scholarly journals Psycho-social Determinants of Academic Well-being for International Students from Developed Countries who Study in Developing Countries

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erna Z Wiles
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Students ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Developed Countries

Critical Infrastructure Protection in Developing Countries

2019 ◽  
pp. 1142-1158
Author(s):  
Amr Farouk
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Critical Infrastructure Protection ◽  
Infrastructure Protection ◽  
Technology Sector ◽  
Massive Growth ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Use Of Internet

Not all infrastructures are critical. In most countries' definitions, a critical infrastructure (CI) is a collection of indispensable assets that provide an essential support for economic and social well-being, for public safety and for the functioning of key government responsibilities. CI assets can be classified into three broad categories: Physical, Cybernetic and Human. In the present era, Information and Communication Technology sector (e.g., Cloud Computing, Big Data, Internet of Things) can be regarded as the backbone of the economies of developed and the developing countries worldwide since they provide basic services to all segments of a society. Critical infrastructure protection (CIP) is a concept du jour in many developed countries. The present chapter discusses the method of protecting critical infrastructures in developing countries. It observes many developing countries experiencing massive growth in Internet capacity and the use of Internet-based technologies. Attacks on the information infrastructure can severely affect the ability of a country to function effectively.

scholarly journals PhD Students’ Background and Program Characteristics as Related to Success in Kenyan Universities

10.28945/4467 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 057-074
Author(s):  
Hyrine Mueni Matheka ◽  
Ellen E.P.W.A. Jansen ◽  
Adriaan W.H.A Hofman
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Success Factors ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Program Characteristics ◽  
Students Success

Aim/Purpose: Kenya plans to be a middle-income country by the year 2030. To achieve this development target, the country has rapidly expanded its university sub-sector in order to produce the requisite skilled professionals. This has put a strain on the available PhD holders thus heightening the pressure on universities to produce more PhD graduates to meet the required larger pool of highly qualified professionals to service the academia and other sectors of the economy. However, the PhD graduation rate per year is very low and unexplained. This study sought to explain the factors influencing PhD success rates in Kenyan universities. Background: This cross-sectional study set out to establish how PhD students’ background and program characteristics are related to their success. This knowledge will inform policies and strategies to enhance PhD training and success in Kenya. Methodology: Data on 1,992 PhD students was collected from 10 universities by using the Microsoft Excel data tool to collect administrative data. The researchers utilized the data collection to construct a quantitative research design. The PhD students were enrolled in the following program domains/clusters: Humanities and Social Sciences, Business and Economics, Physical and Life Sciences, Applied Sciences and Medical Sciences. Contribution: PhD success factors have been extensively studied in developed countries. This paper builds on this body of knowledge with a specific focus on developing countries like Kenya. Findings: Students’ background characteristics (age, nationality, gender, financial support and marital statuses) were not related to PhD students’ success, however, full-time employed PhD students had better progression than their part-time colleagues. Program characteristics (program cluster and mode of study) were significantly related to students’ success. Students who had delayed for two years or more years had limited chance to graduate. Recommendations for Practitioners: To improve the PhD education system, practitioners should endeavor to monitor and track the progress of their PhD students. To do this, the researchers recommend that the universities collect and keep good records of these types of data. Universities should come up with strategies to build on or mitigate against the factors that have been identified to influence PhD success. Recommendation for Researchers: The researchers recommend further research, especially in developing countries, to understand the PhD study systems and inform effective interventions. Impact on Society: To identify, conceptualize or mitigate against the factors which influence PhD success lead to higher success in PhD training in order to enhance knowledge to solve societal problems. Future Research: Further research is recommended especially in the context of developing countries to establish how supervisor–student interactions, availability of infrastructural resources, and students’ motivation, efficacy and well-being relate to PhD success in Kenyan universities

Critical Infrastructure Protection in Developing Countries

2017 ◽  
pp. 23-39
Author(s):  
Amr Farouk
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Critical Infrastructure Protection ◽  
Infrastructure Protection ◽  
Technology Sector ◽  
Massive Growth ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Use Of Internet

Not all infrastructures are critical. In most countries' definitions, a critical infrastructure (CI) is a collection of indispensable assets that provide an essential support for economic and social well-being, for public safety and for the functioning of key government responsibilities. CI assets can be classified into three broad categories: Physical, Cybernetic and Human. In the present era, Information and Communication Technology sector (e.g., Cloud Computing, Big Data, Internet of Things) can be regarded as the backbone of the economies of developed and the developing countries worldwide since they provide basic services to all segments of a society. Critical infrastructure protection (CIP) is a concept du jour in many developed countries. The present chapter discusses the method of protecting critical infrastructures in developing countries. It observes many developing countries experiencing massive growth in Internet capacity and the use of Internet-based technologies. Attacks on the information infrastructure can severely affect the ability of a country to function effectively.

scholarly journals A Demand-Side Approach for Linking the Past to Future Urban–Rural Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-174
Author(s):  
Schuman Lam ◽  
Heng Li ◽  
Ann Yu
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Psychological Needs ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
World Population ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Development Framework

Is economy-led urbanization the only answer to urban planning? By 2050, about 70% of the world population will live in urban areas, intensified by rapid urbanization in developing countries. A new urban development framework is critically relevant to investigating urban living’s emerging complexity for advancing human-social-economic-environmental sustainability. The multi-disciplinary study explores a roadmap for solving industrialization’s adverse effects to inform future resilient development in developing countries. The classical Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (MHN) and some scholars have stated that human physiological needs would be prioritized and fulfilled by developing countries, and psychological needs would be satisfied and desired by developed countries after fulfilling physiological needs level. Our study argued that transit-oriented-development (TOD) and ICT could simultaneously fulfill some essential physio-psychological needs with digital-ruralism. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was adopted to test the indicator-based MHN theory developed by literature, urban quality of life (Uqol) evaluation between the developing and developed countries, and backed by digital-ruralism success in developing China. The Uqol evaluation identifies the developing countries’ subjective well-being demand as the health, mobility, governance, environment, social, economy, human capital, technology-ICT, smart living, and lifestyle, which are used to transform the classical MHN model to the indicator-based MHN model. The SEM subsequently illustrates that the observed well-being indicators are positively correlated to the TOD and ICT, defined by the proposed urban-ruralism development framework. The study contributes to an innovative approach to reconnect the classical MHN theory to contemporary sustainable urban planning while narrowing the socioeconomic-environmental gap between the developed (urban) and developing (rural) domains, which encourages a paradigm shift for future resilient urban development in the developing countries.

scholarly journals Determinants of Growth Retardation in Pakistani Children under Five Years of Age

2001 ◽  
Vol 40 (4II) ◽  
pp. 1009-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Arshad Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
The World ◽  
Infant And Child Mortality

Ensuring the survival and well being of children is a concern of families, communities, and nations throughout the world. Since the turn of the 20th century infant and child mortality in more developed countries has steadily declined and, currently, has been reduced to almost minimal levels. In contrast, although infant and child mortality has declined in the past three decades in most less developed countries, the pace of change and the magnitude of improvement vary considerably from one country to another. Children are at risk of both mortality and morbidity. The problem of malnutrition is widespread in developing countries and particularly severe in South Asian countries, where almost fifty percent of the undernourished children of the world live [Carlson and Wardlaw (1990)]. Rural populations are especially prone to malnutrition because they are more likely to be poor [Tinger (1998)]. The analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in 19 developing countries shows that children living in rural areas are more likely to be malnourished [Sommerfelt and Stewart (1994)].

scholarly journals Optimality of Tax Policy on the Basis of Comparative Analysis of Income Taxation

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 272 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Abuselidze
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Tax Policy ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Income Taxation ◽  
Systemic Analysis ◽  
Definition Of

This paper is to determine the optimality of taxation based on a comparative analysis of income taxation in developed and developing countries. In our opinion, the main idea of income tax should be the optimal distribution of tax literacy on the basis of a direct definition of income of taxpayers or progressive taxation. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the main provisions of the market economy, classical and modern tax theories, legislative and regulatory acts of foreign countries. The main part of the empirical material is from 2002 to 2017. In the process of analysis of the actual material, together with the general scientific method of research, is used: Comparative and systemic analysis, analogy, statistical data monitoring and other methods. The comparative and systemic analysis will give us an opportunity to reveal and evaluate the ways of perfection. Analogy and comparative analysis is based on variables and features, such as the of income taxes structure, withdrawal rules, rates, tax base. Statistic concept tries to explain the named phenomena by the way of fundamental analyzing of the statistic data received resulted multiple statistic observation. Previous analyses of tax rates tend to support the hypothesis that Developed countries emphasize the importance of fairness, while developing countries are mainly focused on mobilizing budget revenues and lesser consideration of fair taxation principles, since the tax system performs a fiscal function more effectively than developing countries.  Keywords: Tax policy, income tax, tax burden, budget, well-being

Diversity–development nexus: Why determine economic development without diversity? A comparative analysis between developed and developing countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-150
Author(s):  
Saqib Amin
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Developing And Developed Countries

Purpose Diversity plays a vital role in the sustainable development of any country. Discrimination, segregation and bigotry are rampant causes of social evil and do great harm to our society. This study aims to investigate whether ethnic and religious diversity affects the country’s well-being or not, via a comparative analysis between developing and developed countries. Design/methodology/approach This study used a generalized method of moments technique for empirical analysis of 158 developing and developed countries. For measurement of ethnic and religious diversity, this study used ethnic fractionalization index of Alesina (2003). Findings The empirical findings indicate that ethnic and religious diversity both increases the economic prosperity for developed countries, and alternatively, it makes it more miserable for developing countries. This study suggests that organizing a diverse society is a difficult task; thus, developing countries need to promote a cohesive society like developed countries by providing equal, secure and peaceful opportunity to get fruitful results of diverse populations. Originality/value This study investigates a comparative analysis between developing and developed countries regarding impact of ethnic and religious diversity on economic development.

scholarly journals Fortification strategies to meet micronutrient needs: sucesses and failures

2002 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Darnton-Hill ◽  
Ritu Nalubola
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Food Fortification ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Micronutrient Malnutrition ◽  
And Control

Food fortification is likely to have played an important role in the current nutritional health and well-being of populations in industrialized countries. Starting in the early part of the 20th century, fortification was used to target specific health conditions: goitre with iodized salt; rickets with vitamin D-fortified milk; beriberi, pellagra and anaemia with B-vitamins and Fe-enriched cereals; more recently, in the USA, risk of pregnancy affected by neural-tube defects with folic acid-fortified cereals. A relative lack of appropriate centrally-processed food vehicles, less-developed commercial markets and relatively low consumer awareness and demand, means it has taken about another 50 years for fortification to be seen as a viable option for the less-developed countries. The present paper reviews selected fortification initiatives in developing countries to identify different factors that contributed to their successful implementation, as well as the challenges that continually threaten the future of the se programmes. Ultimately, the long-term sustainability of fortification programmes is ensured when consumers are willing and able to bear the additional cost of fortified foods. There has been an enormous increase in fortification programmes over the last couple of decades in developing countries. Considerable progress has been made in reducing vitamin A and I deficiencies, although less so with Fe, even as Zn and folic acid deficiencies are emerging as important public health problems. Food fortification based on sound principles and supported by clear policies and regulations can play an increasingly large role in this progress towards prevention and control of micronutrient malnutrition.

scholarly journals Green economy and its future

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-131
Author(s):  
Atta ul Mustafa ◽  
◽  
Haleema Afzal ◽  
Zunaira Zahoor ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
The Government

Purpose: This paper tries to find out the current progress of subjective developed and developing countries regarding green economy development. Research Methodology: This paper uses a graphical radar approach to show countries' overall performance toward the green economy. Results: This paper concluded that developed countries are ahead of developing in terms of current health expenditure, large forest area and tons of national parks. However, they are on the same page in terms of pollution, whether it is air or solid. Limitations: Several elements restrict this study. The study is carried out in chosen underdeveloped countries and developed ones. The position of the countries is therefore restricted. Consequently, the results and outputs may not apply to geographical sites. Because of unavailability, this study sample may not be sufficient. Contribution: This study will benefit both developed and developing countries by providing a clear understanding and scenario about the green economy, well-being, and green infrastructure. The findings of this study will be beneficial to institutions, researchers, politicians, the government, and others. Governments and government agencies can plan and promote their strategies and policies to understand green infrastructure and its impact on human health clearly. This study further extends the literature on the green economy and provides a new way of measuring it through its different components. Furthermore, this study can help explain where we stand right now and where we should set sail to.

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