scholarly journals Hydrogeological and Hydro Chemical Evaluation of Groundwater in Karbala Region Using Geographic Information System (GIS)

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (4A) ◽  
pp. 515-522
Author(s):  
Marwa S. Hussein ◽  
Imzahim A. Alwan ◽  
Tariq A. Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
System Modeling ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Unconfined Aquifer ◽  
Groundwater Table ◽  
Flow State ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Chemical Evaluation ◽  
Unsteady Flow Condition ◽  
High Production

The study area is located in the holy governorate of Karbala, Iraq; the research studied a predictive mathematical model of groundwater within Dibdiba Formation and by fifty (50) wells distributed randomly within the boundaries of the study area, all of them fall within the unconfined aquifer. Likewise, there is no component to direct the activity of these wells, where a mathematical model for the study area has been developed using the groundwater system modeling program (GMS v.10). The area was divided into a grid where the dimensions of a single cell ranged from 250m×250m. The model of the steady flow state was adjusted utilizing pressure driven conductivity extending from 9 to 15 m/day with a 0.15 storage coefficient to match the groundwater levels measured with the calculated groundwater table. The model was run for unsteady flow condition in the first scenario with fifty (50) wells and five (5) years. The drawdown in the groundwater tables ranged between (0.05-1.05) m. In the second scenario, the model was run after adding thirty-six (36) wells for five (5) years, groundwater limits 0.15-1.15 meters. The drawdown values are concentrated near wells sites, and the drawdown decline as we move away from the sites of these wells and this reflects the nature of the water reservoir located in the study area, which is characterized by high production where compensation resulting from the operation of the wells decline rapidly by the reservoir. Therefore, the values of the drawdown in elevations appeared very low. The study also showed the possibility of drilling additional wells in this area, depending on this model to benefit from them in the future for different uses.

Using groundwater levels and Specific Yield to Estimate the Recharge, South of Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Sherwan Sh. Qurtas
Keyword(s):  
Unconfined Aquifer ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Specific Yield ◽  
Aquifer System ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Monitoring Wells ◽  
Water Table Fluctuation Method ◽  
Recharge Estimation ◽  
Fluctuation Method

Recharge estimation accurately is crucial to proper groundwater resource management, for the groundwater is dynamic and replenished natural resource. Usually recharge estimation depends on the; the water balance, water levels, and precipitation. This paper is studying the south-middle part of Erbil basin, with the majority of Quaternary sediments, the unconfined aquifer system is dominant, and the unsaturated zone is ranging from 15 to 50 meters, which groundwater levels response is moderate. The purpose of this study is quantification the natural recharge from precipitation. The water table fluctuation method is applied; using groundwater levels data of selected monitoring wells, neighboring meteorological station of the wells, and the specific yield of the aquifers. This method is widely used for its simplicity, scientific, realistic, and direct measurement. The accuracy depends on the how much the determination of specific yield is accurate, accuracy of the data, and the extrapolations of recession of groundwater levels curves of no rain periods. The normal annual precipitation there is 420 mm, the average recharge is 89 mm, and the average specific yield is around 0.03. The data of one water year of 2009 and 2010 has taken for some technical and accuracy reasons.

The Seepage Pressure Distribution and the Capacity of Low-Permeability Reservoirs Gas

2013 ◽  
Vol 734-737 ◽  
pp. 1317-1323
Author(s):  
Liang Dong Yan ◽  
Zhi Juan Gao
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Pressure Distribution ◽  
Low Permeability ◽  
Flow State ◽  
Klinkenberg Effect ◽  
Gas Reservoirs ◽  
Gas Well ◽  
Seepage Pressure ◽  
Slippage Effect ◽  
Low Permeability Reservoirs

Low-permeability gas reservoirs are influenced by slippage effect (Klinkenberg effect) , which leads to the different of gas in low-permeability and conventional reservoirs. According to the mechanism and mathematical model of slippage effect, the pressure distribution and flow state of flow in low-permeability gas reservoirs, and the capacity of low-permeability gas well are simulated by using the actual production datum.

scholarly journals Formulated Mathematical Model for Delayed Particle Flow in Cascaded Sub-Surface Water Reservoirs with Validation on River Flow

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ombaki Richard ◽  
Kerongo Joash ◽  
Okwoyo M. James
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Time Delay ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Discrete Time ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Water Reservoirs ◽  
Discrete Time Delay ◽  
Mixing Problem

Pollution of sub-surface water reservoirs mainly rivers and streams through contaminated water point sources (CWPS) was studied. The objective was to formulate a discrete time delay mathematical model which describes the dynamics of reservoir pollution using mixing-problem processes that involve single species contaminants such as nitrates, phosphorous and detergents. The concentration  of pollutants was expressed as a function of the inflow and outflow rates using the principle for the conservation of mass. Systems of ODEs generated from principles of mixing problems were refined into a system of DDEs so that the concentration of pollutant leaving the reservoir at time would be determined at some earlier instant, for the delay. The formulated model is a mathematical discrete time delay model which would be used to describe the dynamics of sub-surface water reservoir pollution. The results from the validation of the model were analyzed   to determine how time delays in the mixing processes affect the rate of particle movement in water reservoirs.

Fluid exchange in skeletal muscle with viscoelastic blood vessels

1987 ◽  
Vol 253 (6) ◽  
pp. H1548-H1556
Author(s):  
J. Lee ◽  
E. P. Salathe ◽  
G. W. Schmid-Schonbein
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Constant Pressure ◽  
Tissue Fluid ◽  
Flow State ◽  
Governing Equations ◽  
Fluid Exchange ◽  
Better Than

A mathematical model of capillary-tissue fluid exchange in a viscoelastic blood vessel is presented, and the Landis occlusion experiment is simulated. The model assumes that the fluid exchange is governed by Starling's law and that the protein and red blood cells are conserved in the capillary. Before occlusion, in the steady flow state, the pressure in the capillary decreases from the arterial to venous end due to viscous dissipation. After occlusion a constant pressure is established along the capillary. We assume the capillary to be distensible with viscoelastic wall properties. Immediately following occlusion an instantaneous distension of the capillary occurs. The vessel continues to expand viscoelastically while fluid is filtered for a period of several minutes, until it reaches an equilibrium state. A full numerical solution of the governing equations has been obtained. We use this model to compute the distance variation between two labeled erythrocytes as obtained in the Landis occlusion experiment and compare the results with experimental data obtained recently for the spinotrapezius muscle in our laboratory. The new model can fit the experimental data better than previous models that neglect the distensibility of the capillaries.

scholarly journals Application of HEC-RAS model for estimating changes in watercourse geometry during floods

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Markowska ◽  
Jacek Markowski ◽  
Andrzej Drabiński
Keyword(s):  
River Channel ◽  
Groundwater Table ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Flood Wave ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Wave Impact ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Groundwater Level Fluctuations ◽  
Flood Waves

Abstract Groundwater table levels in a river valley depend, among other factors, on meteorological and hydrogeological conditions, land use and water levels in watercourses. The primary role of a watercourse is to collect surface and groundwater, and it becomes an infiltrating watercourse at high water levels. Changes in groundwater levels and the range of these changes depend chiefly on the shape, height and duration of the flood wave in the river channel. The assessment of flood wave impact on groundwater was based on long-term measurements of groundwater levels in the Odra valley and observations of water levels in the river channel. Simulations were performed with the use of in-house software FIZ (Filtracja i Zanieczyszczenia; Filtration and Contamination), designed for modelling unsteady water flows within a fully saturated zone. A two-dimensional model with two spatial variables was employed. The process of groundwater flow through a porous medium, non-homogeneous in terms of water permeability, was described with Boussinesq equation. The equation was solved with the use of finite element method. The model was applied to assess groundwater level fluctuations in the Odra valley in the context of actual flood waves on the river. Variations in groundwater table in the valley were analysed in relation to selected actual flood water levels in the Odra in 2001-2003 and 2010. The period from 2001 to 2003 was used to verify the model. A satisfactory agreement between the calculated and the measured values was obtained. Based on simulation calculations, it was proved that flood waves observed in 2010 caused a rise in groundwater table levels in a belt of approximately 1000 metres from the watercourses. It was calculated that at the end of hydrological year 2009/2010, the highest growths, of up to 0.80 m, were observed on piezometers located close to the Odra river channel. The passage of several flood waves on the Odra caused an increase of subsurface retention by 3.0% compared to the initial state.

Digital/analog simulation of electromechanical devices on a graphics terminal

SIMULATION ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 99-104
Author(s):  
Satya P. Sharma ◽  
C.D. Roe
Keyword(s):  
Differential Equation ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
System Modeling ◽  
Continuous System ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Differential Equation Model ◽  
Analog Simulation ◽  
Optical Displacement ◽  
Electromechanical Devices

Computer simulation of electromechanical devices by exercising a suitable mathematical model has advantages in studying the effects of parameter changes. As a specific example, an electromechan ical relay has been chosen for simulation in this investigation. A differential equation model of the relay 1 is developed and simulated on an IBM 1130/2250 graphics terminal using the 1130 Continuous System Modeling Program (CSMP). An optical displacement measuring system was used to measure the armature travel as a function of time while the relay was functioning. These mea sured characteristics were compared with the analogous characteristics of the simulated relay to evaluate the validity and accuracy of the mathematical model. It is concluded that the differential equation model is an adequate appro ximation provided the lumped parameters of the magnetic circuit are appropriately chosen. The influence on the dynamic response of the relay as various relay parameters are changed can easily be predicted from the simulated model in this study.

Evaluation of three global gradient-based groundwater models in the Mediterranean region

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahed Ben-Salem ◽  
Alexander Wachholz ◽  
Michael Rode ◽  
Dietrich Borchardt ◽  
Seifeddine Jomaa
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Groundwater Table ◽  
Groundwater Depletion ◽  
Groundwater Model ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressures ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Gradient Based ◽  
The Mediterranean

<p>The Mediterranean region is recognized as one of the most sensitive regions in the world to water scarcity, due to both climate change and consistently increasing anthropogenic pressures. Groundwater is considered as a strategic freshwater reserve in the Mediterranean region; however, its status remains poorly characterized and its total budget uncertain. In recent years, groundwater modelling has moved from local to regional/global scale, offering insights into the status of data-scarce regions. However, it remains unclear to what extent those models can be used to support management decisions. This study aims to compare and evaluate the performance of three groundwater models to represent the steady-state groundwater levels in the Mediterranean region. Thus, the groundwater models of Reinecke et al. (2019), de Graaf et al. (2017) and Fan et al. (2013) will be utilized in this study. The preliminary results indicate that, in the northern part of the Mediterranean region, the models of Reinecke et al. (2019) and de Graaf et al. (2017) predict similar water table patterns. However, both models simulate completely different groundwater regimes in the desert regions; the predicted groundwater table of de Graaf et al. (2017) model is significantly deeper than of Reinecke et al. (2019) model. This could be, probably, because of the calibration of de Graaf et al. (2017) model compared to Reinecke et al. (2019) model, which is not yet calibrated. A detailed comparison between simulated and measured water table depth of different Mediterranean aquifers having different climatic, geologic and anthropogenic conditions will be presented.</p><p><strong>References</strong></p><p>Reinecke, R. et al. Challenges in developing a global gradient-based groundwater model (G3M v1.0) for the integration into a global hydrological model. Geosci. Model Dev 12, 2401-2418 (2019).</p><p>de Graaf, I. et al. A global-scale two-layer transient groundwater model: Development and application to groundwater depletion. Adv. Water Resour 102, 53-67 (2017).</p><p>Fan, Y. et al. Global patterns of groundwater table depth. Science 339, 940-943 (2013).</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals COMPUTER SIMULATION OF DETERMINING SILTATION VOLUMES OF WATER RESERVOIR STORAGE ON THE AKSAY RIVER

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 102-112
Author(s):  
M. R. Magomedova ◽  
Z. A. Kurbanova ◽  
B. A. Shangereeva
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Random Process ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Probabilistic Approach ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Temporal Correlation ◽  
Programming System ◽  
Reservoir Storage ◽  
Hydrological System

Objectives. The development of a mathematical model for the increased turbidity zones of the Aksay river in order to determine the siltation volumes of the Aksay water reservoir storage.Method. The mathematical model is developed using the theory of probability and the theory of random process outliers. The model takes the normal distribution of the horizontal and vertical components of the instantaneous flow velocities into account, as well as the Rayleigh law of the distribution of their maxima. The proposed model is used to calculate the “turbidity tail” of the Aksay river.Result. Due to the multifactorial nature of the continuously associated processes of siltation and deposition of suspended and bottom sediments in the upper pounds of the Aksay reservoir storage hydrological system, a mathematical model of the reservoir accretion process is developed. This model provides the reliability of accretion forecasting with spatial and temporal correlation with the siltation process model, which is actually feasible on the basis of computer simulation.Conclusion. The developed model, which is based on a probabilistic approach and the theory of random process outliers, reflects the overall process of sediment transport in open channels. The development and execution of simulation programmes is carried out using the Microsoft Developer Studio (MDS) and the Fortran Power Station algorithmic language, which comprises not only a programming system, but also a set of tools for supporting large software projects integrated into MDS. 

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