scholarly journals A rural-urban comparison of ownership and utilization of Long-Lasting Insecticide Treated Nets among pregnant women in Ogun State Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-50
Author(s):  
Temitope 'Wunmi Ladi-Akinyemi ◽  
Babatunde Oladipupo Ladi-Akinyemi ◽  
Adedoyin Oyeyimika Ogunyemi ◽  
Frances Ademola Oluwole
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
Group 15 ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Background: The use of Long-Lasting Insecticide Treated Nets (LLINs) in Africa increased mean birth weight by 55g, reduced the incidence of low birth weight by 23% and decreased miscarriages/stillbirths by 33%. However, the benefit of the LLINs may be limited by the rate of ownership and utilization by pregnant women. Objective: To determine and compare the ownership and utilization of LLINs among pregnant women in urban and rural areas of Ogun State. Methods: A community-based comparative cross-sectional study on 72 and 74 pregnant women living in urban and rural areas, respectively of Ogun State was carried out. Using a multi-stage cluster sampling technique and a pretested semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire, information on LLINs ownership and use were obtained. Results: Ownership of LLINs was 81.1% in rural areas compared to 66.7% in urban areas. About 65% of participants in rural versus 44.4% in urban areas slept under LLINs. The predictor of ownership of LLIN was age group 15-24 years [AOR 0.10 (95%CI 0.01 - 0.56)]. The predictors of utilization of LLINs included urban residence [AOR 0.29 (95%CI 0.13 – 0.65)], age group 15-24 years [AOR 0.17 (95%CI 0.04 – 0.70)], registration of pregnancy for antenatal care [AOR 5.12 (95%CI 1.14 – 23.03)] and knowledge on prevention of malaria [AOR 4.94 (95%CI 1.51 – 16.17)]. Conclusion: Pregnant women should visit ANC clinics regularly, and health education on malaria should focus more on the prevention of malaria as well as encouraging the consistent use of the nets, particularly in the urban areas.

scholarly journals Comparative study to determine self-medication practice and pattern in urban and rural areas of Etawah district

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 216
Author(s):  
Nishant Singh ◽  
Naresh Pal Singh ◽  
Pankaj Kumar Jain ◽  
Vaibhav Singh ◽  
Shailendra Chaurasiya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
World Health ◽  
Common Reason ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Background: According to William Osler, a great feature which distinguishes man from animals is the desire to take medicine. Self-medication is an age old practice. According to World Health Organization guidelines “self-medication is defined as use of medicinal products by the individuals to treat self-recognized disorders or symptoms, or the intermittent or continuous use of a medication prescribed by a physician for chronic or recurring diseases or symptoms.Methods: It was a cross sectional study, which was conducted among residents of urban and rural areas of Etawah district, Uttar Pradesh by using 40×5 cluster sampling. The data was collected by using pre designed, semi-structured questionnaire. Proforma included socio- demographic profile, practice of self- medication and pattern of self-medication.Results: Most of the participants who indulged in self-medication in urban areas 69.5% and rural areas 65% belong to the age group 20-39 years. Majority of the participants (51.0%) in urban areas belonged to the nuclear family while most of the participants (50%) belonged to joint family followed by nuclear family (40%) in rural areas. most common reason for self-medication in urban area was the availability of old prescription which is present in 30.0% (60) of subjects but in rural area most common reason for self-medication was high fee of doctor which was 29.0% (58).Conclusions: Most common age group indulged in self-medication was 20-39 years. Most common reason for self-medication was availability of old prescription at home while in rural area, high fees of doctor was the common reason for self-medication.

scholarly journals Increase in Percentage of Seronegative Toxoplasma gondii and Cytomegalovirus in Pregnant Women: An Improvement in Hygienic Conditions in Certain Areas?

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan-Bogdan Navolan ◽  
Florin Gorun ◽  
Cristian Oancea ◽  
Ioana-Mihaela Ciohat ◽  
Daniel Malița ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Food Quality Control ◽  
Fetal Infection ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Pathogenic Agents

(1) Background: Toxoplasma gondii and cytomegalovirus belong to a group of pathogens entities called TORCH agents. TORCH represents an acronym which derives from the name of a series of certain pathogenic agents (Toxoplasma gondii, Other agents, Rubella virus, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes virus). They could cross the placenta barrier and cause serious damage to the fetus if a primary infection occurs in a pregnant woman. Immunized women are relatively protected against a reinfection and the risk of a materno-fetal infection in these categories of pregnant women is considered low. (2) Aim of the study: To analyze changes in the percentage of pregnant women seronegative to Toxoplasma gondii and cytomegalovirus along a period of ten years, from 2008 to 2018. (3) Material and Methods: We studied the changes in percentage of seronegative Toxoplasma gondii and Cytomegalovirus pregnant women along two periods: 2008–2010 and 2015–2018. Only pregnant women with declared medium of provenience and unequivocal results were enrolled in the study. (4) Results: In urban areas, we found an increase in the percentage of pregnant women seronegative to Toxoplasma gondii (RR = 1.488, p < 0.0001), respectively to cytomegalovirus (RR = 1.985, p < 0.0001), from 2008–2010 to 2015–2018. A similar increasing trend was found also in rural areas: Toxoplasma gondii (RR = 1.136, p < 0.0322), respectively cytomegalovirus (RR = 1.088, p < 0.8265) but it did not reach a significant threshold for cytomegalovirus. (5) Conclusion: Our study showed that the percentage of women seronegative to Toxoplasma gondii and cytomegalovirus antibodies increases along a period of ten years, from 2008–2010 to 2015–2018, in both urban and rural areas. Probably, the main cause of this trend is represented by the improvement in hygienic condition and food quality control. These results present an argument for continuing the TORCH screening of pregnant women.

The Comparison of Twinning Rates Between Urban and Rural Areas in China

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian-Ping Gan ◽  
Zhong-Hua Wu ◽  
Zhi-Ming Tu ◽  
Jian Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Differential Method ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

AbstractBased on the birth record data from the National Vital Statistics in the 1990 Census of China, the present study analyzed the differences between urban and rural areas on monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twin rates by maternal age in 1989. The twins by zygosity were calculated with Weinberg's differential method. Results show that the MZ and DZ twinning rates in China were associated with maternal age and that there were substantial differences between urban and rural areas. The MZ twinning rates in urban and rural areas were 2.36 pairs and 2.11 pairs per 1000 deliveries respectively, significantly lower than that in most studied populations. Furthermore, our analysis indicated that MZ twinning rates remained relatively constant for mothers under the age group of 36 to 38 years, but rose over this age group in both areas, albeit with a different slope. The DZ twinning rates were strikingly affected by maternal age, but the age for peak DZ rates was found within the age group of 33 to 35 years. In all maternal age groups except for 24 to 26 years, the DZ twinning rates in urban areas were higher than in rural areas. It remains unclear as to why the DZ twinning rates reversed to reach higher values within the older maternal age groups in China, but it is almost certain that the high twinning rates had nothing to do with in vitro fertilization.

scholarly journals Awareness, Ownership and Utilization of Insecticide Treated Nets against Malaria Vectors among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinics in Awka Metropolis, Anambra State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
Anthony Chibuike Onyebueke ◽  
Ancilla Kate Umeobieri ◽  
Kindness Chidi Irikannu
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Antenatal Clinic ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
Anambra State ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 15 ◽  
Antenatal Clinics ◽  
Ownership Rate

Aim: To determine the level, sources of awareness, ownership and utilization of Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) by pregnant women, according to age, parity, trimester, occupation and hospital attended. Study Design: The study was a cross sectional survey of 577 randomly selected pregnant women who were attending antenatal clinic in different hospitals in Awka Metropolis, Anambra State, Nigeria. Duration of Study: The study was conducted in February 2016. Materials and Methods: A semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain information from the study participants. Results: Of a total of 577 respondents, 566(98.1%) had previous knowledge of ITNs while only 11(1.9%) had no prior knowledge. Also, 218(38.5%) had heard about ITNs from Radio, 184(32.5%) from Television, while 374(66.1%) from Antenatal clinics. A total of 217(46.2%) obtained at least one net at antenatal clinic, 39(8.3%) purchased at least one of the ITNs owned, 49(10.4%) received the net at their Local Government Headquarters while 263(66.9%) received at least one by free distribution at other locations. Respondents from government owned Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital (COOUTH) had the highest ownership rate of 92.7%, while least 65.0% was observed at the privately owned Divine Hospital and Maternity. The ownership of ITNs was dependent on the hospital as there was a significant difference (X2=56.374, df=2, p < .05). Age group 25–34 years had the highest ownership rate of 87.1% while the least 72.8% was in age group 15–24 years. Women in age group 35–44 years had the highest utilization rate of 52.3% while least usage rate was in age group 15-24 years and there was a significant difference (X2=7.042, df=2, p < .05). Conclusion: Public health educators, Doctors and Antenatal heads need to do more in sensitization on the importance of utilization of ITNs during pregnancy for protection against malaria vectors.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Smear-Positive Tuberculosis among Patients Who Visited Saint Paul’s Specialized Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinna Abera Nugussie ◽  
Getachew Ali Mohammed ◽  
Anteneh Tesfaye Tefera
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Specialized Hospital ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Hiv Negative

Background. Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a health problem in both developed and developing countries, including Ethiopia. Objective. In this study, the prevalence of smear-positive tuberculosis among presumptive TB cases who visited the hospital was assessed. Method. Acid fast bacilli (AFB) test was performed on samples collected from 200 presumptive TB cases. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tools. Result. Among 200 presumptive TB cases, 10% (20 individuals) (60% were male and 40% were female) were found to be positive for the AFB. Of these AFB positive subjects, 11.2% and 6.3% were from urban and rural areas, respectively. Among 20 AFB positive cases, 45% (9), 45% (9), and 10% (2) were HIV positive, HIV negative, and with HIV status unknown, respectively. The highest AFB positive cases were found within age group between 25 and 44 years (70%) and followed by age above 40 years (30%). It was found out that 75% (15), 15% (3), 5% (1), and 5% (1) were unemployed, government employed, student, and nongovernment employed, accordingly. Conclusion. This study indicated higher level of AFB positive cases within age groups of 25–44 and 65–74 years and also exhibited higher prevalence of TB cases from urban areas.

scholarly journals Health-Related Behaviors of Pregnant Women Residing in Urban and Rural Areas in Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 4395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Szubert ◽  
Malwina Ilowiecka ◽  
Jacek Wilczynski ◽  
Przemyslaw Bilinski ◽  
Cezary Wojtyla
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Folic Acid Supplementation ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Health Related Behaviors ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge regarding a healthy lifestyle and prophylaxis during pregnancy among women from rural and urban areas and how this changed within a 5-year period. Analyses of the population of pregnant women in Poland were made using a questionnaire survey. The survey was conducted in the years 2010–2012 and 2017. Questionnaires from 6128 pregnant women were collected. The statistical analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS. The examined population was comprised of 41% women from rural areas and 59% women from urban areas. Alcohol consumption was lower among women from rural areas than among urban inhabitants in 2010–2012; in 2017 a trend of even lower consumption was observed. Folic acid supplementation was more broadly developed in the urban population; however, in 2017, higher percentage rates of both populations admitted taking folates before pregnancy. More women in urban than in rural areas performed physical activity during pregnancy, but the differences decreased in 2017. Knowledge of a healthy lifestyle and prophylaxis during pregnancy increased regardless of place of residence; however, the most evident change could be observed among women from rural areas.

scholarly journals Housework Division and Second-Child Fertility Anxiety among Couples in China: The Urban and Rural Differences

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (20) ◽  
pp. 3910
Author(s):  
Jingyue Zhang ◽  
Yipeng Tian
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Household Registration ◽  
Second Child ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Moderating Role

This study investigated the moderating role of household registration in the relationship between housework division and second-child fertility anxiety among Chinese couples of childbearing ages. Multilevel cluster sampling was used to select 1834 respondents aged 20–45 years from Jilin Province in China between 2016 and 2017. A sample of 542 adults who were married and had only one child was included in the final analysis. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to examine the proposed hypothesis. The results showed that the association between housework division and second-child fertility anxiety was significant in rural areas. However, the above association was not significant in urban areas. Household registration status was found to have a moderating effect on the relationship between housework division and second-child fertility anxiety. Differences in gender and fertility ideology have led to different housework divisions in urban and rural areas, which in turn have led to different effects on the second-child fertility anxiety of couples of childbearing ages in these areas.

scholarly journals Urban versus rural lifestyle in adolescents: associations between environment, physical activity levels and sedentary behavior

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Ferreira Regis ◽  
◽  
Luciano Machado Ferreira Tenório de Oliveira ◽  
Ana Raquel Mendes dos Santos ◽  
Ameliane da Conceição Reubens Leonidio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Sedentary Behavior ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Sedentary Behaviors ◽  
Physical Activity Levels ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the levels of physical activity and sedentary behavior in adolescents living in urban and rural areas. Methods An epidemiological, cross-section study with quantitative design, carried out at the regional level. The sample comprised 6,234 students aged 14 to 19 years, selected using random cluster sampling. The χ2 test and binary logistic regression were used in the analysis. Results A total of 74.5% of adolescents lived in urban areas. After adjustment, rural residents spent less time watching television (odds ratio – OR: 0.45; 95% confidence interval – 95%CI: 0.39-0.52), using a computer and/or playing video games (OR: 0.30; 95%CI: 0.22-0.42), or sitting down (OR: 0.66; 95%CI: 0.54-0.80); chose passive leisure less often (OR: 0.83; 95%IC: 0.72-0.95) and were less likely to be classified as insufficiently active (OR: 0.88; 95%IC: 0.78-0.99) when compared to urban residents, regardless of sex or age. The fact that adolescents living in rural areas who did not work were more likely to be classified as insufficiently active (OR: 2.59; 95%CI: 2.07-3.24) emphasized the significant role of occupation in physical activity levels in this group. Conclusion Adolescents living in rural areas were less exposed to the sedentary behaviors, chose more active leisure, and had higher levels of physical activity. Place of residence and occupation may play a major role in youth lifestyle.

scholarly journals T. gondii Infection in Urban and Rural Areas in the Amazon: Where Is the Risk for Toxoplasmosis?

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 8664
Author(s):  
Rafaela dos Anjos Pinheiro Bogoevich Morais ◽  
Ediclei Lima do Carmo ◽  
Wanda Silva Costa ◽  
Rodrigo Rodrigues Marinho ◽  
Marinete Marins Póvoa
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Area Expansion ◽  
Parasite Exposure

Toxoplasmosis, an infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii, which is found worldwide, can affect human and animal health in different ways. This study aimed to estimate the infection prevalence in humans and to determine risk factors related to urban and rural areas in a municipality in the Brazilian Amazon where an outbreak had been registered. Blood samples for serological analysis were obtained, and interviews were performed to fill out an epidemiological questionnaire. A total of 1140 individuals were included, of which 70.6% (804/1140; 95% CI: 67.9–73.2%) were positive for IgG anti-T. gondii antibodies. In rural areas, the prevalence was 62.6% (95% CI: 58.9–66.3%), while in urban areas, it was 81.9% (95% CI: 78.4–85.4%). The risk of becoming infected in urban areas was 2.7 times higher (95% CI = 2.0–3.6%) than that in rural areas. When comparing the prevalence in the age group from 1 to 10 years in both areas, the rate was 28.6% (42/147; 95% CI: 21.3–35.9%) for rural areas and 69.4% (61/88; CI 95%: 59.7–79.0%) for urban areas. Therefore, it is concluded that parasite exposure starts in the first years of life in urban areas and that disordered urban area expansion may cause an increase in exposure to the different strains of T. gondii present in the Amazon.

scholarly journals Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2: An age-stratified, population-based, seroepidemiological survey in Islamabad, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirza Amir Baig ◽  
Jamil Ahmed Ansari ◽  
Aamer Ikram ◽  
Mumtaz Ali Khan ◽  
Muhammad Salman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Molecular Testing ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Co Morbidity

Introduction: Serological surveys are valuable tools to evaluate the extent of disease transmission, measuring preventive effectiveness and proportion of asymptomatic individuals. This age-stratified, serological survey was aimed to measure the COVID-19 distribution and determinants in district Islamabad of Pakistan. Methodology: Three-stage cluster sampling, using population proportionate to size technique, starting with a random number was used. A structured, pretested questionnaire was used after taking informed written consent, to gather demographic, risk factor information. Results: Seroprevalence was found 16.5% (AR: 16.5%/100,000). The mean age was 35 (sd:16 Years). The majority were male (64%), self-employed (29%), and had primary level education (33%). The highest seroprevalence was found in the 21-30 years age group (24.8%) while the 41-50 years age group showed the highest attack rate (112.9/100,000 population). The proportion of the population tested that were asymptomatic was 69% (n=711) while the most frequently reported sign/symptom was cough (99%) followed by fever (20%). No known co-morbidity was reported in 86% (n=884) of respondents while hypertension remained the most reported condition (8%). High seroprevalence was observed in urban areas (12.3%) compared to rural union councils (6.4%). Visiting a house where COVID-19 case was isolated (OR 2, CI 1.38-2.84, P< 0.001), history of contact with a known case of COVID-19 (OR 1.42, CI 1.11-1.82, P=0.005), and attending a mass gathering (OR 1.21, CI: 1.02-1.42, p=0.02) were significant risk factors associated with contracting an infection. A Chi-Square test of independence showed significant protection while using regular hand hygiene practices (6.5; p<0.05) and regular usage of face masks (8.6; p<0.05). Conclusion: Seroprevalence gives a direct estimation of population groups exposed to the virus. A remarkable difference in prevalence is found in urban and rural areas, extreme age groups, and socioeconomic statuses, suggesting targeted public health interventions. Sero-studies are affordable counterparts of molecular testing where quick estimation, prevention effectiveness, and data-driven public health policies are priorities.

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