Domestic Terms of Trade and Public Policy for Agriculture in Pakistan

1985 ◽  
Vol 24 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 363-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarfraz K. Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Statistical System ◽  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Statistical Series ◽  
Complete Neglect ◽  
On Farm ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Distribution Of Income

Despite the crucial importance of information on intersectoral terms of trade in the formulation of a host of public policies, the official statistical system in Pakistan is yet to generate a statistical series of the terms of trade for the .agricultural sector on a regular basis. A number of views expressed on Pakistan's agriculture appear to be based either on results of studies that are now outdated, or on a complete neglect of the existing data that could be processed to calculate the terms-of. trade indices. This paper attempts to provide information on the movement of terms of trade for the agricultural sector for the period from 1951-52 to 1983-84. The impact of changes in terms of trade on farm output, distribution of income and efficient use of resources is also traced.

Intra-sectoral and Intersectoral Parity Issues in Pricing of Agricultural Crops: A Preliminary Analysis

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-417
Author(s):  
Sarfraz K. Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Price Determination ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Government ◽  
Distribution Of Income ◽  
Over Time

Intersectoral terms of trade play a cruc1al role in determining the sectoral distribution of income and resource allocation in the developing countries. The significance of intra-sectoral terms of trade for the allocation of resources within the agricultural sector is also widely accepted by research scholars and policy-makers. In the context of planned development, the government specifies production targets for the agricultural sector and for different crops. The intervention of government in the field of price determination has important implications for the achievement of planned targets. In Pakistan, there is a feeling among many groups including farmers and politicians with a rural background that prices of agricultural crops have not kept their parities intact over time and that prices generally do not cover the costs of production. The feeling that production incentives for agriculture have been eroded is especially strong for the period since the early 1970s. It is argued that strong inflationary pressures supported by a policy of withdrawal of government subsidies on agricultural inputs have resulted in rapid increases in the prices paid by agriculturists and that increases in the prices received by farmers were not enough to compensate them for the rising prices of agricultural inputs and consumption goods.

scholarly journals Impact of agricultural supports on competitiveness of agricultural products

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 286-295
Author(s):  
Hasan Arisoy
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Vector Autoregression ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Var Model ◽  
Political Variable ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

The agricultural sector is being supported in Turkey, as well as in the world. The issue of competitiveness is observed in agriculture, despite supports. This study aims at investigating the impact of agricultural supports in Turkey on competitiveness of agricultural products. Vector autoregression (VAR) model has been adopted in the study. The internal terms of trade (TOT), percentage producer support estimate (PSE), and the producer nominal protection coefficient (NPC) variables have been included in the model. The internal terms of trade in Turkey have developed over time against the benefit of agricultural sector. PSE has had a significant impact on TOT. Therefore, the use of PSE as a political variable has been concluded as a significant. Means of support must be discussed in Turkey more than the amount of supports. In particular, supports that will provide farmers with competitive advantage and boost up product farmyard prices will be more efficient and beneficial for farmers.

scholarly journals Decupling as a mechanism for ensuring the reproduction of natural resource capital in the agricultural sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
V.V. Polyakov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resource ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Effective Mechanism ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Individual Enterprise ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Reproduction Activity

Natural resource capital is the most important tool in the process of reproduction activity of both enter-prises and all sectors of national economy. Therefore, the impact of the economic component, which ensures the formation of an effective mechanism for the reproduction of such resource capital is of crucial importance in the overall system of socio-economic development of the country. The dynamism of this process is about the progressive development of economy which must ensure the increasing role of natural resource capital in the formation of effective activities of all sectors of the national economy as a whole, including every individual enterprise, regardless the emerging forms of owner-ship. In this regard, the influence of decupling on the formation of a mechanism for the effective reproduction of natural resource capital in the specific agricultural sector becomes extremely important.

scholarly journals THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF SELECTION OF AGROINNOVATIVE PROJECTS ON THE BASIS OF THEIR RISK ASSESSMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 288 (6) ◽  
pp. 261-265
Author(s):  
L. Tesheva ◽  
◽  
V. Hryshchenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Inclusive Development ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Qualitative Risk Assessment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

The focus on the simultaneous solution of social, economic and environmental problems allows to form programs of sustainable and inclusive development, which should be based on innovative projects that provide more efficient use of resources with higher returns, increase productivity, increase the level of intellectualization of production. A special feature of innovative projects is their high level of risk. This has a decisive influence on management decisions regarding their implementation. That is why risk assessment of innovative projects occupies a special place in the field of economic research. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the theoretical and methodological principles of selection of innovative projects by the subjects of the agricultural sector of the economy on the basis of the proposed methods of assessing their risk. It has been established that one of the key aspects of comparing projects and portfolios is risk consideration. The list of risk groups of innovative projects is established. It is proposed to use evaluation by quantitative methods (statistical, analytical, cost-effectiveness method, normative method) and qualitative (impact analysis, probability of loss analysis, expert method). As a result of evaluation, data sets are formed for each individual project, which include the values of quantitative indicators of the effects of agroinnovation, ranking values for qualitative parameters of achieving benefits, quantitative values of risks and integral value for qualitative risk assessment determined using fuzzy sets. The process of assessing the impact of risks on the qualitative parameters of the effects of the implementation of agro-innovative projects and the procedure for assessing the generalized impact of risks on all qualitative parameters on the project using the fuzzy set method are detailed. The implementation of the developed algorithm allows to ensure a synergistic effect from the interaction of agro-innovative projects in the process of ensuring the innovative development of the agricultural sector of Ukraine’s economy.

Digitalization and digital platform in the economic development of the agricultural sector

Ekonomika APK ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 314 (12) ◽  
pp. 67-73
Author(s):  
Liubov Vodianka ◽  
Tetiana Yurii
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Digital Platform ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of the article is to reveal the modern significance of digitalization and digital platforms for the economic development of the subjects of the agricultural sector of the economy. Research methods. The following methods were used in the research process, in particular: abstract-logical method (when studying the theoretical foundations of digitalization of the economy), monographic (to clarify the essence of the relevant categories), comparative analysis (when studying the level of digitalization of agricultural holdings «Dream» and «Svarog West Group») economic-statistical (in identifying trends and patterns of development of the state economy), illustrative (for a visual representation of the digital platform of agriculture), as well as methods of systematic approach, grouping and generalization, other methods in the field of economic research. Research results. The need to use a digital platform, especially for small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises, has been identified. In particular, this system will allow: public authorities (to make a plan of visits and yields; to report on the allocation of subsidies, as well as their use; to conduct a financial audit for each enterprise; to assess the competitive advantages of each enterprise; enterprises (to analyze data from weather stations; to study information on the condition of soils; choose crops for sowing; assess the risks of crop loss; obtain data on climatic risks). Scientific novelty. Theoretical provisions on the impact of digitalization of the economy on agricultural production and the need for digitalization of production and economic processes have been further developed. Practical significance. As a result of the implementation of the proposed digital platform in agriculture, the following benefits will be obtained: increased crop yields; the field planning system will improve; reduce production costs based on efficient use of resources and science-based approaches Figs.: 1. Refs.: 17.

Tax policy and farm capital investment: Section 179 expensing and bonus depreciation

2016 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M Williamson ◽  
Sarah Stutzman
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Cost Recovery ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Bonus Depreciation ◽  
On Farm ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to estimate the impact of Internal Revenue Code cost recovery provisions – Section 179 and “bonus depreciation” – on farm capital investment. Design/methodology/approach – The authors construct a synthetic panel of data consisting of cohorts of similar farms based on state and production specialization using the USDA’s Agricultural Resource Management Survey for years 1996-2012. Employing panel data methods, the authors are able to control for time-invariant fixed effects, as well as the effects of past investment on current investment. Findings – The authors estimate statistically significant investment demand elasticities with respect to the Section 179 expensing deduction of between 0.28 and 0.50. A change in bonus depreciation, on average, had little impact on capital investment. Practical implications – The estimates suggest there is a modest effect of the cost recovery provisions on investment overall, but a stronger effect on farms that have more than $10,000 in gross cash farm income. There are other implications for the agricultural sector: the provisions may encourage technology adoption with its associated benefits, such as reduced cost of production and improved conservation practices. On the other hand, the policy could contribute to the growing concentration in production as large commercial farms expand their operated acreage to take advantage of increasingly efficient physical capital. Originality/value – To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first research to use a nationally representative dataset to estimate to impact of Section 179 and “bonus depreciation” on farm investment. The findings provide evidence of the provisions’ impact on farm capital purchases.

scholarly journals Development of information supplement of reporting forms as an effective way of business management

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4(61)) ◽  
pp. 6-14
Author(s):  
Anna Hevchuk ◽  
Liudmyla Shevchuk
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Business Management ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Information Support ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Impact

The object of research is the information support of settlement operations as an effective way of business management to minimize risks and their consequences in the agricultural sector in today's global economy. This study is due to the lack of accounting practices, namely the low informativeness of reporting forms for business management, which needs to be improved in terms of settlement operations, which should be aimed at the efficient use of resources by agricultural companies. The analysis of the current state of reporting as information support of business management calculations is carried out. It is determined that the internal and financial reporting does not contain sufficient information on the settlement operations of business units, especially taking into account the emergence of new settlement instruments and a system of support for their implementation, including agricultural receipts. The use of agricultural receipts as a new financial calculation tool and an alternative mechanism for agribusiness lending requires informational reporting, which allows to increase the efficiency of management decisions. The study used the stages of modeling the calculation management process for users. For their implementation, the main directions for supplementing the content and components of financial statements f. No. 1 «Balance Sheet» (Statement of Financial Position) and f. No. 5 «Notes to the annual financial statements» are suggested. Management reporting is proposed, namely «Report on the status of settlements within accounts payable» and «Report on the status of settlements within accounts receivable». As well as the development of Section 4 «Risk Report» and Section 5 «Liquidity and Liabilities» of the Management Report. This provides an opportunity to generate useful, objective and relevant information adapted to the taxonomy of financial reporting (according to international financial reporting standards) in Ukraine. This information will assist company management, current and potential investors, lenders and other lenders in making effective management decisions. Compared to similar known methods, the proposed approaches allow to effectively manage the business, providing a high level of control over the state of settlements. The received information support will allow to minimize losses through the impact on risks due to the predictability of their potential consequences, which will contribute to the observance of financial independence and development of the agricultural sector.

Modelling the impact of declining Australian terms of trade on the spatial distribution of income

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yogi Vidyattama ◽  
Maheshwar Rao ◽  
Itismita Mohanty ◽  
Robert Tanton
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Distribution Of Income

scholarly journals Farmers’ strategic responses to competitive intensity and the impact on perceived performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jozefine Nybom ◽  
Erik Hunter ◽  
Eric Micheels ◽  
Martin Melin
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Intensity Increase ◽  
Strategic Responses ◽  
Competitive Intensity ◽  
Perceived Performance ◽  
Equation Modelling ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
On Farm ◽  
The Impact

AbstractA large percentage of small- and medium-sized farms have ceased operations in the last 2 decades in part due to their inability to respond to increased competitive intensity. Consequently, the strategic responses farmers adopt to competitive intensity are important to understand as they may influence performance and ultimately their survival. Based on a sample of 388 randomly selected farmers in Sweden and using structural equation modelling, we find that as perceptions of competitive intensity increase, so does their market orientation (MO) and lean production orientation (LPO), but not entrepreneurial orientation (EO). Moreover, we find that farmers who indicate greater (in order of importance) MO and LPO report better overall performance, while increased EO surprisingly contributes negatively to performance. Our findings contribute to the limited body of research on strategic responses to competitive intensity in the agricultural sector and subsequent payoff on farm performance.

Relative Price Changes and Industrialization in Pakistan: 1951-1964

1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 408-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Lewis, Jr. ◽  
S. Mushtaq Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Relative Price ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Two Sectors ◽  
Distribution Of Income

The terms of trade between the agricultural and industrial sectors in developing countries have received considerable attention in the general literature on economic development. The terms of trade are important determinants of the distribution of income between the two sectors, as well as the capacity for saving (particularly in the manufacturing sector) and incentives to produce and sell (particularly in the agricultural sector). In Pakistan, the terms of trade of the agricultural sector are alleged to have been depressed to benefit the growth of industrial sector. Considerable opposition to increased taxation of the agricul¬tural sector has been based on the assertion that that sector is already "taxed" for the benefit of the industrial sector through the terms of trade. Current official interpretation [11] of the "saving strategy" that the country followed in the 1950's indicates that the terms of trade were important in transferring income from the low-saving sector (agriculture) to the high-saving sector (manufac¬turing). As yet, however, there had been no empirical study of the facts of the Pakistan experience.

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