SOYBEAN AND FLAX SELECTION METHODS

1970 ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
V. М. Lukomets ◽  
S. V. Zelentsov
Keyword(s):  
High Resistance ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Oil Crops ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
Genetically Determined

To improve the effectiveness of the soybeans and oil flax breeding, research to improve existing and develop new breeding methods are conducting in all-Russia Research institute of Oil Crops (Krasnodar). One of the improved methods for the soybean breeding, based on the use of sources of complexes of compensatory genes, is the CCG technology, which allows to create varieties with an increased yield of a heterotic level transmitted along the progeny for the entire life cycle of the variety. For the purpose of non-transgenic production of new traits, a theory of polyploid recombination of the genome (TPR) was formulated, which models the mechanism of the natural formation of polymorphism in the centers of origin of cultivated plants. On the basis of this theory, a method of breeding (TPR-technology) has been developed, which makes it possible to obtain recombinant reploids of soybeans and oil flax with an extended spectrum of traits. Of these reploids, the soybean lines with increased sucking force of the roots, providing high drought resistance, were distinguished; cold-resistant soybean lines, which stand in the phase of shoots of freezing to minus 5 °С; lines of oil flax with complete resistance to flax sickness of soil and high resistance to Fusarium; winter-hardy flax lines that withstand winter frosts down to minus 20–23 °С and ripen one and a half months earlier than spring sowings. Another original developed method is the ODCS-technology for isolating and selecting soybean genotypes with high resistance to fungal pathogens. The physiological basis of ODCS-technology is the blocking of osmotic nutrition of pathogenic fungi due to genetically determined increased osmotic pressure in the tissues of host plants. The practical implementation of CCG-, TPR- and ODKS-technologies in the selection process, allowed to create a whole series of soybean and oil flax varieties with improved or new traits.

PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF A BLACK CURRANT NEW HYBRID MATERIAL FOR RESISTANCE TO BIOTIC FACTORS

1970 ◽  
pp. 37-39
Author(s):  
А. Yu. Bakhotskaya ◽  
S. D. Knyazev
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
High Resistance ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Biotic Factors ◽  
Preliminary Assessment ◽  
Black Currant ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Derivatives Of

 Resistance to diseases and pests is one of the main tasks of a breeder when creating varieties of cultivated plants. On perennial plants, which include black currants, diseases have a significant impact on the quantity and quality of the formed yield, as well as on the laying of the subsequent yield. Constant screening of new breeding material allows not only to select and isolate promising highly resistant forms at the early stages of ontogenesis, but also, as a result, to speed up the entire selection process of creating immune varieties. As a result of our research, we found that the bulk of the studied hybrid seedlings in 2019-2020 were resistant to American powdery mildew and columnar rust. High resistance to American powdery mildew is characteristic of derivatives of glutinous currant and the Scandinavian subspecies of black currant. Also, the derivatives of glutinous currant are characterized by high resistance to columnar rust.

scholarly journals Mitotic Recombination and Adaptive Genomic Changes in Human Pathogenic Fungi

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asiya Gusa ◽  
Sue Jinks-Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Repetitive Sequences ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Genomic Changes ◽  
Break Site ◽  
Repair Mechanisms

Genome rearrangements and ploidy alterations are important for adaptive change in the pathogenic fungal species Candida and Cryptococcus, which propagate primarily through clonal, asexual reproduction. These changes can occur during mitotic growth and lead to enhanced virulence, drug resistance, and persistence in chronic infections. Examples of microevolution during the course of infection were described in both human infections and mouse models. Recent discoveries defining the role of sexual, parasexual, and unisexual cycles in the evolution of these pathogenic fungi further expanded our understanding of the diversity found in and between species. During mitotic growth, damage to DNA in the form of double-strand breaks (DSBs) is repaired, and genome integrity is restored by the homologous recombination and non-homologous end-joining pathways. In addition to faithful repair, these pathways can introduce minor sequence alterations at the break site or lead to more extensive genetic alterations that include loss of heterozygosity, inversions, duplications, deletions, and translocations. In particular, the prevalence of repetitive sequences in fungal genomes provides opportunities for structural rearrangements to be generated by non-allelic (ectopic) recombination. In this review, we describe DSB repair mechanisms and the types of resulting genome alterations that were documented in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The relevance of similar recombination events to stress- and drug-related adaptations and in generating species diversity are discussed for the human fungal pathogens Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans.

scholarly journals The Ustilago hordei–Barley Interaction is a Versatile System for Characterization of Fungal Effectors

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Bilal Ökmen ◽  
Daniela Schwammbach ◽  
Guus Bakkeren ◽  
Ulla Neumann ◽  
Gunther Doehlemann
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Mating Partner ◽  
Fungal Virulence ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Infection Structures ◽  
Ustilago Hordei

Obligate biotrophic fungal pathogens, such as Blumeria graminis and Puccinia graminis, are amongst the most devastating plant pathogens, causing dramatic yield losses in many economically important crops worldwide. However, a lack of reliable tools for the efficient genetic transformation has hampered studies into the molecular basis of their virulence or pathogenicity. In this study, we present the Ustilago hordei–barley pathosystem as a model to characterize effectors from different plant pathogenic fungi. We generate U. hordei solopathogenic strains, which form infectious filaments without the presence of a compatible mating partner. Solopathogenic strains are suitable for heterologous expression system for fungal virulence factors. A highly efficient Crispr/Cas9 gene editing system is made available for U. hordei. In addition, U. hordei infection structures during barley colonization are analyzed using transmission electron microscopy, showing that U. hordei forms intracellular infection structures sharing high similarity to haustoria formed by obligate rust and powdery mildew fungi. Thus, U. hordei has high potential as a fungal expression platform for functional studies of heterologous effector proteins in barley.

Transgenic expression of gallerimycin, a novel antifungal insect defensin from the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella, confers resistance to pathogenic fungi in tobacco

2006 ◽  
Vol 387 (5) ◽  
pp. 549-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregor Langen ◽  
Jafargholi Imani ◽  
Boran Altincicek ◽  
Gernot Kieseritzky ◽  
Karl-Heinz Kogel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Tobacco ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Transgenic Expression ◽  
Greater Wax Moth ◽  
Insect Defensin ◽  
Wax Moth

Abstract A cDNA encoding gallerimycin, a novel antifungal peptide from the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella, was isolated from a cDNA library of genes expressed during innate immune response in the caterpillars. Upon ectopic expression of gallerimycin in tobacco, using Agrobacterium tumefaciens as a vector, gallerimycin conferred resistance to the fungal pathogens Erysiphe cichoracearum and Sclerotinia minor. Quantification of gallerimycin mRNA in transgenic tobacco by real-time PCR confirmed transgenic expression under control of the inducible mannopine synthase promoter. Leaf sap and intercellular washing fluid from transgenic tobacco inhibited in vitro germination and growth of the fungal pathogens, demonstrating that gallerimycin is secreted into intercellular spaces. The feasibility of the use of gallerimycin to counteract fungal diseases in crop plants is discussed.

Sordarins: In Vitro Activities of New Antifungal Derivatives against Pathogenic Yeasts, Pneumocystis carinii, and Filamentous Fungi

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
pp. 2863-2869 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Herreros ◽  
C. M. Martinez ◽  
M. J. Almela ◽  
M. S. Marriott ◽  
F. Gomez De Las Heras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Filamentous Fungi ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Pneumocystis Carinii ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Pseudallescheria Boydii ◽  
Absidia Corymbifera ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Blastoschizomyces Capitatus

ABSTRACT GM 193663, GM 211676, GM 222712, and GM 237354 are new semisynthetic derivatives of the sordarin class. The in vitro antifungal activities of GM 193663, GM 211676, GM 222712, and GM 237354 against 111 clinical yeast isolates of Candida albicans,Candida kefyr, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida krusei, and Cryptococcus neoformans were compared. The in vitro activities of some of these compounds against Pneumocystis carinii, 20 isolates each of Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus, and 30 isolates of emerging less-common mold pathogens and dermatophytes were also compared. The MICs of GM 193663, GM 211676, GM 222712, and GM 237354 at which 90% of the isolates were inhibited (MIC90s) were 0.03, 0.03, 0.004, and 0.015 μg/ml, respectively, for C. albicans, including strains with decreased susceptibility to fluconazole; 0.5, 0.5, 0.06, and 0.12 μg/ml, respectively, for C. tropicalis; and 0.004, 0.015, 0.008, and 0.03 μg/ml, respectively, forC. kefyr. GM 222712 and GM 237354 were the most active compounds against C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, and Cryptococcus neoformans. AgainstC. glabrata and C. parapsilosis, the MIC90s of GM 222712 and GM 237354 were 0.5 and 4 μg/ml and 1 and 16 μg/ml, respectively. The MIC90s of GM 222712 and GM 237354 againstCryptococcus neoformans were 0.5 and 0.25 μg/ml, respectively. GM 193663, GM 211676, GM 222712, and GM 237354 were extremely active against P. carinii. The efficacies of sordarin derivatives against this organism were determined by measuring the inhibition of the uptake and incorporation of radiolabelled methionine into newly synthesized proteins. All compounds tested showed 50% inhibitory concentrations of <0.008 μg/ml. Against A. flavus and A. fumigatus, the MIC90s of GM 222712 and GM 237354 were 1 and 32 μg/ml and 32 and >64 μg/ml, respectively. In addition, GM 237354 was tested against the most important emerging fungal pathogens which affect immunocompromised patients. Cladosporium carrioni, Pseudallescheria boydii, and the yeast-like fungi Blastoschizomyces capitatus and Geotrichum clavatum were the most susceptible of the fungi to GM 237354, with MICs ranging from ≤0.25 to 2 μg/ml. The MICs of GM 237354 against Trichosporon beigelii and the zygomycetesAbsidia corymbifera, Cunninghamella bertholletiae, and Rhizopus arrhizus ranged from ≤0.25 to 8 μg/ml. Against dermatophytes, GM 237354 MICs were ≥2 μg/ml. In summary, we concluded that some sordarin derivatives, such as GM 222712 and GM 237354, showed excellent in vitro activities against a wide range of pathogenic fungi, includingCandida spp., Cryptococcus neoformans, P. carinii, and some filamentous fungi and emerging invasive fungal pathogens.

scholarly journals Morphological and Molecular Diversity of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Pathogenic Fungi in Chilga District, North Gondar, Ethiopia

2022 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sefinew Tilahun ◽  
Marye Alemu ◽  
Mesfin Tsegaw ◽  
Nega Berhane
Keyword(s):  
Causative Agent ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Diseased Plant

Ginger diseases caused by fungal pathogens have become one of the most serious problems causing reduced production around the world. It has also caused a major problem among farmers in different parts of Ethiopia resulting in a huge decline in rhizome yield. However, the exact causative agents of this disease have not been identified in the state. Although there are few studies related to pathogenic fungus identification, molecular level identification of fungal pathogen was not done in the area. Therefore, this study was undertaken to isolate and characterized the fungal causative agent of ginger disease from the diseased plant and the soil samples collected around the diseased plant from Chilga district, Gondar, Ethiopia. Samples from infected ginger plants and the soil around the infected plant were collected. Culturing and purification of isolates were made using Potato Dextrose Agar supplemented with antibacterial agent chloramphenicol. The morphological characterization was done by structural identification of the isolates under the microscope using lactophenol cotton blue stains. Isolated fungi were cultured and molecular identification was done using an internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA). A total of 15 fungal morphotypes including 11 Aspergillus spp. (73.3%), 2 Penicillium spp. (13.3%), and single uncultured fungus clone S23 were isolated from the samples representing all the plant organs and the soil. Aspergillus spp. (73.3%) was the most common and seems to be the major causative agent. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of ginger pathogenic fungi in Ethiopia identified using ITS rDNA molecular techniques. This study will lay foundation for the development of management strategies for fungal diseases infecting ginger.

scholarly journals A comparative evaluation of Kumaun Himalayan Gymnosperms for their Antifungal potential against plant pathogenic fungi

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-241
Author(s):  
Savita Joshi ◽  
◽  
Parikshit Kumar ◽  
Prabha Pant ◽  
SC Sati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Cedrus Deodara ◽  
Araucaria Cunninghamii

Fungicidal activity of 10 ethnobotanically known Kumaun Himalayan gymnospermous plants namely Araucaria cunninghamii, Biota orientalis, Cedrus deodara, Cephalotaxus griffithi, Cryptomeria japonica Cupressus torulosa, Ginkgo biloba, Juniperus communis, Picea smithiana and Pinus wallichiana were tested against six plant disease causing fungal pathogens by agar well-diffusion method. Forty extracts of these gymnospermic leaves in different organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, chloroform and hexane) were studied by performing the 160 sets of experiments. The MIC values of each extract (where % inhibition ≥ 40%) were also determined. All the plant extracts exhibited strong antifungal activity. Results indicated that all leaves extracts of C. griffithi and G. biloba were found most effective among the tested plants extracts. Hexane extract of C. griffithi was showed highest inhibitory activity against C. falcatum (72%; MIC, 7.81µg/ml) and T. indica (70%; MIC, 15.62µg/ml). On the other hand, ethanol extract of G. biloba also showed remarkable activity against P. oryzae (66% with MIC, 7.81g/ml). While P. wallichiana leave extracts were found less active among the studied plants against all the tested fungal strains. The chloroform extracts were found the most effective against all the tested fungi (10% to 60%), followed by ethanol extract (30-50%), methanol extract (20-40%), while in hexane extracts ranged 10-30% only. The extracts of C. griffithi exhibited superior Relative Antifungal Activity (RAA, 20%), followed by G. biloba and A. cunninghamii (RAA, 19 and 12%, respectively). All data were also analyzed for determination of total activity of plant for each studied species of gymnosperm. C. griffithi had maximum activity i.e. 71 % followed by G. biloba (54%) and A. cunninghamii (33%). C. torulosa showed the least total activity and RAA i.e. 8% and 3%, respectively. All the plant species assayed possess definite antifungal properties and suggested for phytochemical analysis to identify the active principles responsible for their antifungal activity

scholarly journals The diversity of fungi colonizing necrotic inflorescence buds of rhododendron (Rhododendron L.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Żołna ◽  
Barbara Kierpiec-Baran ◽  
Maria Kowalik
Keyword(s):  
Dominant Species ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Lower Number ◽  
Botanical Species ◽  
Fusarium Poae ◽  
Identification Of Fungi ◽  
Improved Cultivars ◽  
Genetically Determined

<p>The infection of rhododendron (<em>Rhododendron </em>L.) inflorescence buds caused by pathogenic fungi induces its browning, withering, and dieback. The identification of fungi causing the infection of rhododendron inflorescence buds can be a reason for creating new improved cultivars with genetically determined resistance to pathogens. The investigations were carried out in 2010–2011 on the collection of ornamental plants of the Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Kraków. The material comprised infected inflorescence buds collected from nine newly bred taxa and one botanical species of rhododendron. 596 colonies of fungi belonging to 31 species were isolated from infected rhododendron inflorescence buds. The dominant species were: <em>Pestalotiopsis sydowiana</em>, <em>Truncatella truncata</em>, <em>Alternaria alternata</em>, <em>Phialophora asteris,</em> and <em>Trichoderma viride</em>, which constituted almost 74% of the isolated fungi population.<em> Boeremia exigua </em>var<em>. exigua</em>,<em> Epicoccum nigrum</em>, <em>Fusarium poae</em>, <em>Mammaria echinobotryoides</em>, <em>Paraphoma chrysanthemicola</em>, <em>Phialophora cyclaminis</em>,<em> Phoma eupyrena</em>, <em>Talaromyces wortmannii</em>, <em>Umbelopsis isabellina</em>, and other fungi were isolated in a lower number.</p><p>The results of mycological analysis confirm the diversity of species colonizing necrotic inflorescence buds of rhododendron.</p>.

scholarly journals IDENTIFIKASI DAN UJI PATOGENISITAS CENDAWAN ENTOMOPATOGEN LOKAL TERHADAP Leptocorisa oratorius

EUGENIA ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmy Senewe ◽  
Guntur Manengkey
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
North Sulawesi ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
White Mycelium ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
Leptocorisa Oratorius

ABSTRACT Leptocorisa oratorius is one major pest of rice in North Sulawesi. Hence, it is necessary to control the pest. The research objective was to identify and to test pathogenicity of local  entomopathogen fungi which infected  Leptocorisa oratorius. The pathogens were collected through sampling of L. oratorius which had been infected by the fungi in the field. The pathogenic fungi was isolated using PDA medium, identified followed by inoculation for pathogenecity test.  During several sampling pest, it was found that  L. oratorius was attacked by fungal pathogens in the field. The identification revelead that the fungal pathogens were Beauveria sp and Fusarium sp. Both the fungal pathogen produced white mycelium and could only be distinguished using microscope in the laboratory. Result of pathogenicity tests showed that the two fungal pathogens caused different mortality of the L. oratorius. Mortality of  L. oratorius caused by pathogenic fungus Beauveria sp was  30.3% . Whereas, mortality of  L. oratorius caused by Fusarium sp was only 3.33%. Keywords : pathogenic fungi, entomopathogen, pathogenicity tests, L. oratorius

scholarly journals Optimised production of disulfide-bonded fungal effectors in E. coli using CyDisCo and FunCyDisCo co-expression approaches

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Yu ◽  
Megan A Outram ◽  
Emma Creen ◽  
Ashley Smith ◽  
Yi-Chang Sung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disulfide Bond ◽  
Disulfide Bonds ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Folded Structure

Effectors are a key part of the arsenal of plant pathogenic fungi and promote pathogen virulence and disease. Effectors typically lack sequence similarity to proteins with known functional domains and motifs, limiting our ability to predict their functions and understand how they are recognised by plant hosts. As a result, cross-disciplinary approaches involving structural biology and protein biochemistry are often required to decipher and better characterise effector function. These approaches are reliant on high yields of relatively pure protein, which often requires protein production using a heterologous expression system. For some effectors, establishing an efficient production system can be difficult, particularly those that require multiple disulfide bonds to achieve their naturally folded structure. Here, we describe the use of a co-expression system within the heterologous host E. coli termed CyDisCo (cytoplasmic disulfide bond formation in E. coli) to produce disulfide bonded fungal effectors. We demonstrate that CyDisCo and a naturalised co-expression approach termed FunCyDisCo (Fungi-CyDisCo) can significantly improve the production yields of numerous disulfide bonded effectors from diverse fungal pathogens. The ability to produce large quantities of functional recombinant protein has facilitated functional studies and crystallisation of several of these reported fungal effectors. We suggest this approach could be broadly useful in the investigation of the function and recognition of a broad range of disulfide-bond containing effectors.

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