Evidence for the extracellular delivery of influenza NS1 protein

We constructed a reporter influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 virus expressing truncated 124aa N-terminal NS1 protein fused to a luciferase reporter sequence (NanoLuc) without signal peptide. The reproduction activity of the vector correlated well with the luminescent activity in the lysates of infected cell cultures or mouse respiratory organ suspensions. Surprisingly, we found that luciferase enzymatic activity was present not only in the intracellular compartments but also in cell culture supernatants as well as in the sera or bronchiolar lavages of infected mice. This fact allowed us to formulate a working hypothesis about the extracellular delivery mechanism of the NS1 protein. To test this idea, we conducted co-transfection experiments in Vero cells with different combinations of plasmids encoding influenza genomic segments and chimeric NS1-NanoLuc encoding plasmid. We found that the emergence of the luciferase reporter in the extracellular compartment was promoted by the formation of the ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) from the co-transfection of plasmids expressing PB1, PB2, PA, and NP proteins. Therefore, influenza NS1 protein may be delivered to the extracellular compartment together with the nascent RNP complexes during the maturation of virus particles.

Decupling as a mechanism for ensuring the reproduction of natural resource capital in the agricultural sector

Natural resource capital is the most important tool in the process of reproduction activity of both enter-prises and all sectors of national economy. Therefore, the impact of the economic component, which ensures the formation of an effective mechanism for the reproduction of such resource capital is of crucial importance in the overall system of socio-economic development of the country. The dynamism of this process is about the progressive development of economy which must ensure the increasing role of natural resource capital in the formation of effective activities of all sectors of the national economy as a whole, including every individual enterprise, regardless the emerging forms of owner-ship. In this regard, the influence of decupling on the formation of a mechanism for the effective reproduction of natural resource capital in the specific agricultural sector becomes extremely important.

New data on the reproductive activity of Mugil cephalus L. from Algerian coast

The aim of this study was to provide additional insight into the reproductive activity of Mugil cephalus L. along the Algerian coast. All specimens were sampled from local commercial fisheries from January 2017 to January 2018. The reproductive period and the size at first sexual maturity were determined. Our results show that the males reach sexual maturity at smaller lengths (28.8 cm) than females (34.5 cm) and that sex ratio is female-skewed (63% vs 37%). The peak of reproductive activity took place from August to October, and spawning took place in November. Sexual rest occurred during subsequent months with a tendency of fattening from December to April. The seasonal evolution of the gonadosomatic index suggests that M. cephalus breeds from August to October. The analysis of the evolution of hepatosomatic index and Fulton’s K apparently reveal no contribution of liver and muscle tissues to the reproduction activity of this species. The high fecundity estimated could be considered a reproductive strategy to maximise the survival of juveniles.

Development of a suitable manufacturing process for production of a bioactive recombinant equine chorionic gonadotropin (reCG) in CHO-K1 cells

Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) is a heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone produced by pregnant mares that has been used to improve reproduction activity in different types of livestock. Several strategies to produce the hormone in a recombinant way have been reported; nevertheless, none approach has been able to produce a recombinant eCG (reCG) with significant in vivo bioactivity or in sufficient quantities for commercial purposes. For this reason, the only current product available on the market consists of partially purified preparations from serum of pregnant mares (PMSG). Herein, we describe a highly efficient process based on third-generation lentiviral vectors as delivery method for the production of reCG in suspension CHO-K1 cells, with productivities above 20 IU.106 cell-1.d-1 and 70% purification yields after one purification step. Importantly, reCG not only demonstrated biological activity in bovine cattle but also this bioactivity appeared to be higher than PMSG, since 140 IU of reCG were needed to exert the same biologic effect in an ovulation synchronization protocol compared to 400 IU of PMSG. The results obtained show that the developed strategy represents an attractive option to produce reCG and constitutes an auspicious alternative for the replacement of animals as a source of PMSG.

The Ecological Adaptive Significance Of Littoraria scabra For Their Survivorship In Extreme Mangrove Environment Of Tombariri

This research was found the ecological adaptive significance for their survivorship in mangrove microhabitat was as follow resting place, avoiding high tide, finding food, lying larvae, avoid sunshine, and hiding from predators. Significance of clumped distribution was taken to reduce drying stress, temperature, fallen from substrate against wave strikes, feeding and reproduction activity, suitable habitat. Significance of population abundance to balance strong predation and response to pressure of nature selection for their survivorship. Key Words : Littoraria scabra, significance, ecology, survival, and mangrove ABSTRAKPenelitian ini menemukan bahwa signifikansi ekologi Littoraria scabra untuk survival di mikrohabitat mangrove Tombariri yang ekstrim adalah sebagai berikut berfungsi sebagai tempat istirahat, menghindari perendaman air, mencari makanan, meletakkan larva, menghindar cahaya dan bersembunyi dari predator-predator. Signifikansi L. scabra distribusi spasial mengelompok untuk mereduksi stres kekeringan, suhu, terlepas di substrat akibat gelombang, aktivitas makan, reproduksi, kecocokan habitat. Signifikansi distibusi mengelompok dengan populasi tinggi untuk mengimbangi kuatnya predasi serta merespons tekanan seleksi alam yang kuat demi kelangsungan hidupnya. Kata Kunci : Littoraria scabra, signifikansi, ekologi, survival dan mangrove

New Approach for Bio-Economic Integrated Management in Sheep Growth

A rising of sheep flocks represents one of the economical procedure imposed to be solved every one year, in the generations’ succession, through a judicious organizing of a complex reproduction activity, of breeding, of exploiting, of improvement and economical analyzing. A consequence of unspecified disease of this specie is the morbidity and the losses, generated by the infringement breeding exploiting conditions, adding the parasitical diseases, especially these linked to the lawns. This work suggests to be a radiography of the actions connected to breeding and exploiting the sheep on family farm conditions. The scientific management of production process is supposed to know the results of the activiyies of the assembly factors, which influence in a positive or a negative way the economic efficiency level, regarding the irrational leading of all the actions made to obtain a maximum economic efficiency.

Studi Kebiasaan Makanan Kerang Pokea (Batissa violacea var celebensis, von Martens 1897) Saat Penambangan Pasir di Sungai Pohara Sulawesi Tenggara

ABSTRAKSungai Pohara merupakan sungai dengan kondisi produktivitas berfluktuasi yangdisebabkan oleh aktivitas penambangan pasir. Kondisi ini dapat mempengaruhi kualitasdan kuantitas makanan kerang pokea yang mendiami segmen muara sungai ini.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui komposisi jenis makanan berdasarkan jeniskelamin, ukuran, spasial dan temporal di Sungai Pohara Sulawesi Tenggara. Penelitiandilakukan di Sungai Pohara selama setahun dari bulan Maret 2007- Februari 2008.Sampel pokea diambil dalam berbagai kelas ukuran sebanyak 20 ekor per stasiun dalamsebulan selama setahun. Selanjutnya sampel lambung diamati di bawah mikroskop dandiindetifikasi menggunakan buku Mizuno dan Edmonson. Data dianalisis secara semikuantitatif melalui persentase komposisi makanan dari Indeks Bagian Terbesar. Hasilpenelitian menunjukkan bahwa indeks bagian terbesar dalam lambung pokea jantan danbetina adalah detritus. Pada daerah tanpa penambangan pasir ditemukan jenis makanandari kelompok plankton lebih besar dibanding daerah dengan penambangan pasir. Indeksbagian terbesar pada lambung pokea didominasi jenis makanan plankton pada bulanAgustus dan September seiring aktivitas reproduksi (kematangan dan pemijahan). Kerangpokea pada kelas ukuran lebih kecil lebih banyak memfilter makanan dari jenis planktondan terus mengalami perubahan jenis makanan pada ukuran yang lebih besar yang lebihbanyak memanfaatkan detritus. Komposisi makanan kerang pokea mengalami perubahanseiring dengan perubahan spasial (aktivitas penambangan pasir), temporal dan pergeserankelas ukuran.Kata kunci : kerang, pokea, kebiasaan makanan, penambangan pasir, sungai pohara ABSTRACTFluctuated production of Pohara river is a real condition due to sand mining activity. Thiscondition can prominently affect the quality and quantity of food of pokea shellfish. Thisresearch was done to know species composition of prey based on sex, size, spacial dantemporal of Pohara river, south east Sulawesi. A full one year (Mart 2007 to February2008) research was conducted in Pohara river. Samples of 20 individual of pokea shellfishfor each station were obtained monthly. Gastrict samples of shellfish were observed undermicroscope and identified based on the books of Mizumo and Edmonson. Data wereanalized semi quantitative by mean of composition percentage of food for the highest partindex.. The results showed that the highest part index in gastric of male and female pokeashellfish was detritus. In the non sand mining area was found food in group of planktonwere much more compared to it from the mining area. During the months of August toSeptember, the highest part index of food in pokea gastric were dominated by plankton.This could be caused by the reproduction activity. The small size of pokea shellfish tend to feed plankton much more than the larger size of pokea which feed of much detritus.Food composition of pokea shellfish tends to change as the changes of spacial (sandmining activity), temporal, and size of shellfish.Key words : shellfish, pokea, feeding activity, and mining, pohara river