scholarly journals SANITARY GUARDIANS IN PRE-REVOLUTIONARY RUSSIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-38
Author(s):  
Anna B. Agafonova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Participation ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
City Community ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The City ◽  
Public Oversight

The article describes the history of creation and activities of sanitary guardians in the cities of the Russian Empire. The study aims to identify organizational and social contradictions in guardianships’ activities, which hindered citizens from involvement in solving local sanitary problems. Boards of sanitary guardians were established by order of local authorities to involve the population in the fight against epidemics and conducting sanitary measures. The sanitary guardians’ activities consisted of timely notification of local authorities about the emergence of epidemics, participation in sanitary inspections of households, and conducting preventive conversations with homeowners about their compliance with public health and urban improvement regulations. The practice of citizens social participation in monitoring the urban area’s cleanliness was intended to level out the contradictions between homeowners and temporary doctors and sanitary executive commissions “alien” to the city community. Still, it often provoked conflicts between sanitary guardians and homeowners who defended the rights to inviolability of their property. In general, public oversight conducted by sanitary guardians has proven ineffective in the long term.

scholarly journals On the Issue of Creating a Russian Agent Network in Shanghai at the Beginning of the 20th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 29-38
Author(s):  
Drobotushenko Evgeny V. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The City

The history of the creation of the agent network of the Russian Empire has not found comprehensive coverage in scientific publications so far. The existing research referred to specific names or mention private facts. This predetermined the relevance of the work. The object of the study is the Russian agents in China in general and in Chinese Shanghai, in particular. The subject is the study of peculiarities of the first attempts in creating Russian agent network in the city. The aim of the work is to analyze the attempt to create a network of Russian illegal agents in Shanghai in 1906–1908. The lack of materials on the problem in scientific and popular scientific publications predetermined the use of previously unknown or little-known archival sources. This is the correspondence of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Russian Imperial envoy in Beijing and the Russian Consul in Shanghai stored in the funds of the State Archive of the Russian Federation (SARF). The main conclusion of the study was the remark about the lack of scientific elaboration, at the moment, the history of official, legal and illegal agents of the Russian Empire in Shanghai, China. Private findings suggest that, judging by the available data, creation of a serious network of agents in the city during the Russian Empire failed. The reasons for this, presumably, were several: the lack of qualified agents with knowledge of Chinese or, at least, English, who could work effectively; the lack of funds for the maintenance of agents, a small number of Russian citizens, the remoteness of Shanghai from the Russian-Chinese border, etc. A network of agents will be created in the city by the Soviet authorities by the middle of the third decade of the 20th century, and Soviet illegal agents began to work in the early 1920s. The History of Soviet agents in China and Shanghai, in particular, is studied quite well which cannot be said about the previous period. It is obvious that further serious work with archival sources is required to recreate as complete as possible the history of Russian legal and illegal agents in Shanghai in pre-Soviet times

scholarly journals The character of the city of Verny (Almaty) in pre-revolutionary journals of historical themes in Russia (1854-1917)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergei Sergeevich Tiurin
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Internal Politics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Themes ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The City

Faithful military fortification, founded in the middle of the XIX century in the south-eastern outskirts of the Russian Empire, was located far from the center of the state with a turbulent political and social life. At the same time in the middle of the XIX century, there is interest in the history of Russia, memoirs, internal politics and social sciences in general, that leading to the emergence of an unprecedented hitherto the number of periodicals historical themes. This article explores references to the city / Verny Fortification in the "Historical Gazette", "Notes of the Fatherland", "Russian Archive", "Niva", "Russian Gazette", "Russian Antiquity", "Russian Thought" and a number of other publications. Identified during the study, articles and notes on the city of Verny allow us to get an idea of what exactly the city remembers to travelers, what specific information about it was reflected in historical journals published between 1854 and 1917 in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

scholarly journals Tartu ülikool kui eestlaste mälupaik [The University of Tartu as a memory site for Estonians]

2016 ◽  
pp. 245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lea Leppik
Keyword(s):  
Educational Institution ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Language Of Instruction ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of The University ◽  
New Nation ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The University ◽  
The City

The City of Tartu is proud of its university and its status as a university town. The university is an even stronger memory site than the city and has special meaning for Baltic Germans in addition to Estonians, but also for Ukrainians, Armenians, Poles, Latvians, Jews and other minorities of the former Russian Empire. The commemoration of the anniversaries of the University of Tartu is a very graphic example of the use of memory and the susceptibility of remembering to the aims of the current political system and of various interest groups. Here history has become an “active shaper of the present” according to Juri Lotman’s definition. This article examines the commemoration of jubilees of the University of Tartu through two hundred years. Nowadays Estonians consider the entire history of the University of Tartu to be their own starting from its founding by King Gustav II Adolf of Sweden in 1632. The Estonian language was not unknown in the university in the Swedish era – knowledge of Estonian was necessary for pastors and some examples of occasional poetry written in Estonian have survived from that time. The university was reopened in 1802 when it was already part of the Russian Empire and became a primarily Baltic German university. It shaped the identity of the Baltic provinces in Russia and contributed to their growing together culturally in the eyes of both the German-speaking upper class and the Estonian- and Latvian-speaking lower class. The Estonian and Latvian languages were both represented at the university by one lecturer. There were also Estonians at the university in the first decades already but at that time, education generally meant assimilation into German culture. The 50th jubilee of the Imperial University of Tartu was commemorated in 1852 as a celebration of a Baltic German university. The 100th anniversary of the imperial university in 1902 was commemorated at a university where the language of instruction had been switched to Russian. The guests of honour were well-known Russian scientists, church representatives and state officials. For the first time, a lengthy overview of the history of the University of Tartu was published in Estonian in the album of the Society of Estonian Students under the meaningful title (University of the Estonian Homeland). Unlike the official concept of the 100 year old university, this overview stressed the university’s connection to the university of the era of Swedish rule. When the Russian Empire collapsed and the Estonian nation became independent, the University of Tartu was opened on 1 December 1919 as an institution where the language of instruction was Estonian. The wish of the new nation to distance itself from both the Russian and German cultural areas and to be connected to something respectably old was expressed in the spectacular festivities held in 1932 commemorating the 300th anniversary of the University of Tartu. After the Second World War, Estonians who ended up abroad held the anniversaries of the Estonian era University of Tartu in esteem and maintained the traditions of the university student organisations that were banned in the Soviet state. The 150th anniversary of the founding of the university was commemorated in the Estonian SSR in 1952 – at the height of Stalinism. The Swedish era university was cast aside and the monuments to the king and to nationalist figures were removed, replaced by the favourites of the Soviet regime. Connections to Russia were emphasised in every possible way. Lithuanians celebrated the 400th anniversary of their University of Vilnius in 1979, going back to the educational institution established in the 16th century by the Jesuits. This encouraged Estonians but the interwar tradition of playing up the Swedish era was so strong that the educational pursuits of the Jesuits in Tartu (1585–1625, with intervals) were nevertheless not tied into the institute of higher education. So it was that the 350th anniversary of the University of Tartu was celebrated on a grand scale in 1982. The protest movement among university students played an important role in the restoration of Estonia’s independence. Immediately thereafter, the commemoration of the anniversaries of the Estonian era university that had in the meantime been banned began once again. The 200th anniversary of the opening of the Imperial University of Tartu (2002) passed with mixed feelings. The imperial university as a university of the Russian state no longer fit in well and it was feared that the connection to the Swedish era would suffer. Yet since this period had nevertheless brought Tartu the greatest portion of its scientific fame, a series of jubilee collected works were published by various faculties. On the other hand, nobody had any qualms about commemorating the 375th anniversary of the Swedish era university five years later (2007) on a grand scale with new monuments, memorial plaques, exhibitions, a public celebration and a visit from the King of Sweden.

Publishing and book sales in Turkestan

Infolib ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-80
Author(s):  
Sanobar Shodmonova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Book Sales ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Printing House

The article introduces the history of the origin of publishing and printing activities in the Turkestan Territory. It is preceded by information that before the formation of the first printing houses on the territory of the region, books were mainly distributed by calligraphers through rewriting. And since this work was of a long-term nature, accordingly the prices for the books were considerable.Comparing with the beginning of the introduction of the first technical means, the author notes that publishing and printing activities in the region began to gradually develop in the 60s of the XIX century. Until that time, books printed in lithographic format were mainly imported. The first printing house during the period of the Russian Empire opened in 1723 in Astrakhan. But in Tashkent only by the beginning of the XX century. there were 5 printing houses in the new part and two lithographs in the old town part.

scholarly journals Novomoskovsk in the Court Materials of the Last Quarter of the 18th and the First Half of the 19th Centuries

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 154
Author(s):  
Olha Posunko
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
District Court ◽  
City Hall ◽  
Conflict Situations ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Archives ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
The City

Novomoskovsk is the city in the Dnipro Ukraine, for which the period of the late 18th and the first half of the 19th century became very significant. This is the beginning of the city in its modern sense, the beginning of many institutions functioning, the time of inclusion in the new administrative-territorial system within the Russian Empire. The specified period due to many objective circumstances is not sufficiently provided with scientific sources, and therefore requires the use of all possible archival materials. This article describes the information capabilities of the forensic documentation of the above-mentioned chronological boundaries for the study of the history of Novomoskovsk and Novomoskovsk district. Attention should be paid to the descriptions of the lost funds of the Novomoskovsk Lower Zemsky court, the Novomoskovsk and Pavlograd Lower Reprisal, Novomoskovsk District Court, and the Novomoskovsk City Hall, which were stored in the State Archives of the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast. These materials often mention the names of famous landowners in the county: Rodzianko, Alekseev, Gersevanova, Kochubey, Faleeva, Miloradovich, Losev, Mizko, Magdenka. Brief information about them in the names of the cases makes it possible to follow (at least partially) the history of ownership, sales, inheritance of the place; conflict situations they were involved in or their peasants. As a separate example, the case of the Yekaterinoslav Chamber of Civil Cases of 1810–1811 is presented by the inhabitant of Novomoskovsk Anna Skalon. The noble family of French descent, Skalon, is associated with the region, some of the new evidence presents this trial of the dispute over the legacy of her husband, Fyodor Scalon. Particular attention should be paid to the report on the inspection of the cities of Yekaterinoslav province in 1833 by the order of the governor N. Longinov. This document captures the following facts: in 1833, 7 096 peoples lived in Novomoskovsk (slightly less than in the province of Yekaterinoslav); there were 1 429 wooden houses in the city; 65 merchants. The report also contains information about the hospital, the prison of the city; characterizes the work of various institutions; gives an idea of the level of crime in the county. It was concluded that the documents of the judicial institutions of Yekaterinoslav region should be involved in the study of various problems of regional history.

scholarly journals MUSEUMS IN KYIV (1830'S - 1919): FORMATION, DEVELOPMENT, TRANSFORMATION DURING THE REVOLUTION

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-35
Author(s):  
Ihor Dvorkin
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
National Museum ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
National Movement ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
National Museums ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Archeological Museum ◽  
The City

The article analyzes the formation and development of Kyiv museums during the imperial period, as well as the transformations, that took place in this field during the revolutionary period (1917 - 1919). The article deals with the history of museums through the prism of analyzing the contribution of central and local authorities to the development and further activities of museum institutions. The influence of the state authorities and the Ukrainian national movement on the development of museums is considered in the example of the largest Kyiv museums.   Museums have played an essential role in the formation of collective memory, memory policy, the nation-building processes et cetera. During the study period in European countries, national museums were opened. As P. Aronsson and G. Elgenius mentioned, «The national museum is thus a knowledge-based socio-political institution, with corresponding collections and displays that ultimately claim, articulate and represent dominant national values and myths». This article examines the potential of Kyiv museum institutions to become Ukrainian national museums. Kyiv during the imperial period was an important centre of Russian culture and power. For imperial authorities, Kyiv was the administrative centre of the Southwestern region, the city from which Christianity spread, the centre of Russification of Ukrainian territory et cetera. At the same time, Kyiv was the centre of the Ukrainian movement in the Russian Empire. The Ukrainian activists could perceive this city in a completely different way – as a historic capital. For the Ukrainian intelligentsia of the Russian Empire, museum institutions had great potential in the study of the history and culture of Ukrainian lands. The first museums in Kyiv were opened at St. Volodymyr University in the 1830s. The most significant museums in the city were the Church-Archeological Museum at the Kyiv Theological Academy and the Kyiv City (Art, Industrial and Scientific) Museum There was no purposeful state museum policy in the Russian Empire. At the same time, the imperial and local authorities had an influence on the creation of museum institutions and their further development (mostly through funding). From the point of view of imperial power, which acted in a particular paradigm of non-recognition of Ukrainians as a separate people, Kyiv museums were supposed to be “Russian”, followed by, or should be followed by, authorities of all levels. However, supporters of the Ukrainian national movement, occupying official positions, used the museums for their purposes, finding opportunities to involve local authorities and patrons. The city's museums operated under different signage, but they had the potential to become Ukrainian national museums, most of all the Kyiv City Museum. This museum has evolved accordingly, thanks to scholars associated with it. In 1917 - 1919 the situation in the city changed. Ukrainian state entities - the UNR and the Ukrainian state, of course, had completely different views on the development of the Ukrainian nation and sought to implement the "Ukrainian project" by creating their state. History and culture were now an essential lever of legitimizing the new government, which, thanks to the influence of the Ukrainian intelligentsia, understood the possibilities of the museum industry. The Ukrainian National Museum had a crucial role in this process. There was no doubt that it should be based in Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine.

scholarly journals Svetlana Suveică, Virgil Pâslariuc, Chișinău during World WarI: From the Western Borderland of Russian Empire to the Eastern Borderland of Romania / Chişinăul în anii primului război mondial: de la hotarul de vest al Imperiului rus la hotarul de est al României Mari

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-42
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
New Beginning ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
History Of ◽  
National Model ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The City

Between 1914 and 1921, the population inhabiting the region of Bessarabia witnessed, although from behind the frontline, the world conflagration, which was followed by major political changes that detached the region from the Russian Empire, then created the conditions for a short independence period, to finally attach the province to “Greater Romania” in 1918. The history of the city of Chișinău during this tumultuous time period is discussed – for the first time – with a specific focus on its dynamics as a place in which two political systems, defined by the imperial and the national model, confronted each other while also coexisting in different settings. The authors are especially interested in the trajectories of individuals, communities, and institutions linked to the city. They reconstruct the way local actors acknowledged political changes, but also how they exercised agency and imposed their own agendas, frequently based on local, group, or personal needs. The case of Chișinău is relevant for the understanding of the major impact of political transition(s) on the local level. It shows that there were various local actors, all of them being part and parcel of this transition, within which they had their own story to tell. Whereas for some political or social groups 1918 meant a new beginning, for others it was the time of political vacuum, from which certain dividends could be extracted.

scholarly journals LITTLE-KNOWN PAGES OF THE BALTIC FLEET PARTICIPATION IN LENINGRAD’S DEFENSE

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
Aleksei I. Balashov ◽  
Aleksandr I. Lushin
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Cultural Center ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Neva River ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The City

The relevance of the article is due to the fact that the domestic historiography rather weakly covers the participation of the Baltic Fleet tactical formations in the defense of Leningrad. As a rule, special attention is paid to the tragic events of the first weeks of the Great Patriotic War and to the loss of a significant part of the Baltic Fleet ships. In this regard, the proposed article focuses on the history of the defending Tallinn, the Moonsund Islands, the Hanko Island, as well as on the participation of the Baltic Fleet artillery units and formations in checking the advancing Wehrmacht parts. Special attention is paid to the role of Leningrad in the history of the Great Patriotic War. St. Petersburg was the capital of the Russian Empire for over two centuries. With its embankments of the Neva River, bridges, the Hermitage, the Winter Palace and dozens of other unique structures, it was not only the capital for two centuries but its largest cultural center as well. No Russian city causes such a multitude of literary associations as St. Petersburg, and then Leningrad. The siege of the city, where more than a million people died, was unlike any of the tragedies of this war. Sieging Leningrad in September 1941 the fascists condemned almost three million people to starvation; more than a third of them died of starvation and exhaustion, but did not surrender to the fascists. A significant amount of scientific literature, journalistic, memories, etc. are devoted to the coverage of the heroic battle for Leningrad. However, there are still quite a few pages of this war that, in our view, have not received sufficient coverage in domestic historiography.

scholarly journals FORMATION OF THE ETHNO-CONFESSIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION OF SEMIPALATINSK IN THE LATE 19th - EARLY 20th CENTURIES

2021 ◽  
pp. 98-102
Author(s):  
T.S. Mizimbayev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Population Based ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Spiritual Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The City

The article examines the history of the formation of the ethno-confessional composition of Semipalatinsk population. Based on the analysis of the 1897 census materials for the Semipalatinsk region, the ratio of representatives of various ethnic and religious groups in the city of Semipalatinsk was revealed. It is shown that despite the polyconfessional composition of the population, in religious terms, Christianity and Islam occupied the key positions. It is determined that the complexity of the ethno-confessional composition of the population predetermined Semipalatinsk’s becoming one of the largest centers of spiritual culture for various religions in the Steppe Governor-General of the Russian Empire.

scholarly journals „Banking Encyclopedia” as a source on the history of stock exchange business in Ukraine in the late nineteenth – early XX century

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Oleksii Altukhov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
State Of Affairs

The article considers and analyzes the informational significance of the leading economic specialized publication of the late XIX – early XX centuries. „Banking Encyclopedia”. It is noted that in 1917 the second volume of this work, fundamental at that time in the field of economics, was published in Kyiv, which was entirely devoted to the study of stock exchange business in the leading countries, the Russian Empire and the Ukrainian lands. The co-authors of the work were leading contemporary economists and lawyers, in particular A. N. Antsiferov, G. V. Afanasyev, H. A. Baranovsky, M. N. Bogolepov, E. V. Vanshtein, I. M. Goldstein, N. S. Dobrokhotov, V. Ya. Zheleznov, A. M. Lazarev, D. N. Levin, E. S. Lurie, P. P. Migulin, N. D. Silin, P. B. Struve, M. P. Tugan-Baranovsky and others. Among the aspects considered were, in particular, the activities of the leading stock exchange institutions of Dnieper Ukraine: in Odessa, in Kyiv, in Kharkiv. Leading economist, professor of the Kyiv Commercial Institute, long-term deputy of the State Duma Leonid Mykolayovych Yasnopolsky became the editor-in-chief of the publication. Analyzing the scientific works collected in the Second Volume of the Banking Encyclopedia of 1917, the author of the article came to the conclusion that they make it possible to trace the state of affairs in the development of the stock market in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In particular, one can trace the state policy towards these financial institutions, which in many respects slowed down the development of the stock market, both in Ukraine and in the Russian Empire as a whole.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document