scholarly journals Investigating the Effect of Three Antigens of Citrobacter freundii on Rabbit’s Immune Response

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-62
Author(s):  
Roua J Mohammed ◽  
Ikram Abbas A Al-Samarraae
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Citrobacter Freundii ◽  
Cellular Immune

Citrobacter freundii (C. freundii) is responsible for a number of significant opportunistic infections. The present research was aimed to estimate the immune response of rabbits immunized with whole cell sonicated antigen (WCSA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and DNA antigens (Ag) extracted from C. freundii. Twenty-four Albino rabbits of both sexes, with 2-3 kg body weight, were divided randomly into four groups (6 rabbits for each). Two types of tests were performed including ELISA and skin test (delayed type hypersensitivity, DTH)). The 1st group was immunized with WCSA (1000 μg/mL). The 2nd group was immunized with LPS Ag at the same dose. The 3rd group was immunized with DNA extracted Ag (0.083 μg/mL). The 4th group (negative control) was injected with 1 mL PBS (pH 7.2) subcutaneously. After 14 days, rabbits were given booster doses of same Ag. The immunized animals showed significant increase of IgG and IL-6 concentration (P<0.05) following 28, 32, 46, 50 and 60 days of immunization in comparison with the negative control group. Concerning DTH, it showed an increase in the means of induration and erythema, with significant differences (P˂0.05) exerted by the concentrated antigens in all immunized groups after 24 h and 48 h compared with diluted Ag and negative control group. In conclusion, WCSA and LPS Ag, in comparison to DNA Ag, were observed to promote stronger humoral (IgG) and cellular (DTH and IL-6) immune responses. DNA Ag, on the other hand, elicited a weaker humoral and cellular immune response than other Ag.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Adjuvant Effectiveness of Alum-Propranolol Mixture on the Immunogenicity of Excreted/Secreted Antigens of Toxoplasma gondii RH Strain

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 570-577
Author(s):  
Elyar Meshkini ◽  
Arash Aminpour ◽  
Khosrow Hazrati Tappeh ◽  
Shahram Seyyedi ◽  
Meysam Shokri
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline

Purpose: The introduction of novel adjuvants is an important step in attempts to develop a safe and more efficient vaccine. The present study was performed to determine whether the use of a mixed beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol (PRP) and aluminum (alum), as an adjuvant, have efficacy for Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) vaccine to induce protective immunity in a mouse model. Methods: Female BALB/c mice divided into five groups were immunized with excretory-secretory antigens (ESA) vaccine, alum-ESA vaccine, PRP-ESA vaccine, and alum-PRP ESA vaccine, as well as with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), as a negative control group. The immune responses were evaluated by lymphocyte proliferation assay for measuring delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response and by cytokine assay for evaluating IFN-γ and IL-5 levels. The survival rate of mice in all groups was assessed during a three-week monitoring period after an intraperitoneal challenge with T. gondii tachyzoites. Results: The results showed that mice immunized with PRP, as an adjuvant, could secret a higher level of IFN-γ, which was significant in comparison to other groups. However, mice vaccinated with alum-precipitated ESA antigen had ability to produce an elevated level of IL-5 compared to other mouse groups (p≤0.05). Moreover, alum-PRP co-administration together with ESA vaccine resulted in the longer survival of mice. Conclusions: The findings of this study revealed that the combination of alum-PRP adjuvants and ESA vaccine of T. gondii elicits both humoral and cellular immune responses, which are comparable to either alum or PRP alone.

scholarly journals Effects of oxygen levels and a Lactobacillus plantarum strain on mortality and immune response of chickens at high altitude

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihong Wang ◽  
Guanhua Fu ◽  
Suozhu Liu ◽  
Long Li ◽  
Xin Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Oxygen Level ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Improve Health Status ◽  
Improve Health

Abstract Chickens reared in high altitude regions suffer from a high mortality, possibly due to poor immune responses induced by hypoxia. This experiment was conducted to evaluate whether increasing the oxygen level or administration of a probiotic could improve mortality and immune response of chickens at high altitude (2,986 m above the sea level). One-d-old chickens were randomly allocated to 1 of 6 treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. The first factor was the oxygen level (low and high), while the second factor was the diet (basal diet, basal diet containing aureomycin, and basal diet plus L. plantarum). Increasing the oxygen level significantly reduced the mortality and improved immune responses. The levels of IgA, IgG, IL-10 and anti-BSA antibodies were significantly higher, while IL-1β, LITAF were significantly lower in chickens reared in the high-oxygen room. In the low-oxygen room, L. plantarum significantly decreased the mortality of chickens compared with the other 2 groups. Moreover, L. plantarum significantly increased the levels of IgA, anti-BSA antibodies, IL-10 and decreased IL-1β, LITAF compared with the control group. These results demonstrated that increasing oxygen level or administration of L. plantarum can improve health status of chickens in high altitude regions.

Evaluation of Immunomodulatory activity of Diosgenin in rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 70-75
Author(s):  
Vikram V Nimbalkar ◽  
Urmila E Kadu ◽  
Ravina P Shelke ◽  
Suvarna A Shendge ◽  
Pratiksha N Tupe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Dosage Level ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽  
Phagocytic Index ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Nonspecific Immunity ◽  
Stimulation Of

Background: The immune system is intrinsic to health. Modulation of the immune responses to alleviate the diseases by using herbal plants has been of interest for many years. Diosgenin, a naturally occurring steroid saponin mainly present in the seeds of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) and in the root tubers of wild yams (Dioscorea villosa). Activation of specific and nonspecific immunity results in stimulation of immune response. Diosgenin has the positive effects on both specific and nonspecific immunity. Aim: To study the immunomodulatory activity of Diosgenin in albino wistar rats. Method: The suspension of Diosgenin was given orally at the dosage level of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg for 21 days in a rat. The immunomodulatory activity on specific and non-specific immunity was studied by heamagglutination antibody (HA) titer, delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response and carbon clearance test.  Immunosuppression in a rat was induced by using Cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg, p.o.). Sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) were used as antigen (0.1ml 20% SRBCs). Result: Diosgenin exhibited significant increase in the production of antibody titer in response to SRBC antigen. A significant increase in both primary and secondary HA titer was observed in immunosuppressed group treated with Diosgenin when compared with negative control.  A significant increase in the DTH response was observed in immunosuppressed animals treated with Diosgenin, pre-sensitized with SRBCs antigen. Diosgenin exhibited significant increase in phagocytic index against control group, indicating the stimulation of the reticuloendothelial system. Conclusion: The study indicates that Diosgenin triggers stimulatory effect on specific and nonspecific immune response. The immunostimulant effect of Diosgenin could be attributed due to its saponin glycoside.

scholarly journals Reduced schedule of human anti rabies immunization with Fuenzalida & Palacios vaccine

1989 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Roberto Zanetti ◽  
Silvana Regina Favoretto ◽  
Milene Silva Tino ◽  
Avelino Albas ◽  
Elizabeth Juliana G. Valentini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
The Other ◽  
Double Dose ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Lymphoblastic Transformation ◽  
Cellular Immune

The present study evaluates the humoral and cellular immune responses in 35 volunteers submited to short antirabies vaccination schedules with the Fuenzalida & Palacios vaccine based on the administration of doses on non consecutive days. The volunteers were divided into two groups. The first group received a total number of five doses given on days 0, 4, 7, 20 and 35. The other group received four doses, the first one being a double dose given on day 0 and than three other single doses on days 7, 20 and 35. The evaluation of humoral immune response was carried out by serum neutralization (SN) and indirect immunofluorescense (IIF) tests, while the cellular immune response was evaluated by lymphoblastic transformation assay (LTA) and skin test (ST). According to our results these reduced schedules elicited early and effective humoral and cellulafimmune responses to rabies antigen suggesting that new reduced schedules should be extensively studied in order to give the proper bases to the proposition of changes in the current long-term schedule.

Association of cervical SIL and HIV-1 infection among Zimbabwean women in an HIV/STI prevention study

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 765-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z M Chirenje ◽  
L Loeb ◽  
M Mwale ◽  
P Nyamapfeni ◽  
M Kamba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Cervical Screening ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Cervical Neoplasia ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sti Prevention ◽  
Hiv 1

A cross-sectional study was conducted on women attending family planning clinics in Harare, Zimbabwe to determine the prevalence of cervical neoplasia among HIV-1 positive women relative to an HIV-1 negative control group. Five hundred and fifty four women were recruited and the prevalence of HIV-1 was 36.8%. Cervical cytology was abnormal in 25.6% of HIV-infected women compared to only 6.7% HIV-1 seronegative women. Cervical neoplasia was significantly associated with HIV infection (χ2=42.4, P<0.001). Cellular changes typical of HPV infection (koilocytocis) were recorded in 6.4% of HIV infected women compared with 1.7% of HIV-1-uninfected women (χ2=8.43, P=0.004). HIV-1-positive women had twice the risk of having abnormal cervical cells than HIV-negative women (relative risk 2.47, odds ratio 10.14, P<0.001). Therefore the introduction of national cervical screening programme in HIV-1 endemic countries like Zimbabwe where the highest burden of pre-malignant lesions is among HIV-1-infected women needs careful planning because these women have other competing health needs including high rates of opportunistic infections.

In vitro Efficacy of Experimental Chitosan-Containing Solutions as Anti-Erosive Agents in Enamel

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.I.P. Pini ◽  
D.A.N.L. Lima ◽  
J.R. Lovadino ◽  
C. Ganss ◽  
N. Schlueter
Keyword(s):  
Negative Control Group ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tissue Loss ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lower Viscosity

The present study evaluated the effect of chitosans with different viscosities, dissolved in an AmF/SnCl2 solution, against erosion or erosion/abrasion. A total of 192 specimens were assigned to 2 × 6 groups (n = 16 specimens each): negative control, 4 chitosan solutions (groups Ch50, Ch500, Ch1000, and Ch2000, with viscosity of 50, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 mPas, respectively, 0.5% chitosan, 500 ppm F-, 800 ppm Sn2+, pH 4.4), and positive control (500 ppm F-, 800 ppm Sn2+, pH 4.3). One half of the groups was demineralized (experiment 1, E1; 10 days, 6 × 2 min/day, 0.5% citric acid, pH 2.8) and exposed to solutions (2 × 2 min/day); the other half was additionally brushed (15 s, 200 g) with non-fluoridated toothpaste before solution immersion (experiment 2, E2). Treatment effects were investigated by profilometry, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In E1, all the chitosan-containing solutions reduced enamel loss by 77-80%, to the same extent as the positive control, except for Ch2000 (p ≤ 0.05), which completely inhibited tissue loss by the formation of precipitates. In E2, Ch50 and Ch500 showed best performance, with approximately 60% reduction of tissue loss compared to the negative control group (p ≤ 0.05 compared to other groups). SEM analysis showed differences between negative control and the other groups but only minor differences amongst the groups treated with active agents. In both E1 and E2, treatment with active agents resulted in surface enrichment of carbon and tin compared to negative control (p ≤ 0.001); brushing removed parts of carbon and tin (p ≤ 0.001). Chitosan shows different properties under erosive and erosive/abrasive conditions. Under erosive conditions high viscosity might be helpful, whereas lower viscosity seems to be more effective in cases of chemo-mechanical challenges.

scholarly journals Vaccination with the Chlamydia trachomatis Major Outer Membrane Protein Can Elicit an Immune Response as Protective as That Resulting from Inoculation with Live Bacteria

2005 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 8153-8160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukumar Pal ◽  
Ellena M. Peterson ◽  
Luis M. de la Maza
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Membrane Protein ◽  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Outer Membrane Protein ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Major Outer Membrane Protein ◽  
Control Group

ABSTRACT BALB/c mice were vaccinated by the intramuscular (i.m.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) routes with a native preparation of the Chlamydia trachomatis mouse pneumonitis (MoPn) major outer membrane protein (MOMP), using Montanide ISA 720 and CpG-1826 as adjuvants. A negative control group was immunized with ovalbumin and the two adjuvants, and a positive control group was immunized intranasally (i.n.) with 104 inclusion-forming units (IFU) of C. trachomatis. Four weeks after the last i.m.-plus-s.c. immunization, mice were challenged in the ovarian bursa with 105 IFU of C. trachomatis MoPn. Six weeks after the genital challenge, animals were mated, and the pregnancies were monitored. After vaccination with MOMP, the mice developed strong Chlamydia-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Following the genital challenge, of the mice vaccinated with the MOMP, only 15% (3/20) had positive vaginal cultures, while 85% (17/20) of the animals immunized with ovalbumin had positive cultures over the 6 weeks of observation (P < 0.05). Also, only 14% (3/21) of the animals inoculated i.n. with Chlamydia had positive vaginal cultures. After mating, 75% (15/20) of the mice vaccinated with MOMP carried embryos in both uterine horns. Of the animals vaccinated i.n. with the Chlamydia, 81% (17/21) had embryos in both uterine horns (P > 0.05). In contrast, only 10% (2/20) of the mice immunized with ovalbumin had embryos in both uterine horns (P < 0.05). In conclusion, immunization with a purified preparation of the MOMP is as effective as vaccination with viable C. trachomatis in eliciting a protective immune response against a genital challenge in mice.

scholarly journals The immune response of rabbits immunized by Salmonella typhimurium and Lactobacillus acidophilus

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
Ikram A. A. Al-Samarraae
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Lactobacillus Acidophilus ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Fourth Group

     Antigens prepared from sonicated Salmonella typhimurium (KWCSA-ST) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (KWCSA-LBA) were used to evaluate synergistic effect on interlukine production (IL-2, IL-4) and Immunoglobulin-G (IgG) which were evaluated by using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Delayed Type Hypersensitivity-skin test at day 20 post  immunization. Twenty five rabbits of both sexes, 2-3 Kg body weight, were divided into five equal groups; the first group immunized by KWCSA-ST (1000 µg/ml) and KWCSA-LBA (1000 µg/ml), the second group by KWCSA-ST (1000 µg/ml) and KWCSA-LBA (500 µg/ml), the third group by KWCSA-ST (1000 µg/ml) as positive control, the fourth group by KWCSA-LBA (1000 µg/ml) as positive control and the fifth group was injected by P.B.S. (pH7.2) as negative control group subcutaneously. The result of delayed type hypersensitivity showed an increase in the means of erythema and induration in the 1st group after 24hrs and 48hrs while the 4th group recorded the lowest mean after 24hrs and 48hrs. These means showed significant differences (P˂0.05) compared with injection by 1:2 and 1:4 diluted Ag. While the results of IgG showed that the highest concentration was at 35th day in the first group while the lowest concentration at 35th day in the fourth group with significant differences (P<0.05). Also the high concentration of IL-2, IL-4 was recorded in the first group at 35th day and the lowest concentration was in the fourth group at 35th day with significant differences (P<0.05); also the results showed significant differences (P<0.05) between the 1st, 2nd, 3rd compared with 4th and 5th groups.

scholarly journals Construction of polycistronic baculovirus surface display vectors to express the PCV2 Cap(d41) protein and analysis of its immunogenicity in mice and swine

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya-Yi Chen ◽  
Wei-Chen Yang ◽  
Yu-Kang Chang ◽  
Chi-Young Wang ◽  
Wei-Ru Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Surface Display ◽  
Recombinant Baculovirus ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Challenge Study ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Cellular Immune

Abstract To increase expression levels of the PCV2 Cap(d41) protein, novel baculovirus surface display vectors with multiple expression cassettes were constructed to create recombinant baculoviruses BacSC-Cap(d41), BacDD-2Cap(d41), BacDD-3Cap(d41), and BacDD-4Cap(d41). Our results reveal that the recombinant baculovirus BacDD-4Cap(d41) was able to express the highest levels of Cap(d41) protein. Optimum conditions for expressing the PCV2 Cap(d41) protein were determined, and our results show that 107 of Sf-9 infected with the recombinant baculovirus BacDD-4Cap(d41) at an MOI of 5 for 3 days showed the highest level of protein expression. Mice immunized with the 4Cap(d41) vaccine which was prepared from the recombinant baculovirus-infected cells (107) elicited higher ELISA titers compared to the Cap (d41) vaccine. The 4Cap(d41) vaccine could elicit anti-PCV2 neutralizing antibodies and IFN-γ in mice, as confirmed by virus neutralization test and IFN-γ ELISA. Moreover, the swine lymphocyte proliferative responses indicated that the 4Cap(d41) vaccine was able to induce a clear cellular immune response. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the percentage of CD4+ T cells and CD4+/CD8+ ratio was increased significantly in SPF pigs immunized with the 4Cap(d41) vaccine. Importantly, the 4Cap(d41) vaccine induced an IFN-γ response, further confirming that its effect is through cellular immunity in SPF pigs. An in vivo challenge study revealed that the 4Cap(d41) and the commercial vaccine groups significantly reduce the viral load of vaccinated pigs as compared with the CE negative control group. Taken together, we have successfully developed a 4Cap(d41) vaccine that may be a potential subunit vaccine for preventing the disease associated with PCV2 infections.

scholarly journals 22 Study the Immune Response of Conjunctival and Subcutaneous Vaccination of Goats with RB51 Vaccine for Controlling Brucellosis

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-28
Author(s):  
Waffa Abdulelah Ahmad1
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Serological Test ◽  
Optimal Concentration ◽  
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Skin Reactions ◽  
Passive Hemagglutination ◽  
Cellular Immune

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of RB51 vaccine in immunization of goats against brucellosis although it is a specific vaccine for cattle, fifteen pregnant and non-pregnant goats were divided into three groups, 5 goats were injected subcutaneously(S/C) with 2 mls of RB51 vaccine which contain 4 × 108 CFU , 5 goats were vaccinated through conjunctival route (C/J) with 0.2 ml of RB51 which contain 4 × 108 CFU , and the last 5 goats were injected with PBS and kept as control group. It has been ascertained that no abortion occurred in the vaccinated animals except one case of a weak kid was born in S/C vaccinated group. Humeral immune response for the vaccinated animals measured by serological test (Rose Bengal and Passive hemagglutination tests) every two weeks, while the cellular immune response measured by brucellin test at the 6th week. Passive haemaglutination test (PHA) was positive and the antibodies were increased significantly (P<0.05) at the 2nd week to reach 10.4±2.4 and 6.4±0.9 in S/C and C/J routes respectively, and increased significantly (P<0.05) at 8th week to reach 38.4±6.4 and 22.4±3.9 in S/C and C/J routes respectively, and decreased significantly at 12th week which reach 9.6±1.6 to 6.4±0.9. Brucellin from RB51 strain prepared to be used as antigen in the PHA test and also in skin test to determine delayed type hypersensitivity, serial dilutions of RB51 brucellin had been done to confer the optimal concentration in skin test that did not induce toxicity for mice 40µg was the optimal concentration that has been given to goats. In goats the results indicated that the S/C group showed a high delayed type hypersensitivity compared with C/J group and the good skin reactions was increased to reach the maximum at 48 hrs post brucellin injection (PBI), when the erythema diameter reached 7.1±0.09mm and 5.4±0.3mm in S/C and C/J groups respectively and skin thickness was2.9±0.1 mm and 2.1±0.2 mm in S/C and C/J groups respectively. These results showed that immunized animals expressed cellular and humeral immune response examined by DTH and PHA. Concluded that the RB51 vaccine gave good level of immunization in goats and it can be considered as alternative vaccine against heterogonous Brucella spp.

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