scholarly journals An Estimate of the Shadow Wage Rate in Pakistan

1974 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahrukh Rafi Khan
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Social ◽  
Minimum Wage Legislation ◽  
Benefit Cost

In the past few years, increasing attention has been given to the methods by which investments in developing countries should be appraised. Benefit-cost analyses, based on market prices and costs, do not indicate whether an investment would be profitable from a social point of view. The methods of project evaluation developed in the past decade suggest ways in which private costs and benefits can be adjusted to reflect positive or negative externalities and to eliminate the effects of distorting taxes and subsidies which influence private decisions but which do not affect an investment's fundamental economic value. One item in an investment's cost for which the market value is widely believed to be unrepresentative of its social value is labour. Much of develop¬ment theory has been built around the notion that labour is misallocated, largely because it is mis-priced. Urban labour commands a wage above its equilibrium price because of the effects of unions, minimum wage legislation and other institutional rigidities. For institutional reasons as well, rural labour is paid a wage which is in excess of its marginal contribution to agricultural output. Determining the social opportunity cost of labour is consequently essential to the proper evaluation of investment in both rural and urban areas.

scholarly journals Design of a Development Index for Spanish Municipalities

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 8910
Author(s):  
Ana Nieto Masot ◽  
Gema Cárdenas Alonso ◽  
Ángela Engelmo Moriche
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Diversity ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Variables

Currently, the demographic vacuum and poor development suffered by most areas of Spain are some of the most worrying issues from a territorial point of view, which is why this study is necessary. In this paper, the objective is to create a Development Index with which to study the different realities of rural and urban spaces through demographic and socioeconomic variables of the Spanish municipalities. Principal Component Analysis is carried out, with whose results the index has been prepared. This is then explored with a Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis. The results show that most developed Spanish municipalities and most of the population are concentrated in coastal areas and in the main cities of the country. In opposition, there are interior rural areas with less developed municipalities at risk of disappearance due to their increasing ages and levels of depopulation. Thus, in this paper, new variables and methods are used in the study of the social and economic diversity of rural and urban areas, verifying the inequality that still exists between both.

Literacy and Education: Fifth Release From the 1961 Census of Pakistan (Review Article)

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 424-442
Author(s):  
Jamila Akhtar
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Interim Report ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The Past ◽  
Review Articles ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Age And Sex

This review of the Literacy and Education Bklletin1 of the 1961 Census is fourth in the series of review articles published in this journal2. The Bulletin under review forms a part of the interim report on the characteristics of the population of Pakistan. It gives information on the number of illiterate and literate persons by age and sex for rural and urban areas on division and district basis; illiterate and literate.population in selected cities and towns; and the educational levels attained by the literate population by age and sex for divisions and districts. Relevant statistical notes and statements precede the tables in the Bulletin. The objective of this review is to describe the meaningfulness and significance of literacy statistics. To this end, a distinction is made between formal and functional levels of literacy. Comparisons of the 1951 and 1961 census figures are undertaken to indicate the progress of literacy and education during the past decade with reference to the effect of intercensal rate of population growth on such progress. Certain questions regarding the reliability of data are raised, which emphasize the need for caution in the interpretation of literacy statistics.

Building the New Socialist Countryside: Tracking Public Policy and Public Opinion Changes in China

2016 ◽  
Vol 226 ◽  
pp. 456-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Stepan ◽  
Enze Han ◽  
Tim Reeskens
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Social

AbstractEver since the introduction of the national political programme of “Building a new socialist countryside” (BNSC) in the early 2000s, renewed focus has been cast on how the Chinese government manages the gap between its rural and urban areas in the new millennium. Previous research has mostly studied the social and political consequences of the BNSC initiative without paying particular attention to its effects on public opinion. In this article, we present an analysis of the 2002 and 2008 waves of the mainland China subset of the Asian Barometer. Our results show a significant shift in the perceptions of the rural population in respect to how much impact government policies have on daily life. This shift brings rural perceptions more in line with those of the urban population in 2002. The paper concludes with the implications of our findings for the study of the relations between public opinion and public policy in China.

scholarly journals Transport Mode Choice for Commuting: Evidence from India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Chandrasekhar ◽  
Ajay Sharma ◽  
Sumit Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mode Choice ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Seemingly Unrelated Regression ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Transport Mode ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Unrelated Regression ◽  
Available Information

Using the first ever available information in Census of India 2011, covering 640 sub-national units (districts) in India, we analyze the correlates of modes of transport used by non-agricultural workers at the regional level covering both rural and urban areas. Providing a holistic picture from the perspective policy and academic perspective, we bring out some key stylized facts. Further, using the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) estimation, we model the transport mode choice for commuting by the workers in the context of rural and urban India, and further extend it based on distinction in motorized and non-motorized transport modes. We find that urbanization level, population size and density along with education attainment and worker’s sex ratio (gender ratio among workers), age (elderly) and land use mix play very important role in regional pattern in transport mode choice for commuting. These results highlight the dire need for proper development of transport infrastructure and understanding its various dimensions from socio-economic, demographic and spatial point of view in the context of developing countries.

Estimates of fertility and infant and child mortality for Lae urban area of Papua New Guinea: a comparative analysis

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-148
Author(s):  
William K. A. Agyei
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Infant And Child Mortality

SummaryData collected on fertility, mortality and family planning in two surveys in Papua New Guinea are presented. The first survey was conducted in rural and urban areas between November 1979 and March 1980 in eight provinces of Papua New Guinea, and the second between late June and early July 1981 in the Lae urban area. The unadjusted total fertility rates suggest that fertility is lower in the Lae urban area than in the rural and provincial urban areas. However, the adjusted rates indicate that fertility is higher in the provincial urban areas than in the rural and Lae urban areas. The results also confirm a trend towards lower infant and child mortality over the past 15 years, as well as the existence of moderate differentials between rural, provincial urban and the Lae urban areas.

scholarly journals Times of Continuity and Development. Visions of the Future among Agro-Pastoral Children and Young People in Southern Ethiopia

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Maurus
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
National Development ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Future ◽  
The One

This article explores how children and young people from agro-pastoral societies in southern Ethiopia imagine their future. Children and young people who have not been going to school, as well as students in rural and urban areas, imagine their future differently. Their visions of the future can be located on a continuum between a future life as agro-pastoralists on the one end, and life in town with a job as an employee on the other. Where a person’s vision is located on this continuum depends on the influences he or she has experienced from school and town life. My analysis shows how, through the influence of schooling, young people’s concept of time shifts from a cyclical one, concentrated on the reproduction of the social world, towards a linear one, focused on personal and “national” development.

scholarly journals FENOMENA NOMOPHOBIA PADA ANAK USIA DINI BERDASARKAN TIPOLOGI WILAYAH DAN HUBUNGANNYA TERHADAP PERILAKU PROSOSIAL DAN ANTISOSIAL

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (01) ◽  
pp. 91-107
Author(s):  
Dian Novita ◽  
Kenty Martiastuti
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
T Test ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Social ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi fenomena nomophobia pada anak usia dini di wilayah perdesaan dan perkotaan, menganalisis perbedaan perilaku nomophobia dan perilaku sosial antara kedua wilayah, serta menganalisis hubungan perilaku nomophobia terhadap perilaku sosial. Penelitian ini dilakukan di dua wilayah yaitu di Kabupaten Kuningan (representatif wilayah perdesaan) dan Kota Depok (representatif wilayah perkotaan) dengan responden masing-masing sebanyak 50 orang, sehingga total responden adalah 100 orang. Data yang dikumpulkan dari penelitian ini adalah perilaku nomophobia yang menggunakan instrumen NMP-Q (Yildirim,2015) dan perilaku sosial diukur berdasarkan dimensi yang dikembangkan oleh Hurlock (1978) yang terdiri atas perilaku prososial dan antisosial. Melalui uji independent sample t-test, hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan signifikan pada perilaku nomophobia antara wilayah perdesaan dan perkotaan. Skor rata-rata perilaku nomophobia di perdesaan adalah 35,61 sedangkan di perkotaan adalah 35,72 yang termasuk kategori rendah. Perilaku sosial di kedua wilayah sebagian besar menunjukkan kategori tinggi (64%) dan tidak ada perbedaan perilaku sosial secara umum baik di perdesaan maupun perkotaan. Hasil uji korelasi menunjukkan tidak adanya hubungan signifikan antara perilaku nomophobia dan perilaku sosial namun koefisien korelasi negatif yaitu -0,085 menjadi indikasi bahwa semakin tinggi perilaku nomophobia maka akan semakin rendah perilaku sosial anak usia dini. Hal ini perlu mendapat perhatian bersama, mengingat dampak buruk yang dapat ditimbulkan dari adanya fenomena nomophobia terutama pada anak usia dini. Kata Kunci: anak usia dini, nomophobia, perilaku sosial   Nomophobia Phenomenons in Early Childhood based on Regional Typology and       Its Relationship to Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviors Abstract This study aims to identify the phenomenon of nomophobia in early childhood in rural and urban areas, to analyze differences in nomophobic behavior and social behavior between the two regions and to analyze the relationship between nomophobic behavior and social behavior. This research was conducted in two areas, namely Kuningan District (rural area representative) and Depok City (urban area representative) with 50 respondents each, so that the total number of respondents was 100 people. The data collected from this study were nomophobic behavior using the NMP-Q instrument (Yildirim, 2015) and social behavior was measured based on the dimensions developed by Hurlock (1978) which consisted of prosocial and antisocial behavior. Through the independent samples t-test, it was found that the results of the study showed no significant difference in nomophobic behavior between rural and urban areas. The average score of nomophobic behavior in rural areas is 35,61, while in urban areas it is 35,72 which is in the low category. Most of the social behavior in the two regions shows the high category (64%) and there is no difference in social behavior in general, both in rural and urban areas. The results of the correlation test showed that there was no significant relationship between nomophobic behavior and social behavior, but the negative correlation coefficient, namely -0,085, is an indication that the higher the nomophobic behavior, the lower the social behavior of early childhood. This needs mutual attention, considering the bad effects that can be caused by the phenomenon of nomophobia, especially in early childhood. Keywords : early childhood, nomophobia, social behavior

The Socioeconomic World of Deuteronomy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra L. Richter
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Social Location ◽  
Persian Period ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sitz Im Leben ◽  
Academic Discussion

The question of the social location(s) of the book of Deuteronomy remains critical to the academic discussion of the book. The thesis of this chapter is that the economic features embedded in the book have much to contribute to the discussion. Toward this end, this chapter surveys the archaeologically reconstructed economies of Israel in the Iron Age and the Persian period, identifying diagnostic features of each in rural and urban areas, and juxtaposes those features to the contents of Urdeuteronomium (defined as Deut 4:44–27:26). There is particular attention to issues involving currency. The objective is to further refine the Sitz im Leben from which the book emerges.

An examination of factors contributing to student satisfaction in Armenian higher education

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nara Martirosyan
Keyword(s):  
Student Satisfaction ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
College Environment ◽  
Academic Experience ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Social ◽  
Ex Post Facto

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate factors that affect student satisfaction in college environment in Armenian Higher Educational Institutions (AHEIs). Design/methodology/approach – This study used an ex-post facto, non-experimental approach to investigate factors that affected student satisfaction in college environment in AHEIs. Data were collected through a self-reported questionnaire from students in nine public and three private institutions located in different rural and urban areas of Armenia. The sample consisted of 372 respondents from 12 institutions that geographically covered the whole country in order to have a comparatively complete picture. Factors investigated in relation to student satisfaction included: demographics, faculty services, academic experience, students support facilities, campus life, and social integration. Findings – The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software was used to analyze the data. Results of ANOVA indicated significant main effects for a number of demographic variables and student satisfaction. Multiple regression analysis indicated relationship between a number of selected satisfaction measurement dimensions and overall student satisfaction. This study was the first attempt to investigate factors that influence student satisfaction in college environment in Armenia. Research limitations/implications – Based on the findings of the study, recommendations were made to AHEIs for their consideration when addressing the needs of their students and any needed support services. Originality/value – This study was the first attempt to investigate factors that influence student satisfaction in college environment in Armenia.

scholarly journals Determinants of Preferences for Advertisement and Communication in the Promotion of Anti-Malaria Products in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kabiru K. Salami ◽  
Chinwe M. Onuegbu
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Malaria Prevention ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Social ◽  
Key Informant ◽  
Rural Dwellers ◽  
And Control

One of the strategies for promoting malaria prevention and control globally is advertisement of anti-malaria products. This study was designed to determine users’ preferences for style of advertisement and communication of anti-malaria products in Ibadan. Data collection involved twelve Key Informant Interviews and 500 copies of a questionnaire. Radio was the most preferred and most accessible medium of advert in both rural and urban areas. A large majority (86.4%) of rural dwellers preferred advertisements in form of speeches, house-to-house campaigns, face-to-face counselling and rallies. Whereas, advertisement in forms of drama (44.0%) and music (16.0%) were preferred by the urban dwellers. Results show that advertisements and communication programs on anti-malaria products do not relay messages on drug reaction and its treatment, and cost of anti-malaria products. Hence, advertisements and communicative programmes for controlling malaria would be more effective if the social and environmental factors influencing preferences for advertisement are put into consideration.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document