Activation of reaction with participation of a solid metal by electrostatic charge energy on the metal

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 60-68
Author(s):  
V. F. Goryushkin ◽  
◽  
Yu. V. Bendre ◽  
N. S. Zaitsev ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Chemical Reactor ◽  
Electrostatic Charge ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Made In

There are quantitative parameters of an electric energy capacitor artificially created in a chemical reactor were measured in this article. One of the components of this capacitor is the studied samples. Moreover, there are qualitative and quantitative relationships between samples and the accumulated electrical energy reserve of a metal (titanium) in the volume of the surface layer. There is penetration depth of the electrostatic charge into the metal from the outside of the system, energy of the electric field in the dielectric (carbon tetrachloride) and the corrosion rate of titanium in carbon tetrachloride determinate the reserve of electrical energy of the metal. In accordance with these equations, it can be argued that an external message due to the electrostatic charge of titanium in the surface layer of electric energy in the amount for 50 J/mol leads to a 2-fold increase in the reaction rate. There’s an analogy was made in the result of exposure to the samples between other non-standard methods of activation of the chemical reactions and the message from outside of the electrostatic charge in this article. According to this, the developed method for increasing the internal energy of the metal in the surface layer is proposed to be called electrostatic activation, and the reactions are called electrostatic-chemical.

scholarly journals Resource and Energy Efficient Method of Dried Fish Production

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Ershov ◽  
Alexander Ershov ◽  
Ilya Selyakov
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Circulation Rate ◽  
Dehydration Process ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Fish Products ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
The Cost

The authors of the article propose a method of convective dehydration of fish products, which has an intermittent nature of implementation. The dehydration process consists of the continuous initial phase and following combined periods consisting of phases of drying and relaxation of dehydrated surface layer of the raw material. The necessity of applying relaxation is due to the fact that during the drying process the surface layers that have lost some of the moisture are significantly densified. The size of the capillaries for moisture passing through the surface layers is reduced. Near the surface a layer is formed, which lacks the significant mass of moisture and has low diffusion properties. As a result, the dehydration process of the entire sample slows down. The rational use of relaxation leads to restoring the moisture-conducting properties of the surface layer of fish. The supply of electrical energy to the heating elements is stopped during the relaxation. The minimum circulation rate of the drying agent is maintained in the drying installation. Fresh air with a lower temperature and higher relative humidity than the drying agent is supplied to the drying agent. The conditions in the drying installation restrain external mass transfer and facilitate to the relaxation of the dehydrated surface layer, that is, to the redistribution of moisture in the thickness of the fish. The proposed method of dehydration of fish raw material reduces the cost of electric energy in the production of dried products and provides more rational coolant usage. The final fish products have more attractive appearance due to reduction of tissue deformation as a result of applying the relaxation of dehydrated surface layer.

Potential of Nanoparticles in Combating Candida Infections

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 478-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faizan Abul Qais ◽  
Mohd Sajjad Ahmad Khan ◽  
Iqbal Ahmad ◽  
Abdullah Safar Althubiani
Keyword(s):  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Candida Infections ◽  
Made In

Aims: The aim of this review is to survey the recent progress made in developing the nanoparticles as antifungal agents especially the nano-based formulations being exploited for the management of Candida infections. Discussion: In the last few decades, there has been many-fold increase in fungal infections including candidiasis due to the increased number of immunocompromised patients worldwide. The efficacy of available antifungal drugs is limited due to its associated toxicity and drug resistance in clinical strains. The recent advancements in nanobiotechnology have opened a new hope for the development of novel formulations with enhanced therapeutic efficacy, improved drug delivery and low toxicity. Conclusion: Metal nanoparticles have shown to possess promising in vitro antifungal activities and could be effectively used for enhanced and targeted delivery of conventionally used drugs. The synergistic interaction between nanoparticles and various antifungal agents have also been reported with enhanced antifungal activity.

scholarly journals AUDIT ENERGI PADA SEBUAH HOTEL

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Didik Ariwibowo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Electrical Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Audit ◽  
Electric Energy Consumption ◽  
Pumping System

Didik Ariwibowo, in this paper explain that energy audit activities conducted through several phases, namely: the initial audit, detailed audit, analysis of energy savings opportunities, and the proposed energy savings. Total energy consumed consists of electrical energy, fuel, and materials in this case is water. Electrical energy consumption data obtained from payment of electricity accounts for a year while consumption of fuel and water obtained from the payment of material procurement. From the calculation data, IKE hotels accounted for 420.867 kWh/m2.tahun, while the IKE standards for the hotel is 300 kWh/m2.tahun. Thus, IKE hotel included categorized wasteful in energy usage. The largest energy consumption on electric energy consumption. Largest electric energy consumption is on the air conditioning (AC-air conditioning) that is equal to 71.3%, and lighting and electrical equipment at 27.28%, and hot water supply system by 4.44%. Electrical energy consumption in AC looks very big. Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of the statutes, the profile of energy use by air conditioning at the hotel by 48.5%. With these considerations in the AC target for audit detail as the next phase of activity. The results of a detailed audit analysis to find an air conditioning system energy savings opportunities in pumping systems. Recommendations on these savings is the integration of automation on the pumping system and fan coil units (FCU). The principle of energy conservation in the pumping system is by installing variable speed drives (VSD) pump drive motor to adjust speed according to load on the FCU. Load variations FCU provide input on the VSD pumps to match. Adaptation is predicted pump can save electricity consumption up to 65.7%. Keywords: energy audit, IKE, AC

scholarly journals NATURE OF THE ACTION CURRENT IN NITELLA

1946 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. V. Osterhout
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Ionic Mobility ◽  
Complex Action ◽  
Action Current ◽  
Small Magnitude ◽  
Gradual Loss ◽  
Aqueous Surface ◽  
Aqueous Layer ◽  
Normal Potential ◽  
Made In

The experiments indicate that the protoplasm of Nitella consists of an aqueous layer W with an outer non-aqueous surface layer X and an inner non-aqueous surface layer Y. The potential at Y is measured by the magnitude of the action curve and the potential at X by the distance from the top of the action curve to the zero line. These potentials appear to be due chiefly to diffusion potentials caused by the activity gradients of KCl across the non-aqueous layers X and Y. The relative mobilities of K+ and Cl- in X and in Y can be computed and an estimate of the activity of KCl in W can be made. In the complete resting state the mobilities of K+ and Cl- in X are not very different from those in Y. The action curve is due to changes in Y which suddenly becomes very permeable, allowing potassium to move from the sap across Y into W, and thus losing its potential. A gradual loss may be due to changes in ionic mobility in Y. When recovery is incomplete and Y has not yet regained its normal potential a stimulus may cause a loss of the potential at Y giving an action curve of small magnitude. The magnitude may vary in successive action curves giving what is called a complex pattern in contrast to the simple pattern observed when recovery is complete and all the action curves are alike. Complex patterns occur chiefly in cells treated with reagents. Untreated cells usually give simple patterns. A variety of complex action patterns is discussed. It is evident that the cells of Nitella show much more variation than such highly specialized cells as muscle and nerve which give stereotyped responses. In some cases it may be doubtful whether the all-or-none law holds.

The Qualitative and Quantitative Distribution of Plankton in the Strait of Georgia in Relation to Certain Oceanographic Factors

1957 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Eugène Henri Légaré
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
General Distribution ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Strait Of Georgia ◽  
Quantitative Distribution ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Chemical Factors ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Plankton Communities ◽  
Made In

In order to gain some picture of the seasonal variations in the plankton communities two cruises were made in the Strait of Georgia, one in June 1955, and the other in November 1955; 165 plankton collections were taken, also surface temperatures.The correlation of these data have resulted in a number of conclusions concerning the distribution of plankton in the Strait of Georgia. The chief factor affecting the general distribution of plankton is the salinity gradient. The inflow of fresh water from the Fraser River forms zones of varying properties, and leads to the development of different plankton communities. The extent to which physical and chemical factors may determine the presence or absence of certain organisms from the zones described is discussed.

Fate of Listeria monocytogenes During the Manufacture and Ripening of Camembert Cheese

1987 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 372-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELLIOT T. RYSER ◽  
ELMER H. MARTH
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Original Sample ◽  
Cheese Making ◽  
Penicillium Camemberti ◽  
Shaped Surface ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Camembert Cheese ◽  
Made In

The ability of Listeria monocytogenes to survive the Camembert cheese-making process and grow during ripening of the cheese was examined. Pasteurized whole milk was inoculated to contain about 500 L. monocytogenes [strain Scott A, V7, California, (CA) or Ohio (OH)] CFU/ml and made into Camembert cheese according to standard procedures. All wheels of cheese were ripened at 6°C following 10 d of storage at 15–16°C to allow proper growth of Penicillium camemberti. Duplicate wedge (pie-shaped), surface and interior cheese samples were analyzed for numbers of L. monocytogenes by surface-plating appropriate dilutions made in Tryptose Broth (TB) on McBride Listeria Agar (MLA). Initial TB dilutions were stored at 3°C and surface-plated on MLA after 2, 4, 6 or 8 weeks if the organism was not quantitated in the original sample. Selected Listeria colonies from duplicate samples were confirmed biochemically. Results showed that numbers of Listeria in cheese increased 5- to 10-fold 24 h after its manufacture. Listeria counts for strains Scott A, CA and OH decreased to <10 to 100 CFU/g in all cheese samples taken during the first 18 d of ripening. In contrast, numbers of strain V7 remained unchanged during this period. All L. monocytogenes strains initiated growth in cheese after 18 d of ripening. Maximum Listeria counts of ca. 1 × 106 to 5 × 107 CFU/g were attained after 65 d of ripening. Generally, a 10- to 100-fold increase in numbers of Listeria occurred in wedge or surface as compared to interior cheese samples taken during the latter half of ripening. During this period, Listeria growth paralleled the increase in pH of the cheese during ripening.

FABRICATION AND TESTING OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY REGENERATIVE SUSPENSION SYSTEM

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 (21) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jazli Firdaus Jamil ◽  
Mohd Azman Abdullah ◽  
Norreffendy Tamaldin ◽  
Ahmed Esmael Mohan
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Suspension System ◽  
Electromagnetic Energy ◽  
Vehicle Suspension ◽  
Voltage Output ◽  
Vehicle Usage ◽  
Vehicle Suspension System ◽  
Wasted Energy

The world is demanding for alternative way of energy consumption for vehicle usage. The energy efficient vehicle (EEV) is one of the advancement for future land transportation that known as hybrid and electric vehicles nowadays. The vehicles use different energy other than fuel which is electric energy. This paper emphasizes the development of electromagnetic energy regenerative suspension system (EReSS) as a system that harvests energy from the vibration of vehicle suspension system. The harvested energy is converted to electrical energy for vehicle usage. A prototype of electromagnetic EReSS is fabricated and laboratory experimentation on test rig is conducted to test the voltage output. It is observed that the EReSS can harvest the wasted energy from the vibration and produce sufficient electric energy for the vehicle electrical and electronic usage. The number of windings of the coil and diameter of the coil affect the voltage output of the EReSS. The voltage output of the EReSS can be optimized by setting up the parameters. As the EReSS is proven to harvest energy, it can be used on hybrid and electric vehicle to improve the efficiency of the vehicle and reduce the fuel consumption.

scholarly journals Analysis of Double Elastic Steel Wind Driven Magneto-Electric Vibration Energy Harvesting System

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 7364
Author(s):  
Yi-Ren Wang ◽  
Ming-Ching Chu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Elastic Beam ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Vibration Energy ◽  
Vibration Energy Harvesting ◽  
Concentrated Load ◽  
Single Beam ◽  
Piezoelectric Patch ◽  
Energy Harvesting System

This research proposes an energy harvesting system that collects the downward airflow from a helicopter or a multi-axis unmanned rotary-wing aircraft and uses this wind force to drive the magnet to rotate, generating repulsive force, which causes the double elastic steel system to slap each other and vibrate periodically in order to generate more electricity than the traditional energy harvesting system. The design concept of the vibration mechanism in this study is to allow the elastic steel carrying the magnet to slap another elastic steel carrying the piezoelectric patch to form a set of double elastic steel vibration energy harvesting (DES VEH) systems. The theoretical DES VEH mechanism of this research is composed of a pair of cantilever beams, with magnets attached to the free end of one beam, and PZT attached to the other beam. This study analyzes the single beam system first. The MOMS method is applied to analyze the frequency response of this nonlinear system theoretically, then combines the piezoelectric patch and the magneto-electric coupling device with this nonlinear elastic beam to analyze the benefits of the system’s converted electrical energy. In the theoretical study of the DES VEH system, the slapping force between the two elastic beams was considered as a concentrated load on each of the beams. Furthermore, both SES and DES VEH systems are studied and correlated. Finally, the experimental data and theoretical results are compared to verify the feasibility and correctness of the theory. It is proven that this DES VEH system can not only obtain the electric energy from the traditional SES VEH system but also obtain the extra electric energy of the steel vibration subjected to the slapping force, which generates optimal power to the greatest extent.

scholarly journals Shape Errors, Internal Porosity, Linear Dimensions Accuracy and Allowances for the Machining of Castings Made in the Replicast CS Process

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 25-28
Author(s):  
R. Haratym ◽  
M. Sieczka ◽  
R. Biernacki ◽  
J. Kwapisz
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Comprehensive Assessment ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Modern Equipment ◽  
Internal Porosity ◽  
Linear Dimensions ◽  
Shape Errors ◽  
Measuring Machine ◽  
Made In

Abstract This research presents comprehensive assessment of the precision castings quality made in the Replicast CS process. The evaluation was made based on quality of the surface layer, shape errors and the accuracy of the linear dimensions. Studies were carried out on the modern equipment, among other things a Zeiss Calypso measuring machine and profilometer were used. Obtained results allowed comparing lost wax process models and Replicast CS process.

scholarly journals Rancang Bangun Sistem Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Air Menggunakan Konsep Hydrocat

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Syaiful Anwar ◽  
Muhamad Taufiq Tamam ◽  
Itmi Hidayat Kurniawan
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
System Design ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Hydroelectric Power ◽  
Depth Level ◽  
Irrigation Channel ◽  
Water Turbine ◽  
The Times ◽  
Made In

Seiring perkembangan jaman, saat ini energi listrik telah menjadi salah satu kebutuhan primer dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, baik untuk melakukan pekerjaan ataupun kegiatan yang lainnya. Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Air atau PLTA dengan menggunakan konsep hydrocat merupakan sebuah konsep pembangkit listrik yang diciptakan untuk aliran jalur irigasi yang memiliki ukuran tidak terlalu besar dan tingkat kedalamannya yang rendah. Oleh karena itu dibuatlah rancang bangun sistem pembangkit listrik menggunakan konsep hydrocat. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan generator DC sebagai sumber tenaga listrik dan menggunakan jenis turbin undershot. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Desa Karang Cegak Kecamatan Kutasari Kabupaten Purbalingga. Beban pada penelitian ini menggunakan lampu LED SMD 1,2 Watt, 2,4 Watt 3,6 Watt, dan 4,8 Watt. Alat ini mampu menghasilkan putaran pulley turbin air sebesar 69,2 rpm, 60,8 rpm, 59,0 rpm, 58,7 rpm, 57,1 rpm, dan 56,7 rpm. Putaran pulley generator DC sebesar 595,9 rpm, 586,1 rpm, 520,1 rpm, 506,2 rpm, dan 496,0 rpm. Besar tegangan yang dihasilkan 31,86 Volt, 9,20 Volt, 8,61 Volt, 8,38 Volt, dan 8,25 Volt. Besar arus yang dihasilkan sebesar 0,02 Ampere, dan besar daya yang dihasilkan sebesar 0,1836 Watt, 0,1718 Watt, 0,1671 Watt, dan 0,165 Watt.Along with the development of the times, nowadays electrical energy has become one of the primary needs in everyday life, both for doing work or other activities. Hydroelectric Power or Hydroelectric Power using the hydrocat concept is a power generation concept created for irrigation channel flow that is not too large and has a low depth level. Therefore, a power plant system design using the hydrocat concept was made. In this study using a DC generator as a source of electricity and using a type of undershot turbine. This research was conducted in Karang Cegak Village, Kutasari District, Purbalingga Regency. The load in this study uses 1.2 Watt SMD LED lamps, 2.4 Watt 3.6 Watt, and 4.8 Watt. This tool is capable of producing water turbine pulley rotation of 69.2 rpm, 60.8 rpm, 59.0 rpm, 58.7 rpm, 57.1 rpm, and 56.7 rpm. DC generator pulley rotation of 595.9 rpm, 586.1 rpm, 520.1 rpm, 506.2 rpm, and 496.0 rpm. The resulting voltages are 31.86 Volts, 9.20 Volts, 8.61 Volts, 8.38 Volts, and 8.25 Volts. The amount of current generated is 0.02 Ampere, and the amount of power generated is 0.1836 Watt, 0.1718 Watt, 0.1671 Watt, and 0.165 Watt.

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