. Following the results of the research, the following hypothesis has been advanced: which period of time should be regarded in Russian accounting as the Enlightenment? It has also been explained why Alexander Galagan can be considered as a model of Enlightenment.

Patterns in Linguistic Geography and the Bantu Origins Controversy

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 35-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick R. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Bantu Languages ◽  
Linguistic Group ◽  
Linguistic Unit ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Distinct Unit ◽  
External Relationships ◽  
East West

The Bantu languages of Africa constitute a large cluster of languages sharing so many common features that their probable relationship was recognized very early. Doke and Cole summarize the history of this recognition, and of the comparative studies that grew out of it, up to 1943. Given an early start, a closely-knit group of languages, and workers of the quality of Meinhof, Meeussen, and Guthrie, Bantu linguistics has progressed to a stage equalled by few comparative fields outside Indo-European. Detailed reconstructions of Bantu phonology (including tonology and intonation), morphology, syntax, and lexicon have been possible.The problems that remain are those of internal and external relationships. What are the subgroups of Bantu and what is the history of their development from the hypothetized ancestral language? What languages are related to Bantu, and what is the status of Bantu in any larger language grouping? Both questions together may be put as--does ‘Bantu’ exist? That is, do the languages recongized as Bantu--all and only those languages--constitute a well-defined linguistic group?The simplest, and most common, assumptions are 1) that Bantu (possibly including some of the languages recognized as Bantu by the followers of Greenberg, but rejected by Guthrie) is a linguistic unit, with a common ancestor, Proto-Bantu, not shared with any other languages; 2) that it constitutes one division of a sub-group of Niger-Congo; and 3) that it in turn consists of two principal dialect areas, showing either an east-west division or a break between the forest languages (Guthrie's Zones A, B, and C) and the remainder. The principal problem for this view is the lack of support in shared innovation for any of the groupings it postulates. There is plentiful evidence in lexicostatistics both for the existence of Bantu as a distinct unit and for either of the internal borders postulated. There is even evidence for these in the form of numerous lexical and grammatical Isoglosses roughly coinciding at the boundaries of Bantu, and primarily lexical isoglosses internally. But there do not seem to be any cases where one of these boundaries is parallelled by an isogloss such that a clearly innovative feature occurs only on one side of the line.

scholarly journals Essence as a Fundamental Concept of Explaining and Understanding Reality

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Modern Philosophy ◽  
Logical Positivism ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Early Modernity ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Concept Change ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Controversial Nature

According to Aristotle, the “essence” or “substance” of a thing, concept, change or natural phenomenon, of an entity in general, expresses the identity, the fundamental quality of the entity, “the what”, that makes the entity what it fundamentally is. Thus, intrinsically embodied in Aristotle’s onto-theological “Metaphysics”, and connected with the Platonic world of ideas, and ideal forms, the “essence” or “substance” of a thing was, thus, considered unalterable and eternal. The concept of essence was not particularly popular in progressive times due to its controversial nature, as it carried different meanings in the history of modern and post-modern philosophy and was loaded with this metaphysical legacy. Although not entirely rejected in the Early Modernity, the total rejection of “essence” mainly occurs with the philosophical currents of the Enlightenment, Positivism and Logical Positivism, as well the philosophy of Pragmatism, in the modern and post-modern era. Indeed, modern and post-modern empiristic, positivistic, utilitarian, relativistic and pragmatic world-views, seem to totally reject metaphysics and essentialism, in studying reality and all issues interwoven with reality, in all fields. Essence, historically and epistemologically closely connected with Aristotle's causality theory should be interpreted and understood, along with its unalterable characteristic, in a modified, alterable way, so that it can also be used, by empiricists, positivists and progressive spirits, to explain and understand reality, while searching the first causes and fundamental features of things, concepts and any kind of phenomena. Based on literature, and giving some characteristic examples from the field of socioeconomic, environmental and natural science, this paper proves the necessity of the concept of essence in explaining and understanding reality.

scholarly journals O movimento histórico: produto da (des)razão. Um ensaio sobre a filosofia católica da história (1800-1960)

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (254) ◽  
pp. 294
Author(s):  
Ivan Aparecido Manoel
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
Theory Of Knowledge ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pendular Movement ◽  
Historical Movement

Este texto propõe um esboço de interpretação das “causas” do movimento histórico, tendo como suporte um estudo das posições assumidas pelo iluminismo, positivismo, marxismo e, em particular, pelo catolicismo sobre o tema, demonstrando como todas essas tendências filosóficas e políticas vinculavam estreitamente o movimento da história à teoria do conhecimento. Como desdobramento, esboça também uma interpretação sobre a qualidade desse movimento, dando ênfase à tese do movimento pendular que freqüenta a filosofia da história do catolicismo conservador no período indicado.Abstract: Based on a study of the positions adopted by the Enlightenment, by Positivism, by Marxism and, in particular, by Catholicism on this specific issue, this text attempts to give a brief interpretation of the “causes” for the historical movement. It hopes to demonstrate how all of these philosophical and political trends closely linked the movement of history to the theory of knowledge. As a secondary theme, it also outlines an interpretation of the quality of this movement, focusing in particular on the thesis of the pendular movement that is commonly found in the philosophy of history of conservative Catholicism in the period under study.

Reforms in the policy of English language teaching in Malaysia

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radzuwan AB Rashid ◽  
Shireena Basree Abdul Rahman ◽  
Kamariah Yunus
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
English Language Teaching ◽  
Front Line ◽  
British Colony ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Continuous Support ◽  
Made In

This paper reviews reforms related to English language teaching in the Malaysian education system. It begins by tracing the history of Malaysia as a former British colony which has had significant influences on the status of English in the country. Then, it reviews the key educational reforms which have mainly centred on language policy, thus putting pressure on teachers who are at the front-line for the implementation of the new reforms. This is followed by the discussion on the changing approaches in the curriculum and methodology of English language teaching. This paper also reviews the formal professional development programmes which reveal that Malaysian teachers are not always given adequate and continuous support to cope with the ongoing reforms. The paper concludes that even though the changes in policies aimed to improve the quality of education, implementation was often made in haste, causing a loud public outcry from teachers.

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