EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON ESTIMATION OF HUMAN DAMAGES PRODUCED BY AIR POLLUTION

1972 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 383-389
Author(s):  
MINORU NAGATA
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Epidemiological Studies

AWARENESS ABOUT INDOOR AIR POLLUTION IN GENERAL POPULATION OF RAWALPINDI AND ISLAMABAD

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-83
Author(s):  
Nadia Tariq ◽  
Tamkeen Jaffry ◽  
Rahma Fiaz ◽  
Abdul Majid Rajput ◽  
Sadaf Khalid
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
General Population ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Indoor Air Pollution ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Indoor air pollutants are increasingly being associated with respiratory illnesses leading to high degree of morbidity and mortality. There are not sufficient epidemiological studies from Pakistan which assess level of awareness of indoor air pollution resulting in respiratory diseases in population. Methods: This cross sectional survey was carried out on general population of Rawalpindi/Islamabad. Sample size was 223 study subjects selected by non-probability convenient sampling. Knowledge of the study subjects was determined with regard to indoor air pollution, its effects on health and different sources of indoor air pollution with the help of a questionnaire. The influence of age, gender, educational status and socio economic status on the level of awareness was also analyzed. Results: Out of total 223 participants, 115 were males and108 females. Participants aware of indoor air pollution were 91.5% and adequate awareness about its sources was 80.7%. Those who knew indoor air pollution is detrimental to health were 95.1%. Awareness about building construction dust as source of indoor air pollution was maximum (84.8%). There was significant difference in awareness among participants with different monthly incomes and educational status and also between males and females. Conclusion: This study concludes that general population of Rawalpindi/Islamabad has fairly good awareness about sources of indoor air pollution. Use of harmful material causing indoor air pollution should be limited or substituted with better ones where possible.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic inequalities and exposure to traffic-related air pollution in the city of São Paulo, Brazil

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateus Habermann ◽  
Míriam Souza ◽  
Rogério Prado ◽  
Nelson Gouveia
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

Air pollution is a leading public health concern. In addition, poor populations have been reported as showing increased exposure to such pollution. The current study thus aimed to evaluate the socioeconomic status of the population exposed to vehicle-related air pollution in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The study used data from the 2010 Census on head-of-household’s mean monthly income and the percentage of households connected to the sewage system. Exposure to air pollutants was estimated according to traffic density in the census tract plus a 200m surrounding buffer. The relationship between exposure and socioeconomic variables was analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test. Exposure increased with increasing socioeconomic status (p < 0.001). The population with the highest socioeconomic status lives in the most polluted areas of the city. However, place of residence alone is not capable of measuring exposure. The study suggests that future epidemiological studies include other indicators of vulnerability.

scholarly journals Spatial air pollution modelling for a West-African town

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sirak Zenebe Gebreab ◽  
Danielle Vienneau ◽  
Christian Feigenwinter ◽  
Hampâté Bâ ◽  
Guéladio Cissé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
West African ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Air Pollution Modelling ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Leave One Out

<p>Land use regression (LUR) modelling is a common approach used in European and Northern American epidemiological studies to assess urban and traffic related air pollution exposures. Studies applying LUR in Africa are lacking. A need exists to understand if this approach holds for an African setting, where urban features, pollutant exposures and data availability differ considerably from other continents. We developed a parsimonious regression model based on 48-hour nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) concentrations measured at 40 sites in Kaédi, a medium sized West-African town, and variables generated in a geographic information system (GIS). Road variables and settlement land use characteristics were found to be important predictors of 48-hour NO<sub>2</sub> concentration in the model. About 68% of concentration variability in the town was explained by the model. The model was internally validated by leave-one-out cross-validation and it was found to perform moderately well. Furthermore, its parameters were robust to sampling variation. We applied the model at 100 m pixels to create a map describing the broad spatial pattern of NO<sub>2</sub> across Kaédi. In this research, we demonstrated the potential for LUR as a valid, cost-effective approach for air pollution modelling and mapping in an African town. If the methodology were to be adopted by environmental and public health authorities in these regions, it could provide a quick assessment of the local air pollution burden and potentially support air pollution policies and guidelines.</p>

scholarly journals A systematic literature review and critical appraisal of epidemiological studies on outdoor air pollution and tuberculosis outcomes

2019 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
pp. 33-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Popovic ◽  
Ricardo J. Soares Magalhaes ◽  
Erjia Ge ◽  
Guy B. Marks ◽  
Guang-Hui Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Critical Appraisal ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Outdoor Air ◽  
Outdoor Air Pollution

scholarly journals Air pollution as a contributing factor of relapses and cases of multiplesclerosis

2020 ◽  
pp. 169-175
Author(s):  
C. Zhukovsky ◽  
◽  
M.-A. Bind ◽  
I. Boström ◽  
A.-M. Landtblom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Engine Exhaust ◽  
Air Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Study Participants

The role of air pollution exposure in multiple sclerosis (MS) incidence and relapse worldwide has not yielded a consensus; some studies have reported positive associations, which have failed to reject the null hypothesis. Potential reasons for these contradictory results can in part be explained by differences in study designs and their associated limitations. Of note, rat and canine studies in 2010 and 2013, respectively, have shown that expression of HO-1 enzyme and inflammatory factors increased due to PM10 and diesel engine exhaust (DEE) exposure. Of the eight non-null epidemiological studies scrutinized, the majority included a retrospective study design with air pollution monitoring data, which may be an advantage due to large number of study participants and a disadvantage with possible air pollution measurement error for personal exposure. The studies included analyses of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, NOx and/or O3 with PM10 as the common denominator between all of them. Studies from 2003, 2014–2019 from Finland, France, Iran, Italy, and Serbia all provide evidence of an association between PM10 and incidence or relapse of MS. Though one 2018 study likewise described associations between exposures to NO2, O3, and PM10 and MS relapses using a case-crossover design, the multi-pollutant model only associated O3. Of the epidemiological studies that fail to reject the null hypothesis, there was no evidence of an association between PM10 exposure and MS relapse or incidence. Though air pollution has not been conclusively proven to be a cause of MS, evidence from multiple studies have associated incidence and relapse with exposure to pollutants, particularly PM10.

scholarly journals Fuzzy logic in air pollution: Revisited

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
A. Deshpande
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Epistemic Uncertainty ◽  
Similarity Measures ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Fuzzy Similarity ◽  
Parametric Data ◽  
Numeric Data ◽  
Pollution Exposure

In everyday life and field, people mostly deal with concepts that involve factors that defy classification into crisp sets. The decisions people usually make are perceptions without rigorous analysis of numeric data. Like in other field of studies, there may exist imprecision in air quality parametric data collected and in the perception made by air quality experts in defining these parameters in linguistic terms such as: very good, good, poor. This is the reason why over the past few decades, soft computing tools such as fuzzy logic based methods, neural networks, and genetic algorithms have had significant and growing impacts to deal with aleatory as well as epistemic uncertainty in air quality related issues. This paper has highlighted mathematical preliminaries of air pollution studies like Similarity Measures (Cosine Amplitude Method), Fuzzy to Crisp Conversion (Alpha cut method), Fuzzy c Mean Clustering, Zadeh-Deshpande (ZD) Approach and linguistic description of air quality. Similarly, the applications of fuzzy similarity measures and fuzzy c mean clustering with defined possibility (- cut) levels in case air pollution studies for Delhi, India have been reflected. Though the approach of using fuzzy logic in pollution studies are not of common practice, the comprehensive approach that involves air pollution exposure surveys, toxicological data, and epidemiological studies coupled with fuzzy modeling will go a long way toward resolving some of the divisiveness and controversy in the current regulatory paradigm.

scholarly journals A First Review to Explore the Association of Air Pollution (PM and NO2) on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Copat ◽  
Antonio Cristaldi ◽  
Maria Fiore ◽  
Alfina Grasso ◽  
Pietro Zuccarello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Great Effort ◽  
Incidence Data ◽  
Long Time

A new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) have determined a pneumonia outbreak in China (Wuhan and Hubei) on December 2019. While pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical intervention strategies are strengthened worldwide, the scientific community has been studying the risk factors associated with SARS-Cov-2, to enrich epidemiological information. For a long time, before the industrialized era, air pollution has been a real and big health concern and it is today a very serious environmental risk for many diseases and anticipated deaths in the world. It has long been known that air pollutants increasing the invasiveness of pathogens for humans by acting as a carrier and making people more sensitive to pathogens through a negative influence on the immune system. Based on scientific evidences, the hypothesis that air pollution, resulting from a combination of factors such as meteorological data, level of industrialization as well as regional topography, can acts both as an infection carrier as a harmful factor of the health outcomes of COVID-19 disease has been raised recently. This hypothesis is turning in scientific evidence, thanks to the numerous studies that have been launched all over the world.With this review, we want to provide a first unique view of all the first epidemiological studies relating the association between air pollution and SARS-CoV-2. The Authors, who first investigated this association, although with great effort and rapidity of analysis dictated by a global emergency, often used different research methods or not all include confounding factors whenever possible. In addition, to date incidence data are underestimated in all countries, and to a lesser extent also mortality data. For this reason, the cases included in the considered studies cannot be considered real. Although it determines important limitations for direct comparison of results, and more studies are needed to strengthen scientific evidences and support firm conclusions, major findings are consistent, highlighting the important contribution of PM2.5 and NO2 on the COVID-19 spread and with a less extent also PM10.

scholarly journals Air pollution as a contributing factor of relapses and cases of multiplesclerosis

2020 ◽  
pp. 169-175
Author(s):  
C. Zhukovsky ◽  
◽  
M.-A. Bind ◽  
I. Boström ◽  
A.-M. Landtblom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Engine Exhaust ◽  
Air Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Study Participants

The role of air pollution exposure in multiple sclerosis (MS) incidence and relapse worldwide has not yielded a consensus; some studies have reported positive associations, which have failed to reject the null hypothesis. Potential reasons for these contradictory results can in part be explained by differences in study designs and their associated limitations. Of note, rat and canine studies in 2010 and 2013, respectively, have shown that expression of HO-1 enzyme and inflammatory factors increased due to PM10 and diesel engine exhaust (DEE) exposure. Of the eight non-null epidemiological studies scrutinized, the majority included a retrospective study design with air pollution monitoring data, which may be an advantage due to large number of study participants and a disadvantage with possible air pollution measurement error for personal exposure. The studies included analyses of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, NOx and/or O3 with PM10 as the common denominator between all of them. Studies from 2003, 2014–2019 from Finland, France, Iran, Italy, and Serbia all provide evidence of an association between PM10 and incidence or relapse of MS. Though one 2018 study likewise described associations between exposures to NO2, O3, and PM10 and MS relapses using a case-crossover design, the multi-pollutant model only associated O3. Of the epidemiological studies that fail to reject the null hypothesis, there was no evidence of an association between PM10 exposure and MS relapse or incidence. Though air pollution has not been conclusively proven to be a cause of MS, evidence from multiple studies have associated incidence and relapse with exposure to pollutants, particularly PM10.

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