scholarly journals Pemanfaatan Kompos Ela Sagu, Sekam Dan Dedak Sebagai Media Perbanyakan Agens Hayati Trichoderma harzianum Rifai.

Agrologia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Costanza Uruilal ◽  
A. Marthin Kalay ◽  
Elizabet Kaya ◽  
Adelina Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Biological Agents ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Effective Media ◽  
The Media ◽  
Sago Waste ◽  
Almost All

The use of biological agents to prevent the growth of plant diseases is aimed at decreasing the capability of particular pathogen, preventing their growth and spread, reducing the infection and intensity of pathogenic attack to main plants. Trichoderma harzianum is commonly found in almost all types of soil, and is one of fungi that can be used as biological agents to control plant pathogens.  Growth and development of this fungi are mostly influenced by factors such as temperature, light, air, and pH.  It is also dependents on other nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen and plain carbohydrate which are contained in sago waste (ela), bran and rice husk. The objective of this study is to find out the utilization of sago waste, bran and rice husk as media to multiply the biological agents T. harzianum. The result of this study showed that sago waste compost could  be used as a medium to multiply the antagonist T. harzianum; when appropriately mixed with bran and rice husk (1:1:1 v/v), sago waste composts would be an effective media to develop the T. harzianum fungus. This mixture is better compared to sago waste composts, husk, sago waste composts and bran, and sago waste composts and husk. It is doe to the fact that in the media number of spore of T. harzianum (7,08 x 109/mL) increased and colony characteristics was dense..

scholarly journals POTENSI AGENSIA HAYATI DALAM MENEKAN LAJU SERANGAN PENYAKIT BLAS (Pyricularia oryzae) PADA TANAMAN PADI

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Dian Eka Kusumawati ◽  
Istiqomah Istiqomah
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Biological Agents ◽  
Rice Cultivation ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Period Increase ◽  
Antagonistic Microorganisms

Blast disease is an important disease that affects many rice plants. Blasts can damage rice leaves (leaf blasts), nodes (node blasts), neck blasts, colar blasts and rice grains. Symptoms on the leaves are rhombic-shaped spots with a tapered tip. The center of the patch is gray surrounded by brown to reddish brown on the edge of the spot. The color of the spots at the beginning of the symptoms is white or gray, surrounded by green-brown. Based on market demand, agricultural products that are safe and healthy for consumers as well as environmentally friendly are increasing, therefore controlling plant pathogens by using antagonistic microorganisms is one of the ways that must be considered. A number of microbes have been widely tested and are quite effective in controlling plant pathogens. PGPR and Streptomyces are biological agents that are able to reduce the level of attack of plant diseases, especially in rice blast disease. This study used a comparative method between rice cultivation and biological agent applications and rice cultivation without biological agents or control plant applications. The results obtained indicate that the application of biological agents can reduce the percentage of disease severity, reduce the percentage of infected leaves, the biological agents are also able to extend the incubation period, increase plant height growth, number of tillers and also the number of grains per panicle.

scholarly journals Pemberdayaan Kelompok Tani Hortikultura di Lahan Pasir melalui Pemanfaatan Kayambang (Salvinia molesta) sebagai Trichokompos

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-375
Author(s):  
Rahmawati Budi Mulyani ◽  
Lilies Supriati ◽  
Melhanah Melhanah ◽  
Susi Kresnatita
Keyword(s):  
Control Plant ◽  
Biological Agents ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Mentoring Program ◽  
Salvinia Molesta ◽  
Horticultural Crop ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Trichoderma Sp ◽  
Farmer Groups

Lebak swamp weeds such as Kayambang (Salvinia molesta) grow abundantly. They can be used as compost, which effectively improves soil fertility, increasing nutrients N, P, and P K quickly and environmentally friendly. The effectiveness of compost fertilizer needs to be increased by adding indigenous microbes as decomposers and biological agents to control plant diseases. The activities carried out to empower horticultural farmer groups on sandy land in Tanjung Pinang Village, Palangka Raya are through socialization, training in composting with three types of antagonist fungus Trichoderma sp. (Trichocompost), facilitate the procurement of weed chopping machines, assist farmers in horticultural crop cultivation, and increase farmers' independence in self-supporting organic fertilizers. The use of Kayambang as Trichocompost with microbial decomposers and indigenous biological agents is new knowledge for partner farmers. The application of Trichocompost on the demonstration plots shows that eggplant plant growth and yields are excellent, meaning that Trichocompost can improve the fertility of sandy soils. Farmers participating in the training stated that the use of Trichocompost could reduce farming costs because it can substitute for manure that has been used by farmers and can meet the self-help needs of organic fertilizers. Participants wanted an advanced mentoring program because the farmers had not yet mastered the isolation or propagation of biological agents and decomposer microbes.

scholarly journals Actinomycetes, promising tools to control plant diseases and to promote plant growth

2005 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 85-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.L. Doumbou ◽  
M.K. Hamby Salove ◽  
D.L. Crawford ◽  
C. Beaulieu
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Soil Microbial Biomass ◽  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Promote Plant Growth ◽  
Growth Promoting

Actinomycetes represent a high proportion of the soil microbial biomass and have the capacity to produce a wide variety of antibiotics and of extracellular enzymes. Several strains of actinomycetes have been found to protect plants against plant diseases. This review focuses on the potential of actinomycetes as (a) source of agroactive compounds, (b) plant growth promoting organisms, and (c) biocontrol tools of plant diseases. This review also addresses examples of biological control of fungal and bacterial plant pathogens by actinomycetes species which have already reached the market or are likely to be exploited commercially within the next few years.

Morphological and molecular based identification of Antifungal bacillus licheniformis

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-35
Author(s):  
B Oyuntogtokh ◽  
M Byambasuren
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Licheniformis ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Bacillus Species ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Bacterial Cultures

At present, plant diseases caused by soil borne plant pathogens have major constraints on crop production. Which include genera Fusarium spp, Phytophtora spp, Sclerotinia and Altenaria. Due to this reason, chemical fungicides are routinely used to control plant disease, which is also true in Mongolian case. However, use of these chemicals has caused various problems including environmental pollution with consequence of toxicity to human health also resistance of some pathogens to these fungicides are present. Fortunately, an alternative method to reduce the effect of these plant pathogens is the use of antagonist microorganisms. Therefore, some species of the genus Bacillus are recognized as one of the most effective biological control agent.Our research was focused to isolate Bacillus licheniformis, with antifungal potential, from indigenous sources. In the current study, 28 bacterial cultures were isolated from soil and fermented mare’s milk also named as koumiss. Isolated bacterial cultures were identified according to simplified key for the tentative identification of typical strain of Bacillus species. As a result 8 strains were positive and further screened for antifungal activity against Fusarium spp and Alternaria solani. Out of these 8 strains 5 strains are selected based on their high effectiveness against fungal pathogens and for further confirmation Polymerase Chain reaction run for effective bacterial strains using specific primers B.Lich-f and B.Lich-r. 

Efficacy of Antagonists on mycelium growth and carpogenic germination of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on Indian mustard

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (02) ◽  
pp. 190-193
Author(s):  
Jhilmil Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Indian Mustard ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Pseudomonas Chlororaphis ◽  
Coniothyrium Minitans ◽  
Carpogenic Germination

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is a soil borne pathogen capable of infecting more than 400 host plants worldwide. It is a major pathogen that plays a crucial role in reducing the yield in economically important crops. The capability of sclerotia to survive for more than 4 years becomes very difficult to manage the crop from the infection of Sclerotinia rot fungus. Stem rot of indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and Cross] caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is potentially a serious threat in many mustard growing areas in India. Treatments of seeds and foliar spray with of fungicides applied at regular intervals are effective in reducing infection, but uses of chemicals are hazardous, harmful for beneficial micro-organisms. Biological control of plant pathogens offers an exciting opportunity to manage plant diseases. In the present study, the efficacy of four bio-agents, viz., Coniothyrium minitans, Aspergilus nidulans, Trichoderma harzianum, and Pseudomonas chlororaphis were evaluated for the control of stem rot of Indian mustard. Results on bio-efficacy of different bioagents, when evaluated under glass house condition, the Coniothyrium minitans was the most effective agent and caused highest reduction (64.7 %) in carpogenic germination of sclerotia followed by Aspergilus nidulans (52.5 %) and Trichoderma harzianum (48.8 %), over control while Pseudomonas chlororaphis (48.3 %) was at par with T. harzianum. All the bioagents showed significant reduction effective in controlling the disease. Similar results were achieved when bioagents tested on dual inoculated plates.

scholarly journals RNA interference approaches for plant disease control

BioTechniques ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 469-477
Author(s):  
Yen-Wen Kuo ◽  
Bryce W Falk
Keyword(s):  
Rna Interference ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Plant Disease Control

Plant diseases caused by a variety of pathogens can have severe effects on crop plants and even plants in natural ecosystems. Despite many effective conventional approaches to control plant diseases, new, efficacious, environmentally sound and cost-effective approaches are needed, particularly with our increasing human population and the effects on crop production and plant health caused by climate change. RNA interference (RNAi) is a gene regulation and antiviral response mechanism in eukaryotes; transgenic and non transgenic plant-based RNAi approaches have shown great effectiveness and potential to target specific plant pathogens and help control plant diseases, especially when no alternatives are available. Here we discuss ways in which RNAi has been used against different plant pathogens, and some new potential applications for plant disease control.

scholarly journals Use of Competitive Filamentous Fungi as an Alternative Approach for Mycotoxin Risk Reduction in Staple Cereals: State of Art and Future Perspectives

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Sarrocco ◽  
Antonio Mauro ◽  
Paola Battilani
Keyword(s):  
Filamentous Fungi ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Interference Competition ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Mycotoxigenic Fungi ◽  
Beneficial Fungi

Among plant fungal diseases, those affecting cereals represent a huge problem in terms of food security and safety. Cereals, such as maize and wheat, are very often targets of mycotoxigenic fungi. The limited availability of chemical plant protection products and physical methods to control mycotoxigenic fungi and to reduce food and feed mycotoxin contamination fosters alternative approaches, such as the use of beneficial fungi as an active ingredient of biological control products. Competitive interactions, including both exploitation and interference competition, between pathogenic and beneficial fungi, are generally recognized as mechanisms to control plant pathogens populations and to manage plant diseases. In the present review, two examples concerning the use of competitive beneficial filamentous fungi for the management of cereal diseases are discussed. The authors retrace the history of the well-established use of non-aflatoxigenic isolates of Aspergillus flavus to prevent aflatoxin contamination in maize and give an overview of the potential use of competitive beneficial filamentous fungi to manage Fusarium Head Blight on wheat and mitigate fusaria toxin contamination. Although important steps have been made towards the development of microorganisms as active ingredients of plant protection products, a reasoned revision of the registration rules is needed to significantly reduce the chemical based plant protection products in agriculture.

scholarly journals Natural gene drives offer potential pathogen control strategies in plants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald M. Gardiner ◽  
Anca Rusu ◽  
Luke Barrett ◽  
Gavin C. Hunter ◽  
Kemal Kazan
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
List Type ◽  
Gene Drive ◽  
Genetic Management ◽  
Pathogen Populations

SummaryGlobally, fungal pathogens cause enormous crop losses and current control practices are not always effective, economical or environmentally sustainable. Tools enabling genetic management of wild pathogen populations could potentially solve many problems associated with plant diseases.A natural gene drive from a heterologous species can be used in the globally important cereal pathogen, Fusarium graminearum, to remove pathogenic traits from contained populations of the fungus. The gene drive element became fixed in a freely crossing populations in only three generations.Repeat induce point mutation, a natural genome defence mechanism in fungi, may be useful to recall the gene drive following release, should a failsafe mechanism be required.We propose that gene drive technology is a potential tool to control plant pathogens.

Advances in screening approaches for the development of microbial bioprotectants to control plant diseases

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-86
Author(s):  
Wagner Bettiol ◽  
◽  
Flávio Henrique Vasconcelos de Medeiros ◽  
Josiane Barros Chiaramonte ◽  
Rodrigo Mendes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
Soil Rhizosphere ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Screening Approaches

The success of a biological control programme depends on the isolation and selection of antagonists. There is an enormous diversity of culturable microbial species in the soil, rhizosphere, phylloplane, spermosphere and carposphere, which can be used in the isolation and selection of antagonists. The structures of fungal plant pathogens concerned with survival and infection may also be sources of antagonists. Although non-culturable microorganisms and microbiome-based strategies have great potential for development as commercial products in disease control, more knowledge is needed to understand the mechanisms involved in interactions between plants and complex microbial communities. Methods of isolation and selection of the most commercially exploited groups of antagonists and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed in this chapter as well as those of non-traditional antagonists. Finally, possible strategies for engineering the soil and host microbiome to actively promote plant protection against pathogens are discussed.

scholarly journals The Role of the Xylem in Oxytetracycline Translocation within Citrus Trees

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 691
Author(s):  
Faraj Hijaz ◽  
Yasser Nehela ◽  
Fuad Al-Rimawi ◽  
Christopher I. Vincent ◽  
Nabil Killiny
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Citrus Industry ◽  
Elisa Kit ◽  
Therapeutic Value ◽  
Trunk Injection ◽  
Citrus Trees

Antibiotics have been successfully used to control plant diseases for more than fifty years. Recently, oxytetracycline and streptomycin have been approved for the treatment of Huanglongbing, which is threatening the citrus industry in many regions. Because the efficiency of antibiotics in planta is highly affected by their movement and distribution, understanding the mechanism of antibiotics’ uptake and distribution could lead to a better control of plant pathogens. Herein, we investigated the movement of oxytetracycline within citrus plants. Oxytetracycline was applied by root drenching to both girdled and non-girdled citrus seedlings. In addition, oxytetracycline was applied by trunk injection to girdled and non-girdled citrus trees. After the exposure time (24 h), citrus seedlings were dissected and the levels of oxytetracycline in the different tissues were measured using an oxytetracycline ELISA kit. Upon root application (laboratory experiment), oxytetracycline was detected in the inner part of the stem (xylem-associated tissue), cortex (phloem-associated tissue), and leaves above and below the girdled area. Likewise, oxytetracycline was also detected in leaves of trunk-injected field trees (girdled and non-girdled) three days post treatment. Interestingly, cortex girdling did not affect the distribution and translocation of oxytetracycline, indicating that the xylem is the main path for oxytetracycline translocation. Taken together, our results indicate that oxytetracycline translocation mainly occurs via xylem vessels, and that movement into the phloem occurs subsequent to xylem translocation. Our findings also clearly demonstrated that upon trunk injection, only trace levels of oxytetracycline reached the roots, minimizing its therapeutic value there. Thus, our recommendation is to time tree injections to coincide with the flushing periods when the bacteria are moving into new shoots to maximize the efficiency of oxytetracycline.

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