Dyeing of Jute Fabrics with Prodigiosin Produced from Sago Waste and their Applications

Synthetic dyes are hazardous to the environment and humans due to their toxic and recalcitrant nature. Hence, the present study attempts to produce eco-friendly dye from the sago industrial waste using S. marcescens SS1. The dye produced by the bacterial bioconversion of sago was characterized by GC-MS and obtained 13.423 acquisition time, which is similar to the standard prodigiosin. The effects of the dyeing parameters were optimized for Jute fabric using tannic acid as a pre mordant, the maximum uptake of dye was observed at 80 °C, pH 7, 60 mins with the K/S of 6.6. The minimum K/S value of 3.9 was observed at 65 °C, pH 3 in 45 min. Better colour fastness was observed in prodigiosin with mordant compared to without mordant. The antimicrobial activity of dyed fabric was tested against a few pathogenic bacteria and it showed maximum activity against P. aeruginosa. The dye extracted from S. marcescens SS1 prodigiosin was found to be an effective dyeing agent and also pose antimicrobial properties.

The Effect of Chemical Activating Agent on the Properties of Activated Carbon from Sago Waste

The effect of chemical activators on the properties of activated carbon from sago waste was conducted in this study by using ZnCl2, H3PO4, KOH, and KMnO4 chemical solutions. The carbonized sago waste was added to each chemical solution, boiled at 85 °C for 4 h, and heated at 600 °C for 3 h. The porosity, microstructural, proximate, and surface chemistry analyses were carried out using nitrogen adsorption with employing the Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) method and the Barret-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) calculation, scanning electron microscopy by using energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer, simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis system, and the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that the activated carbon prepared using ZnCl2 acid had the highest specific surface area of 546.61 m2/g, while the KOH activating agent surpassed other chemicals in terms of a refined structure and morphology, with the lowest ash content of 10.90%. The surface chemistry study revealed that ZnCl2 and KOH activated carbon showed phenol and carboxylate groups. Hence, ZnCl2 acid was suggested as activating agents for micropore carbon, while KOH was favorable to producing a mesopore-activated carbon from sago waste.

Effect of urea in steamed sago waste on rumen fermentation parameters in vitro tested

This study aims to determine urea’s effect in steamed sago waste on rumen fermentation parameters in vitro testing. Sago waste was dried for two days, discarded fibre sticks, steamed for 30 minutes, cooled and dried. Weighed 250 g of steamed sago waste, added urea with levels of 0%, 2%, 4% and 6%. Weighed 0.5 g of samples per treatments, inserted in fermentor tubes, added 10 ml buffer and 10 ml of rumen fluid (1:1). Fermentor tubes are inserted in waterbath with a temperature of 39°C, flowed with CO2 gas and covered with a valved rubber cover. For NH3 and VFA testing, incubation was carried out for 4 hours, while for DMD and OMD testing, incubation was carried out for 48 hours. The data obtained were analyzed using a completely random design with four urea level treatments (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%), with five replications. The results showed that increase of urea level up to 6%, increasing (P<0.01) NH3. The increase of urea level 2%, increasing (P<0.01) VFA, DMD and OMD. The increase of urea levels 4% and 6%, not significant effect on DMD and OMD, while at urea level 6%, decreasing (P<0.01) VFA. It can be concluded that urea was added in steamed sago waste, have an optimal effect on the rumen fermentation parameters at level 2–4%.

Performance of native chicken fed on ration containing fermented sago waste

The use of fermented sago waste (9 days incubation time) in the ration of native chicken is studied. 100 chicks of 7 days old native chicken were used. The experiment is being conducted in a completely randomized design in which the animals were divided into four treatments of ration. Each treatment was replicated five times. The experimental rations are: R0 (0% fermented sago waste), R1 (5% fermented sago waste), R2 (10% fermented sago waste) and R3 (15% fermented sago waste). Parameters measured were feed intake, feed conversion, body weight gain and carcass percentage. It appeared from this experiment that feeds intake were similar between birds. In grower birds, the use of fermented sago waste in the rations had no significant effect on feed intake. In both, starter and grower birds body weight gain was higher for birds consuming control ration than for those consuming ration with fermented sago waste. The use of 5 up to 15 percent fermented sago waste in the rations significantly affects feed conversion and carcass percentage in both, starter and grower birds.

Development of a Fluidized Bed Dryer for Drying of a Sago Bagasse

Sago is an essential source of starch for some regions in the third and developing world. However, the sago processing industry has been producing a large amount of sago waste, and the untreated waste is usually disposed to the nearest river. It not only leads to the environmental problem, but it is illegal under the Environmental Quality Act 1974. Since the sago waste still has high starch content, which is 58%, it can be converted to high value-added products such as poultry feed. However, before being converted to other products, the sago must be dried to remove the moisture content to prevent any bacteria growth and ensure safety health issues have been observed. Recently, drying of sago bagasse using a fluidized bed dryer (FBD) has gained attention since the dry rate of the material is considerably faster compared to other methods. Due to that reason, the drying of the sago bagasse in the FBD is studied using computational fluid dynamic as it can be executed in a short period of time compared to the experimental approach. The FBD model was developed using ANSYS© Fluent academic version 19.2. The effect of the hot air feed temperature; T=50, 60, 70, and 80°C and velocity of hot air feed; v=1-4 m/s on the sago’s behavior and performance of fluidization profile were studied. The simulation results showed that the high temperature and air feed velocity would result in a rapid drying rate. Besides, the optimum drying rate was at T=60°C with the v=4 m/s as these conditions give a shorter drying time to achieve of final 10% moisture content. It also has the added advantages of reducing the power energy and cost supply. These optimal conditions are very crucial and should be consider as the dried sago bagasse tend to be retrograded when a higher temperature is applied.

Effects of Pretreatment and Ratio of Solid Sago Waste to Rumen on Biogas Production through Solid-State Anaerobic Digestion

Solid sago waste is a potential source of producing renewable energy in the form of biogas. This study investigated the effects of solid sago waste particle size, biological pretreatment using a microbial consortium of lignocelluloses, pretreatment with NaOH, and the ratio between solid sago waste and cow rumen based on the biogas production rate. Several variations of these conditions were used to achieve this. The anaerobic digestion process was conducted over two months at 30.42 °C ± 0.05 °C, and the biogas production rate was measured every two days. The 1:1 ratio showed better results compared to the 2:1, because it allows the bacteria to achieve metabolic balance. The highest cumulative biogas production (27.91 mL/g TS) was generated when the sago waste underwent milling (±1 mm), pretreatment with 4% NaOH g/g TS, and treatment with microbial consortium 5% v/v at a 1:1 ratio of solid sago waste to the rumen.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Sagu Sebagai Bahan Pakan Ternak di Desa Pemakuan Laut, Sungai Tabuk, Kabupaten Banjar, Kalimantan Selatan

Sago plants can be used from leaves, fronds, and stems with the main product of sago starch from the stem. In the production process, the sago plants used are 7-8 years old. The productivity of sago palms in Pemakuan Laut village is around 200 kg starch/stem with a selling price of Rp. 3,500/kg in wet conditions and Rp. 7,500/kg of dry sago flour. Sago processing waste has not been utilized yet by the community even though the waste can still be used for other purposes such as animal feed, hardboard, fuel, plant growth media, and fertilizer. Sago waste is a problem in the Pemaku Laut village environment because the waste has accumulated while the location for disposing of it is limited. Therefore, in this community service activity training was carried out in making animal feed (poultry) using sago dregs. The method used is fermentation. From the activities carried out, it was known that all the participants had started to utilize sago dregs, but the preliminary process had not been carried out, the dregs were directly given to livestock. In this training, sago dregs processing is carried out using the fermentation process. From the training, it can be seen that the community already knows the process of processing the dregs before giving it livestock to increase its nutritional value.