scholarly journals Prevalence of Smear-Positive Tuberculosis among Patients Who Visited Saint Paul’s Specialized Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinna Abera Nugussie ◽  
Getachew Ali Mohammed ◽  
Anteneh Tesfaye Tefera
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Specialized Hospital ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Hiv Negative

Background. Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a health problem in both developed and developing countries, including Ethiopia. Objective. In this study, the prevalence of smear-positive tuberculosis among presumptive TB cases who visited the hospital was assessed. Method. Acid fast bacilli (AFB) test was performed on samples collected from 200 presumptive TB cases. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tools. Result. Among 200 presumptive TB cases, 10% (20 individuals) (60% were male and 40% were female) were found to be positive for the AFB. Of these AFB positive subjects, 11.2% and 6.3% were from urban and rural areas, respectively. Among 20 AFB positive cases, 45% (9), 45% (9), and 10% (2) were HIV positive, HIV negative, and with HIV status unknown, respectively. The highest AFB positive cases were found within age group between 25 and 44 years (70%) and followed by age above 40 years (30%). It was found out that 75% (15), 15% (3), 5% (1), and 5% (1) were unemployed, government employed, student, and nongovernment employed, accordingly. Conclusion. This study indicated higher level of AFB positive cases within age groups of 25–44 and 65–74 years and also exhibited higher prevalence of TB cases from urban areas.

scholarly journals Pathogenicity and non-opportunistic character of Blastocystis spp.: a hospital-based survey in Central Cameroon

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (05) ◽  
pp. 373-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphanie Jupsa-Mbiandou ◽  
Samuel Fosso ◽  
Edimo Billé ◽  
Tito T Mélachio-Tanekou ◽  
Gideon Ajeagah-Aghaindum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Blastocystis Spp ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Hiv Negative

Introduction: Blastocystis spp. is a protist found in humans. Although usually the most frequent protozoa found in stool samples of both symptomatic and healthy subjects, its pathogenic or rather opportunistic role is yet to be clearly elucidated. To attempt to fill this gap, a cross-sectional study was conducted to compare the frequency of Blastocystis spp. in HIV positive (HIV+) versus HIV negative (HIV-) individuals in four health facilities of the Center Region of Cameroon. Methodology: Stool samples were collected from 283 HIV positive and 245 HIV negative subjects and analyzed using direct diagnostic tests. Results: A total of 46 (8.7%) individuals were found infected with Blastocystis spp., including 6.7% HIV positive and 11.0% HIV negative. This species was more frequent in urban and semi-urban areas than in rural areas, but evenly distributed among genders and age groups as well as among all sectors of activity. The prevalence of Blastocystis spp. (11.3%) was higher in HIV+ patients with a CD4 count ≥ 500 cells / mm3, but no significant difference was found among HIV clinical stages. Likewise prevalence, the mean number of cysts per gram of stool was similar between HIV positive and HIV negative individuals. People infected with Blastocystis spp. showed diverse clinical signs, but only flatulence was significantly more prevalent. The frequencies of these clinical signs were not related to HIV status. Conclusion: No clear relationship links the infection with Blastocystis spp. to HIV, although its presence was associated with digestive disorder, suggesting that this parasite might not be opportunist.

Sleep Disturbances Associated with Age and HIV

2005 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 433-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Vance ◽  
Joe W. Burrage
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Normal People ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Negative

Sleep disturbances are common in normal people of several age groups and those with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) disease. In a secondary analysis of data, 50 HIV-positive and 50 HIV-negative adults between 30 and 65 years old responded to 5 items about sleep. No statistically significant differences by HIV status or age group were found.

The Comparison of Twinning Rates Between Urban and Rural Areas in China

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian-Ping Gan ◽  
Zhong-Hua Wu ◽  
Zhi-Ming Tu ◽  
Jian Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Differential Method ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

AbstractBased on the birth record data from the National Vital Statistics in the 1990 Census of China, the present study analyzed the differences between urban and rural areas on monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twin rates by maternal age in 1989. The twins by zygosity were calculated with Weinberg's differential method. Results show that the MZ and DZ twinning rates in China were associated with maternal age and that there were substantial differences between urban and rural areas. The MZ twinning rates in urban and rural areas were 2.36 pairs and 2.11 pairs per 1000 deliveries respectively, significantly lower than that in most studied populations. Furthermore, our analysis indicated that MZ twinning rates remained relatively constant for mothers under the age group of 36 to 38 years, but rose over this age group in both areas, albeit with a different slope. The DZ twinning rates were strikingly affected by maternal age, but the age for peak DZ rates was found within the age group of 33 to 35 years. In all maternal age groups except for 24 to 26 years, the DZ twinning rates in urban areas were higher than in rural areas. It remains unclear as to why the DZ twinning rates reversed to reach higher values within the older maternal age groups in China, but it is almost certain that the high twinning rates had nothing to do with in vitro fertilization.

scholarly journals Using RFLP-PCR Technique in Determining Genotypes of Giardia lamblia from Diarrhea Cases in Children in AL-Diwaniyah City, Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
Hadi M. Hamza AL-Mayali ◽  
Lubna Abdul-Kadir AL-Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Giardia Lamblia ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Intestinal Protozoa ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Dehydrogenase Gene ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Child Hospital ◽  
Genotype A

Introduction: Giardia lamblia is one of the most prevalent intestinal protozoa in the world, which affect children in both undeveloped and developing countries. This study aimed to determine genotypes of the Giardia lamblia using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-PCR techniques. Additionally, the relationship between genotype patterns and their geographical distribution, gender, and age was investigated. Methods: The current study included 926 samples of faeces of children suffering from diarrhoea, who visits the internal clinics at Teaching Hospital, and Child Hospital in AL- Diwaniyah City from November 2012 - Jun 2013. For age groups of 1-12 years exclusively. The samples were examined using a direct mount wet smear, The positive samples were preserved without adding preservatives at a temperature of -20°C until the DNA extraction for G. lamblia genotyping by using PCR and RFLP-PCR technique. Results: Giardia lamblia was detected in 2.15% (20/926) of samples from diarrhea cases in children by amplification of glutamate dehydrogenase gene (gdh) using two specific primers GDHiR and GDHiF. It was revealed that 7 samples belonged to genotype A (35%) and 13 samples belonged to genotype B (65%). All genotype A samples belonged to subgenotype AII (100%), while genotype B samples belonged to subgenotypes BIII (53.61 %) and BIV (47.38 %). Genotype A was detected in children of 1-6 years of age while B genotype was detected in all age groups. Both of the genotypes have been detected in both genders (male and female) and genotype B was found in both urban and rural areas; however, its prevalence was higher in rural areas than in urban areas (100% and 30%, respectively). Conclusion: There are two genotypes of Giardia lamblia, genotype A and genotype B, each of which has secondary genetic patterns which include AII, BIII, and BIV.

scholarly journals Dietary Modifications during Pregnancy through Decades

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (02) ◽  
pp. e43-e48
Author(s):  
Yamini Bhatt ◽  
Kalpana Kulshrestha
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Nutritional Supplements ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Diet Recall ◽  
Dietary Modifications ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractThe present study aimed to explore the modifications in diet during pregnancy over three generations in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand. For the selection of the sample, the respondents were categorized in 3 age groups: 20 to 34 years; 35 to 55 years; and ≥ 56 years. Structured diet recall interviews were scheduled for the collection of data. The subjects were asked about their dietary habits during pregnancy and food items that they included and excluded during that period. Most food items mentioned included were milk, fruits, and nutritional supplements. The exclusion of fruits like banana and papaya, of rice, and of leafy green vegetables (LGVs) was mainly observed. Among the age group of ≥ 56 years, the respondents with no changes in their diet during pregnancy were more from rural areas (92%) than from urban areas (62.26%), while in the age group of 20 to 34 years, 25% of the respondents with no change in their diet lived in rural areas, and 8.06% lived in urban areas. There has been an increase in the population with dietary modifications through generations; however, the overall changes are still not satisfying. The present study shows that there is a high need for nutritional education during pregnancy, especially in rural areas.

scholarly journals Age-related clonal haematopoiesis is more prevalent in older adults with HIV: the ARCHIVE study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Dawson ◽  
Nila Dharan ◽  
Paul Yeh ◽  
Mark Bloch ◽  
Miriam Yeung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Selective Advantage ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Infection And Inflammation ◽  
Hiv Negative

Abstract People with HIV have higher rates of certain comorbidities, particularly cardiovascular disease and some malignancies, than people without HIV. As somatic mutations associated with age related clonal haematopoiesis (CH) are linked to similar comorbidities in the general population, we hypothesized that CH may be more prevalent in people with HIV. To address this issue, we established a prospective cohort study recruiting 220 HIV-positive and 226 HIV negative participants aged 55 years or older in Australia. Demographic characteristics, clinical data and peripheral blood were collected to assess for the presence of CH mutations and identify potential risk factors for and clinical sequelae of CH. Investigators testing for CH were blinded to participants’ HIV status. In total, 132 CH mutations were identified in 99 (22.2%) of 446 participants. CH was more prevalent in HIV-positive participants than HIV-negative participants (27.7% vs. 16.8%, p =0.006), overall and across all age groups. HIV infection was associated with an increased odds of having CH (adjusted odds ratio 2.10, 95% confidence interval 1.30-3.38, p=0.002). The most common genes mutated were DNMT3A (48.5%), TET2(20.5%) and ASXL1 (11.4%). CH and HIV infection were independently associated with increases in blood parameters and biomarkers associated with inflammation. These data suggest a selective advantage for the emergence of CH in the context of chronic infection and inflammation related to HIV infection.

scholarly journals Patterns of Hepatocellular Carcinoma on Computed Tomography at Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferehiwot Getaneh ◽  
Asfaw Atnafu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Vascular Invasion ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Specialized Hospital ◽  
Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital ◽  
Number Of Patients

BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular cancer is the commonest liver cancer which contributes to a high incidence of morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing countries. Despite the anticipated high burden of the disease in the country, there is paucity of data on the associated risk factors and its pattern on imaging. The aim of this study was to assess Computed Tomography patterns and the risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma.METHODS: A cross-sectional, prospective study on patients with a diagnosis of HCC on Computed Tomography examination, at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital from July, 2016 to July, 2017. All patients who had characteristic Computed Tomography features and those who were diagnosed by Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC)/biopsy and had Computed Tomography examination were included in the study. Risk factors identified were reviewed from patients’ medical records.RESULT: A total of 70(n=70) patients were included in the study. The mean age was 50 ± 16 years. Fifty-seven (81.4%) of the participants were males, and 13(18.6%) were females. Forty-five (64.3%) of them came from urban areas and 25(35.7%) of them were from rural areas. The lesions were focal in 52(74.3%) and infiltrative in 18(25.7%) of the cases. Vascular invasion and distant metastases were seen in 49(70%) and 17(24.3%) respectively. Twenty-nine (41%) had negative hepatitis markers, and 13(19%) were not investigated for hepatitis infection.CONCLUSION: The majority of the patients presented with advanced disease such as vascular invasion and metastases. The major risk factors such as hepatitis infection were negative in significant number of patients. The risk factors in our setting should be studied further. Moreover, high-risk group selection and screening is essential to diagnose HCC early.

Anisometropia in the 5th and 6th school years

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A F Nunes ◽  
A S Nunes ◽  
P Monteiro ◽  
C R Martins ◽  
H Forte
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Vision ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Separate Analysis ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Introduction Anisometropia is characterized by a refractive inter ocular difference greater than 1.00 dioptre (D). It is the main cause of amblyopia and loss of binocular vision. Its prevalence depends on several factors, being different values in different geographical areas of the world and in different age groups. Objectives To estimate the frequency of anisometropia in children of the 2nd cycle of Basic Education. Methodology A total of 519 children attending the 5th and 6th school years, from Covilhã schools, from urban and rural areas, aged between 9 and 14 years (10.8 ± 0.8 years) were enrolled in the study. The refractive error was measured with a paediatric auto refractometer (Plusoptix), without cycloplegic and in binocular conditions. Anisometropia was defined as the inter ocular difference in spherical equivalent or cylindrical, greater than 1.00 D and a separate analysis for values greater than 2.00 D. Results The sample was symmetrically divided into genders (50.9% Male), between school grade (53% 5th year) and higher in urban areas (70.1%). The prevalence of anisometropia with cut-off points of 1.00 D and 2.00 D was 12.3% and 5.0%, respectively. There was a higher prevalence among males, in rural areas and in 6th grade. The Chi-square test (□2) shows that the difference is statistically significant only between years of schooling, with a higher prevalence in the 6th grade (p = 0.001). Conclusion There was a slightly higher prevalence of spherical and cylindrical anisometropia (5% and 12.3%) than is reported in the literature (rates between 4.4% and 9.4%). The 6th school year presented rates significantly higher than the 5th year, which points out that anisometropia increases with age, as was also advocated by other authors. Visual screening programs in adolescence for the detection of anisometropia are fundamental, since their timely correction allows to safeguard the binocular vision.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Anaemia in Children of 6 Months to 59 Months in Narayanganj, Bangladesh

1970 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
MK Uddin ◽  
MH Sardar ◽  
MZ Hossain ◽  
MM Alam ◽  
MF Bhuya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
National Level ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Nutrition Policies ◽  
Specialized Hospital ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Objective: To determine the prevalence of anaemia in children of 6 to 59 months old in Narayanganj, Bangladesh to help policy makers to formulate health and nutrition policies in national level. Methods: In 2009, a representative sample of 767 young children (age ranging from 6 to 59 months) had their haemoglobin concentration measured. The sampling process was in three stages: at first, 5 Upazila hospitals, 1 District hospital and a 200 bedded specialized hospital were randomly selected to represent the whole district and its 5 geographic urban and rural areas. Next, using census lists, 15 census sectors were randomly chosen. Finally, 767 children of 6-59 months were selected. Blood was collected by vein puncture and haemoglobin concentration was measured with a haemoglobin meter. Data were analysed to determine prevalence of anaemia. Results: The prevalence of anemia among the children of 5-59 months old was 40.9% for the district as a whole. Prevalence in the municipal region of Narayanganj was 40.9%. The rural areas had the highest prevalence of 66.9%. Prevalence was almost two times higher in children of 6-23 months in comparison to children of 24-59 months i.e. 61.8% and 31.0% respectively. The mean haemoglobin concentrations in the younger and older age groups were 10.4(±1.5) g/ dl and 11.4(±1.4) g/dl respectively. There is no difference found between the sexes. Conclusion: This is the first assessment of anaemia prevalence among young children in Narayangaj, Bangladesh. As there is very high prevalence of anaemia among the children studied in Fatulla upazila, especially those in the age group 6-23 months, public health interventions are needed here most. Key words: Anaemia; iron deficiency anaemia; haemoglobin; child heath; Bangladesh. DOI: 10.3329/jdmc.v19i2.7084J Dhaka Med Coll. 2010; 19(2) : 126-130

scholarly journals The Path where our Lifestyle is Taking us: Shift in Onset of Non-Communicable Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 121-125
Author(s):  
Bhatt, Y. ◽  
Kulshrestha, K.
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Care Quality ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Care Quality ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Age Related

Globally, the burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is rising. To assess the trends in the age of occurrence of non-communicable, age-related diseases this study was performed in the three districts of Uttarakhand, in both rural and the urban settings. The study comprised of both male and female subjects between the age group of 15 years to 55 onwards. The respondents were categorized into three age groups range as- 15-35 years, 36-55 years, and above 56 years. Starting from the age of 5 years, each age group is also categorized decade-wise e.g. age group of 56 years and above was divided into six decades starting from the age of five years.  The present study showed that the occurrence of age-related diseases, among the age group 56 years and above, was seen during their 40s while in the other two age groups, occurrence was recorded in the 30s itself. Comparing the third decade, i.e., the 30s of all the three age groups, none of the subjects was suffering from age-related disease among 56 years and above while among 36-55 years of age, 0.57 percent and among 15-35 years of age, 1.35 percent of subjects suffered from hypertension. The occurrence of these diseases was more in the urban areas as compared to rural areas. These results throw an insight onto the necessity for government bodies to focus on key factors leading to this trend, improving health care quality, and emphasis on a healthy lifestyle.

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