scholarly journals Control of the infection with Brucella melitensis in cattle

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-146
Author(s):  
Hussein A. S.
Keyword(s):  
Brucella Melitensis ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Reduced Dose ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Young Cattle ◽  
One Year ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Rose ◽  
Viable Organism

Sera from1722 cattle of different age (3 months to 8 years) wereexamined by the Rose Bengal and tube agglutination test: 134 cow givepositive result and the overal Brucella seroprevalence was (8%) milksamples zeropositive milking cattle were cultured on Brucella selecativemedia.Seropositive cattle (102) were treated for the first time with long actingoxytetracyclin at the dose of 20 mg/kg of body weight administeredintramuscularly (i.m) every 2 days for 30 days and streptomycin at 25mg/kg (i.m) every 2 days for 16 days.The regimen was found to be effective in eliminating the shedding ofBrucella organisms by cattle in milk.Moreover all treated cattle became zeronegative within 16 months aftertreatment…zeronegative cattle (1588)were vaccinated for the first timewith the Br.Melitensis as follows1. 362 young cattle(aged three months to one year)were each inoculatedsubcutaneously with a full dose(1×106)viable organisms in 1 ml, Brucellaantibody titers were detected 2-4 weeks post vaccination then decreasedgradually until the animals became zeronegative 8 months aftervaccination.2. 1226cattle aged more than one year were each inoculatedsubcutaneously with reduced dose (1×103 viable organism in 1ml)antibody titers measured 2-4 weeks post vaccination then decreasedgradually until the animals became zeronegative 3 months postvaccination.No Brucella organisms were seen from repeated udeersecretion samples from all vaccinated milking cattle, and no abortionswere recorded among pregnant vaccinated cattle.

scholarly journals Serological response to rabies virus induced by commercial vaccines in cattle

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Martins ◽  
João Motta de Quadros ◽  
Eduardo Furtado Flores ◽  
Rudi Weiblen
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Serological Response ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Anamnestic Response ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
One Year

ABSTRACT: The antibody response to rabies virus (RABV) induced by commercial vaccines in heifers was investigated. For this, 84 heifers were vaccinated twice (30 days interval) with each of four vaccines (G1 = 14 animals; G2 = 24; G3 = 22 and G4 = 24) and received a booster vaccination 360 days later. Serum samples collected at different intervals after vaccination and 30 days after booster were submitted to a virus neutralizing (VN) assay for RABV antibodies. Thirty days after the second vaccine dose, 92% of the immunized animals presented VN titers ≥0.5UI/mL (geometric medium titers [GMT] 1.7 to 3.8UI/mL). At the day of the booster (360 days post-vaccination); however, the percentage of animals harboring antibody titers ≥0.5UI/mL had dropped to 31% (0-80% of the animals, depending on the vaccine), resulting in lower GMT (0.1 to 0.6UI/mL). Booster vaccination at day 360 resulted in a detectable anamnestic response in all groups, resulting in 83% of animals (65 to 100%) harboring VN titers ≥0.5UI/mL thirty days later (GMT 0.6 to 4.3UI/mL). These results indicated that these vaccines were able to induce an adequate anti-RABV response in all animals after prime vaccination (and after booster as well). However, the titers decreased, reaching titers <0.5UI/mL in approximately 70% of animals within the interval before the recommended booster. Thus, booster vaccination for rabies in cattle using the current vaccines should be performed before the recommended one-year interval, as to maintain neutralizing antibodies levels in most vaccinated animals.

scholarly journals Innocuousness of conjunctival vaccination with Brucella melitensis strain Rev.1 in pregnant Iranian fat-tailed ewes

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Alamian ◽  
Ramin Bagheri Nejad ◽  
Hamid Reza Jalali ◽  
Armin Kalantari ◽  
Afshar Etemadi
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Strain ◽  
Brucella Melitensis ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Vaginal Swab ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Excretion In Milk ◽  
Induced Abortions ◽  
Antibody Titers

<em>Brucella</em> <em>melitensis</em> strain Rev.1 is the most effective vaccine against brucellosis in sheep and goats. In Iran, mass vaccination is carried out all over the country in which adult animals are immunized by subcutaneous injection of reduced doses of the vaccine. However, due to antibody responses elicited by vaccination, concomitant implementation of test-andslaughter is impossible. To overcome the problem, vaccination through conjunctival route is recommended. In this study, serological responses of six pregnant Iranian fat-tailed ewes to conjunctival vaccination with standard doses of the vaccine were evaluated using modified Rose Bengal test, serum agglutination test and indirect ELISA. Besides, vaccine strain excretion in milk and vaginal discharges was also examined by microbiological culture of milk and vaginal swab samples taken one day post-parturition. Animals were vaccinated during the second half of gestation. As the results, antibody titers of five (83.3%) ewes decreased to the levels not detectable by the tests within three months after vaccination. No vaccine-induced abortions occurred and vaccinated ewes delivered healthy lambs 50.33±15.56 (mean ± standard deviation) days post-vaccination. Vaccine strain was not isolated from milk and vaginal swab samples. Generally, our study shows full doses of <em>B. melitensis</em> strain Rev.1 can be used conjunctively to vaccinate pregnant Iranian sheep during late pregnancy without abortifacient effects, prolonged antibody responses and vaccine strain excretion in milk and vaginal discharges. Nevertheless, further studies are required to determine safety and immunogenicity of the vaccine in field conditions.

scholarly journals Evaluation the efficacy of immunological response in sheep vaccinated with Brucella melitensis strain Rev 1

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (0A) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
W. S. AL- Khafaji
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Response ◽  
Brucella Melitensis ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Routes Of Administration ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Antibody Titers

The present study aimed to identify the efficacy of Brucella melitensis vaccine strain Rev 1 in induction of antibodies by different doses and routes of administration; also to obtain the specificity of the serological tests, the study included 28 ewes divided into four equal groups . the animals of first and second groups vaccinated subcutaneously with 2×109 and 2×107 colony forming units (CFU) respectively while the animals of third and fourth groups vaccinated conjunctively with 2×109 and 2×107 CFU respectively . The sera were collected at zero time, 2, 4, 8, 16, 20, 24 and 28 weeks of the experiment and the antibodies response were evaluated using classical tests ( Rose Bengal, serum agglutination and 2-mercaptoethanol tests ) compared with competitive ELISA test , and brucellin test was used to detect the cellular response . The results showed that antibody titers were higher and remained for longer period in subcutaneously vaccinated groups in both doses compared with those vaccinated conjunctively and the 2-mercaptoethanol test show the best specificity in all vaccinated groups; also the subcutaneously vaccinated groups recorded significant increase in skin thickness in brucellin test after 12 week post vaccination .There was a significant increase in neutrophils activity for reduction of nitrobluetetrazolium stain in all groups between 2nd and 8th post vaccination

Peculiarities of the juvenile period of the native Chechen genotypes of willow leaf pear (Pyrus salicifolia Pall.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
E. A. Dolmatov ◽  
R. B. Borzayev ◽  
A. N. Shaipov
Keyword(s):  
Chestnut Soil ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Juvenile Period ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
The Common ◽  
One Year ◽  
First Time ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Creative Cooperation

The results of the study of the duration of the juvenile period of indigenous Chechen willow leaf pear genotypes (Pyrus salicifolia Pall.) are given in connection with the acceleration of the breeding process and the use of selected forms in pear breeding for high precocity. The studies were carried out in 2016-2019 at OOO “Orchards of Chechnya” in accordance with the Agreement on creative cooperation with the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding. The work was carried out in accordance with generally accepted programs and methods. The objects of the study were one-year and two-year-old pear seedlings obtained from sowing seeds of selected dwarf and low-growing local Chechen forms of willow pear (P. salicifolia Pall.), laying fruit buds on annual growths and seedlings of Caucasian pear (P. caucasica Fed.), 20 500 pcs. of each specie. The aim of the research was to study the potential of precocity of willow pear seedlings and to reveal of selected forms with the greatest degree of this trait. Stratified seeds were sown in the sowing department of the OOO “Orchards of Chechnya” production nursery in April, 2017. The seedlings were grown according to the common technology in dryland conditions on the plot with chestnut soil. The first fl owering of plants was noted in the spring, 2019. As a result of the research, for the first time on a large number of the experimental material it was found that in the off spring of the indigenous Chechen willow leaf pear genotypes, the selection of a little more than 2% of seedlings with a very short juvenile period (2 years) was possible. They are of great interest in accelerating the breeding process and in the selection of new pear varieties with high precocity. 20 willow leaf pear genotypes were selected for the further use in breeding for high precocity and as sources of the trait of short juvenile period.

scholarly journals Observations on early fungal infections with relevance for replant disease in fine roots of the rose rootstock Rosa corymbifera 'Laxa'

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Grunewaldt-Stöcker ◽  
C. Popp ◽  
A. Baumann ◽  
S. Fricke ◽  
M. Menssen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Replant Disease ◽  
Pot Trials ◽  
Worldwide Phenomenon ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Rose

AbstractReplant disease is a worldwide phenomenon affecting various woody plant genera and species, especially within the Rosaceae. Compared to decades of intensive studies regarding replant disease of apple (ARD), the replant disease of roses (RRD) has hardly been investigated. The etiology of RRD is also still unclear and a remedy desperately needed. In greenhouse pot trials with seedlings of the RRD-sensitive rootstock Rosa corymbifera ‘Laxa’ cultured in replant disease affected soils from two different locations, early RRD symptom development was studied in fine roots. In microscopic analyses we found similarities to ARD symptoms with regards to structural damages, impairment in the root hair status, and necroses and blackening in the cortex tissue. Examinations of both whole mounts and thin sections of fine root segments revealed frequent conspicuous fungal infections in association with the cellular disorders. Particularly striking were fungal intracellular structures with pathogenic characteristics that are described for the first time. Isolated fungi from these tissue areas were identified by means of ITS primers, and many of them were members of the Nectriaceae. In a next step, 35 of these isolates were subjected to a multi-locus sequence analysis and the results revealed that several genera and species were involved in the development of RRD within a single rose plant. Inoculations with selected single isolates (Rugonectria rugulosa and Ilyonectria robusta) in a Perlite assay confirmed their pathogenic relationship to early necrotic host plant reactions, and symptoms were similar to those exhibited in ARD.

scholarly journals AB0310 TOLERABILITY AND SAFETY OF 23-VALENT POLYSACCHARIDE PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINE IN PATIENTS WITH ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME, PRELIMINARY RESULTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1180.3-1181
Author(s):  
G. Tarasova ◽  
B. Belov ◽  
M. Cherkasova ◽  
E. Aseeva ◽  
T. Reshetnyak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiphospholipid Syndrome ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccine ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Vascular Complications ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
One Year ◽  
Polysaccharide Pneumococcal Vaccine

Background:Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease often associated with severe, life-threatening vascular complications. The majority of patients (and in case of secondary APS, in 100% of cases) receive immunosuppressive therapy. Immunization with pneumococcal vaccines in patients with both primary APS (PAPS) and APS+SLE or secondary (sAPS) is necessary to prevent severe respiratory infections in these patients.Objectives:Purpose of the study - to study the tolerance and safety of 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine (PPV-23) in patients with PAPS and sAPS.Methods:At this stage, the study included 28 patients with APS, of which 10 with PAPS, 18 with sAPS proceeding against the background of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), of which 23 women (82%), 5 men (18%). The average age (Me) of patients was 43 (35.5; 53.0) g. 20 patients received glucocorticoids (GC) 5-30 mg/day equivalent to prednisone, 17- hydroxychloroquine, 6- cytostatics (3-cyclophosphamide, 2-azathioprine, 1- mycophenolate mofetil), 8- biologics: 5-rituximab (RTM), 3-belimumab (BLM); 20-received anticoagulants (direct-10, indirect-10).1 dose (0.5 ml) of PPV-23 was administered subcutaneously. The follow-up time was 1 year in 23 patients and 5-5.5 months in 5-5.5 months. During the visits, standard clinical and laboratory tests were performed, immunological blood test and the level of antibodies to S.pneumoniaeResults:Vaccination was well tolerated in all patients. In 29% of cases, vaccine reactions of mild severity were observed: in 7 (25%) - a local reaction (pain in the arm for 1-3 days-at 7, redness up to 2 cm at the injection site-at 1), in 1 (3,6%), the patient experienced general weakness (moderately pronounced) for 1 month. Vaccinal reactions were completely reversible and did not require additional prescriptions. Post-vaccination complications develop, as a rule, in the first 1-2 months after vaccination. During the observation period, none of the patients had an exacerbation of the disease, reliably associated with the vaccination. There was no recurrence of thrombosis, both in patients receiving anticoagulant therapy and without it. No new autoimmune phenomena, both clinical and laboratory, were identified. The dynamics of the production of anti-streptococcal antibodies during the year was followed in 16 patients. One year after vaccination, 31% of patients showed a significant (more than 2-fold compared to the initial) increase in the concentration of antibodies to polysaccharides of the cell wall of S. pneumoniae (“responders”), 69% of patients were “non-responders” to the vaccine. At the same time, all 5 patients with PAPS were “non-responders”, and 45.5% “respondents” with sAPS.Conclusion:Preliminary results show that patients with APS tolerate PPV-23 vaccination well. In the next post-vaccination period, exacerbations of the disease, thrombosis were not recorded. Attention is drawn to the large number of “non-responders” in PAPS, however, to obtain statistically reliable results, it is necessary to continue the study and recruit more patients.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

Heart Transplantation for Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Disease: A Comparison of Two Eras over 23 Years and 188 Transplants at a Single Institution

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26
Author(s):  
Genevieve C. Tuite ◽  
James A. Quintessenza ◽  
Alfred Asante-Korang ◽  
Sharon R. Ghazarian ◽  
Bethany L. Wisotzkey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Transplantation ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Immunosuppressive Agent ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Congenital Cardiac Disease ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Models ◽  
One Year ◽  
Patterns Of Practice ◽  
First Time

Background: To assess changes in patterns of practice and outcomes over time, we reviewed all patients who underwent heart transplantation (HTx) at our institution and compared two consecutive eras with significantly different immunosuppressive protocols (cohort 1 [80 HTx, June 1995-June 2006]; cohort 2 [108 HTx, July 2006-September 2018]). Methods: Retrospective study of 180 patients undergoing 188 HTx (June 1995-September 2018; 176 first time HTx, 10 second HTx, and 2 third HTx). In 2006, we commenced pre-HTx desensitization for highly sensitized patients and started using tacrolimus as our primary postoperative immunosuppressive agent. The primary outcome was mortality. Survival was modeled by the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were created to identify prognostic factors for survival. Results: Our 188 HTx included 18 neonates, 85 infants, 83 children, and 2 adults (>18 years). Median age was 260.0 days (range: 5 days-23.8 years). Median weight was 7.5 kg (range: 2.2-113 kg). Patients in cohort 1 were less likely to have been immunosensitized preoperatively (12.5% vs 28.7%, P = .017). Nevertheless, Kaplan-Meier analysis suggested superior survival in cohort 2 ( P = .0045). Patients in cohort 2 were more likely to be alive one year, five years, and ten years after HTx. Multivariable analysis identified the earlier era (hazard ratio [HR] [95% confidence interval] for recent era = 0.32 [0.14-0.73]), transplantation after prior Norwood operation (HR = 4.44 [1.46-13.46]), and number of prior cardiac operations (HR = 1.33 [1.03-1.71]) as risk factors for mortality. Conclusions: Our analysis of 23 years of pediatric and congenital HTx reveals superior survival in the most recent 12-year era, despite the higher proportion of patients with elevated panel reactive antibody in the most recent era. This improvement was temporally associated with changes in our immunosuppressive strategy.

The Situation of Catholic Instruction in Transylvania during the Communist Takeover

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-52
Author(s):  
László Holló
Keyword(s):  
Religious Education ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Virgin Mary ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
God's Will ◽  
School Network ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Moment ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Catholic Church

"In less than one year, the Catholic Church, just like the other denominations, lost its school network built along the centuries. This was the moment when the bishop wrote: “No one can resent if we shed tears over the loss of our schools and educational institutions”. Moreover, he stated that he would do everything to re-store the injustice since they could not resent if we used all the legal possibilities and instruments to retrieve our schools that we were illegally dispossessed of. Furthermore, he evaluated the situation realistically and warned the families to be more responsible. He emphasized the parents’ responsibility. First and foremost, the mother was the child’s first teacher of religion. She taught him the first prayers; he heard about God, Jesus, the Virgin Mary, and the angels from his mother for the first time. He asked for the mothers’ and the parents’ support also in mastering the teachings of the faith. Earlier, he already instructed the priests to organize extramu-ral biblical classes for the children and youth. At this point, he asked the families to cooperate effectively, especially to lead an ardent, exemplary religious life, so that the children would grow up in a religious and moral life according to God’s will, learn-ing from the parents’ examples. And just as on many other occasions throughout history, the Catholic Church started building again. It did not build spectacular-looking churches and schools but rather modest catechism halls to bring communities together. These were the places where the priests of the dioceses led by the bishop’s example and assuming all the persecutions, incessantly educated the school children to the love of God and of their brethren, and the children even more zealously attended the catechism classes, ignoring their teachers’ prohibitions. Keywords: Márton Áron, Diocese of Transylvania, confessional religious education, communism, nationalization of catholic schools, Catholic Church in Romania in 1948."

COMBINED IMMUNIZATION AGAINST DIPHTHERIA, TETANUS AND PERTUSSIS IN NEWBORN INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-194
Author(s):  
PAUL A. DI SANT'AGNESE
Keyword(s):  
Booster Dose ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Tetanus Antitoxin ◽  
The Third ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Diphtheria Antitoxin ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
One Year

Additional serologic studies are presented of a group of newborn infants whose antibody production following combined prophylactic inoculation against tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis was reported in a previous paper. Duration of Antibody Titers: In the 10 months following the last injection of triple combined antigen a steady decline in diphtheria antitoxin titers was observed which was more marked in patients who had achieved high antibody levels. A similar decrease was found in the percentage of infants with high titers of tetanus antitoxin, but there were no cases whose tetanus antitoxin level dropped to less than the "protective" titer (0.1 unit/cc.). Progressive decrease in diphtheria and tetanus antitoxin titers with passage of time is in agreement with findings of others. After the third and last immunizing injection, a rapid initial decrease was noted in the number of patients with "protective" pertussis agglutinin titers (1:400 or higher); then a levelling off took place and no further change was noted in the next six months. On the other hand, a steady decline was found in the percentage of infants with "high" agglutinin levels (1:3200). To our knowledge this has not been observed before. The young age of our patients at the time of the basic injections may have been responsible for the findings. Antibody Titers After Booster Dose: One group of infants was reinjected at the age of six months (four months after the third and last immunizing injection), another group at one year of age (10 months after the last injection). All booster doses consisted of 0.5 cc. of the same triple combined antigen used in basic immunization. After booster a marked increase was noted in diphtheria antitoxin titers to a level higher than that observed following the basic immunizing injections. Tetanus antitoxin response was considered to have been equally good, although more difficult to evaluate because of the high antitoxin levels present before reinjection. In the case of pertussis agglutinins, it appeared as if there were a "ceiling" of about 60% of infants who could, even after reinjection, develop a "protective" agglutinin titer (1:400 or higher). A striking difference was observed in both pertussis agglutinin levels and diphtheria antitoxin titers achieved by infants reinjected at six months and one year of age. This was thought to be due to immaturity of the immune mechanisms in the younger age group. An added factor in the case of diphtheria antitoxin in some patients may have been the persistence of passive antibodies acquired transplacentally. Antibody titers also were determined six months after booster dose in the infants who had been reinjected at the age of six months. A marked decrease was observed in the percentage of patients with "protective" pertussis agglutinin titers and "high" (1.0 unit/cc.) diphtheria antitoxin levels. No reduction was noted in tetanus antitoxin titers. Effects of Passive immunity to Diphtheria on Active immunization with Diphtheria Toxoid: With only one exception, all infants tested after a booster dose had been administered between 6 and 12 months of age had "protective" diphtheria antitoxin titers (0.03 units/cc. or more). Active immunization against diphtheria was therefore considered to have been achieved in all cases (with one exception) despite the passively transmitted antitoxin present at birth in over half the cases. While passive diphtheria antitoxin present at birth did not prevent "sensitization" of the antibody-forming tissues to the diphtheria antigen, it did decrease significantly the amounts of antitoxin actively produced in response to basic inoculation. Reasons for the success of active diphtheria immunization in this series are discussed. Arguments against active immunization of mothers in pregnancy for protection of their offspring are considered.

ADENOVIRUS COMPLEMENT-FIXING ANTIBODY TITERS FROM BIRTH THROUGH THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-500
Author(s):  
Rosa Lee Nemir ◽  
Donna O'Hare ◽  
Stanley Goldstein ◽  
Charles B. Hilton
Keyword(s):  
Cytopathic Effect ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
First Year ◽  
Placental Barrier ◽  
Culture Studies ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
One Year ◽  
First Year Of Life

Complement fixing antibody titers to the adenoviruses were determined in 251 newborn infants, using cord blood. Approximately 95% of these were found to have CF titers of 1:16 or over, the majority (75%) were 1:32 or more. Material from the pharyngeal and rectal swabs of these infants on tissue culture studies (542) on HeLa and amnion cells showed no cytopathic effect in oven 96% of these infants. A longitudinal study of 114 of these infants was made at 3 months intervals; 67 have been observed for one year. At 3 months, only 12% still showed CF antibody titers, and these were chiefly at a low level, 1:16. At the subsequent 3-month interval observations, a gradual rise in CF antibodies were found. At one year of age, approximately 37% had titers of 1:32 on over. The findings of this report support the statement that CF antibodies to adenovirus pass the placental barrier. There is a gradual increase in the percentage of infants with positive CF antibodies after 3 months.

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