scholarly journals Recovery of Soil Transmitted Helminthes (STH) Ova from Diaper of Female Child

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Mazhar Ayaz ◽  
Yadong Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Female Child ◽  
Fecal Material ◽  
Tropical Countries ◽  
Parasitological Examination

Soil Transmitted Helminthes (STH) is always a problem in developing and under developed countries. Children are mostly prone to STH in tropical and non-tropical countries including Pakistan. We have observed ova of Ascaris and some non-descriptive objects in the parasitological examination of the fecal material of infant collected from diaper.

Bovine or equine faeces as sources of micro-organisms instead of rumen liquor in the Tilley and Terry in vitro digestibility technique for evaluating forages in Tanzania

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 172-172
Author(s):  
H. Whittall ◽  
E.J. Mtengeti ◽  
L.A. Mtenga ◽  
D.L. Romney ◽  
E. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Considerable Potential ◽  
Tropical Countries ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Hind Gut ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Consequent Improvement

Akhter et al.(1994) demonstrated bovine faeces to have considerable potential as a source of microorganisms to replace rumen liquor in the in vitro digestibility method of Tilley and Terry (1963) for evaluating temperate gramminaceous forages, under UK laboratory conditions. In view of the difficulties and costs of maintaining fistulated animals in tropical, less-developed countries, the present study was undertaken in Tanzania to investigate the potential of bovine faeces as a substitute for rumen liquor in the Tilley and Terry technique for evaluating local, gramminaceous forages. Use of equine faeces was also investigated in view of the prevalence of equines in some tropical countries. It was also hypothesised that equines, being hind-gut fermentors, would yield faeces containing more micro-organisms than faeces from bovines, with a consequent improvement in digestibility.

Exposure to schistosome eggs protects mice from TNBS-induced colitis

2003 ◽  
Vol 284 (3) ◽  
pp. G385-G391 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Elliott ◽  
Jie Li ◽  
Arthur Blum ◽  
Ahmed Metwali ◽  
Khurram Qadir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crohn’S Disease ◽  
Crohn's Disease ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mucosal Inflammation ◽  
Tropical Countries ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Contrast Exposure ◽  
Lymph Node Cells ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Th 1

Crohn's disease results from dysregulated T helper (Th)1-type mucosal inflammation. Crohn's disease is rare in tropical countries but prevalent in developed countries with temperate climates, in which its incidence rose after 1940. In contrast, exposure to helminthic parasites is common in tropical countries but is rare in developed countries. Helminthic parasites induce immunomodulatory T cell responses in the host. We hypothesize that immunomodulatory responses due to helminths may attenuate excessive Th1-type inflammation. To test that hypothesis, mice were exposed to eggs of the helminth Schistosoma mansoni and then challenged rectally with trinitrobenzesulfonic acid (TNBS) to induce colitis. Schistosome egg exposure attenuated TNBS colitis and protected mice from lethal inflammation. Schistosome egg exposure diminished IFN-γ and enhanced IL-4 production from αCD3-stimulated spleen and mesenteric lymph node cells of TNBS-treated mice. Schistosome egg exposure decreased colonic IFN-γ but increased IL-10 mRNA expression in TNBS-treated mice. Intact signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 was required for attenuation of colitis. Exposure to helminths can decrease murine colonic inflammation.

Education and Nutrition in the Colonies

Africa ◽  
1937 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 458-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Western Civilization ◽  
Tropical Countries ◽  
Colonial Empire ◽  
Opening Paragraph

Opening ParagraphI must make it clear at the outset that I do not profess to have any expert knowledge of nutritional questions, but I hope it will be agreed that it is riot necessary to have the knowledge of an expert in order to realize that there are vital differences between the problems of nutrition in highly developed countries of Western civilization and the tropical countries of which, in the main, the Colonial Empire consists. In these territories the bulk of the inhabitants are still living in conditions which are extremely primitive or backward.

scholarly journals Major Determinants of Female Child Labour in Urban Multan (Punjab-Pakistan)

1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karamat Ali ◽  
Abdul Hamid Abdul Hamid
Keyword(s):  
Formal Education ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Female Child ◽  
Child Labour ◽  
Working Children ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
To Come ◽  
The City ◽  
Security Structure

In recent years, the sensitive issue of child labour has received world-wide attention and has become the focus of serious discussion in developing as well as developed countries. Any exact information on child labour is usually hard to come by as most of the children work in the unorganised informal sector, which is neither regulated by labour laws nor is monitored by any organisation. These working children are usually illiterate and start working at a very early age, are inexperienced and vulnerable, they usually work long hours in deplorable conditions, have no medical cover, go without sufficient and proper food and clothing, and get little rest and recreation. In this paper, an attempt has been made to analyse the major causes of female child labour in the city of Multan and certain measures and policies have been suggested which could help in bringing an end to this inhumane practice. Legislation against child labour is not an ideal solution in a country such as Pakistan. The child labour phenomena is not as simple as it appears and needs consideration in the context of the microeconomics of the family and population growth and macroeconomics of the social security structure of a country, unemployment, underemployment, opportunity cost and productivity of formal education.

scholarly journals The Association between Air Temperature and Mortality in Two Brazilian Health Regions

Climate ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolmir Ercides Péres ◽  
Andreia F. S. Ribeiro ◽  
Ana Russo ◽  
Baltazar Nunes
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Distributed Model ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Tropical Countries ◽  
General Mortality

Air temperature, both cold and hot, has impacts on mortality and morbidities, which are exacerbated by poor health service and protection responses, particularly in under-developed countries. This study was designed to analyze the effects of air temperature on the risk of deaths for all and specific causes in two regions of Brazil (Florianopolis and Recife), between 2005 and 2014. The association between temperature and mortality was performed through the fitting of a quasi-Poisson non-linear lag distributed model. The association between air temperature and mortality was identified for both regions. The results showed that temperature exerted influence on both general mortality indicators and specific causes, with hot and cold temperatures bringing different impacts to the studied regions. Cerebrovascular and cardiovascular deaths were more sensitive to cold temperatures for Florianopolis and Recife, respectively. Based on the application of the very-well documented state-of-the-art methodology, it was possible to conclude that there was evidence that extreme air temperature influenced general and specific deaths. These results highlighted the importance of consolidating evidence and research in tropical countries such as Brazil as a way of understanding climate change and its impacts on health indicators.

Bovine or equine faeces as sources of micro-organisms instead of rumen liquor in the Tilley and Terry in vitro digestibility technique for evaluating forages in Tanzania

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 172-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Whittall ◽  
E.J. Mtengeti ◽  
L.A. Mtenga ◽  
D.L. Romney ◽  
E. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Considerable Potential ◽  
Tropical Countries ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Hind Gut ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Consequent Improvement

Akhter et al.(1994) demonstrated bovine faeces to have considerable potential as a source of microorganisms to replace rumen liquor in the in vitro digestibility method of Tilley and Terry (1963) for evaluating temperate gramminaceous forages, under UK laboratory conditions. In view of the difficulties and costs of maintaining fistulated animals in tropical, less-developed countries, the present study was undertaken in Tanzania to investigate the potential of bovine faeces as a substitute for rumen liquor in the Tilley and Terry technique for evaluating local, gramminaceous forages. Use of equine faeces was also investigated in view of the prevalence of equines in some tropical countries. It was also hypothesised that equines, being hind-gut fermentors, would yield faeces containing more micro-organisms than faeces from bovines, with a consequent improvement in digestibility.

Ultrastructural Study of Rat Colon Following Psyllium Ingestion

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 580-581
Author(s):  
F.G. Lightfoot ◽  
L.E. Grau ◽  
M.M. Cassidy ◽  
G.R. Tadvalkar ◽  
G.V. Vahouny
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Rat Colon ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽  
Luminal Surface ◽  
Fecal Material ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Morphologic Analysis ◽  
Irritable Bowel

Psyllium hydrophillic mucilloid is a natural gelling fiber consumed by a large population of our society. It is used as a bulk-producing laxative and in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders such as “Irritable Bowel Syndrome”. The literature pertaining to the ultrastructural effects of this agent is sparse.This study documents morphological changes induced by psyllium. Animals fed a diet containing 2% psyllium for four weeks were subsequently sacrificed and processed for scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The colon contained fecal material combined with psyllium which conformed to the contour of the luminal surface. This mixture formed surface replicas of the intestinal mucosa. These replicas and their related colonic sites were processed for morphologic analysis.

A Sensitive On-Grid Immunoelectron Microscopic Procedure for Diagnosis of Rotavirus Infection

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 506-507
Author(s):  
M. F. Miller ◽  
A. R. Rubenstein
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Immune Complexes ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Aggregation Process ◽  
Microscopic Technique ◽  
Fecal Material ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Number Of Particles

Studies of rotavirus particles in humans, monkeys and various non-primates with acute gastroenteritis have involved detection of virus in fecal material by electron microscopy. The EM techniques most commonly employed have been the conventional negative staining (Fig. 1) and immune aggregation (Fig. 2) procedures. Both methods are somewhat insensitive and can most reliably be applied to samples containing large quantities of virus either naturaLly or as a result of concentration by ultracentrifugation. The formation of immune complexes by specific antibody in the immune aggregation procedures confirms the rotavirus diagnosis, but the number of particles per given microscope field is effectively reduced by the aggregation process. In the present communication, we describe use of an on-grid immunoelectron microscopic technique in which rotavirus particles are mounted onto microscope grids that were pre-coated with specific antibody. The technique is a modification of a method originalLy introduced by Derrick (1) for studies of plant viruses.

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