Advanced Age as a Risk Factor of Drug-Induced Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
D. A. Sychev ◽  
O. D. Ostroumova ◽  
A. P. Pereverzev ◽  
A. I. Kochetkov ◽  
T. M. Ostroumova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Liver Volume ◽  
Natural Aging ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Filtration Capacity

Some patients are more likely to have drug-induced diseases due to a number of risk factors, such as older age. The aim of the study was to analyse the effect of older age on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of medicines and the risk of developing drug-induced diseases. The analysis of scientific literature demonstrated that changes in the functions of body organs and systems caused by natural aging processes may potentially affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of medicines and increase the risk of adverse drug reactions. For instance, older people have a decreased cardiac output both at rest and during exercise, weight loss, loss of elasticity of elastic vessels, a reduced number of functioning nephrons, poorer renal filtration capacity, decreased liver volume, a reduced number of functioning hepatocytes, decreased hepatic blood flow. These changes directly affect absorption, metabolism, distribution, and excretion of medicines, which in turn can affect their safety profiles. Consideration of age-related changes in the functions of body organs and systems, regular monitoring of the efficacy and safety of the prescribed medicine, changing the dosage regimen, and revision of the treatment sheet by healthcare professionals will help optimize pharmacotherapy and reduce the risk of adverse reactions and drug-induced diseases in older patients.

scholarly journals Female Gender as a Risk Factor for the Development of Drug-Induced Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-94
Author(s):  
D. A. Sychev ◽  
O. D. Ostroumova ◽  
A. P. Pereverzev ◽  
A. I. Kochetkov ◽  
T. M. Ostroumova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Enzymes ◽  
Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics ◽  
Protein Activity ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Increased Risk

Gender is an important factor affecting the risk of drug-induced adverse reactions in patients. According to scientific literature, the risk of drug-induced symptoms, syndromes, and diseases is 1.5–1.7 times higher in women than in men. The aim of the study was to analyse and systematise data on the factors responsible for increased risk of drug-induced diseases in women. It was demonstrated that the increased risk of complications in women following the use of certain pharmacological classes of drugs is associated with a combination of factors that affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. These factors include anatomical and physiological characteristics, specificity of enzyme and transport protein activity/expression. Women, compared to men, have higher percentage of adipose tissue and lower percentage of water in the body, which affects the volume of distribution of lipophilic agents, such as opioids and benzodiazepines, resulting in their accumulation in the body. Women have a lower rate of renal excretion and elimination, as compared to men, which may lead to adverse reactions following the use of medicines with predominantly urinary excretion. Changes in the endocrine profile in women taking sex steroids as replacement therapy or a contraceptive measure, as well as fluctuations in endogenous sex steroids during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, perimenopause, influence the volume of distribution, the activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes, and the glomerular filtration rate, and, thus, may affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of other medicinal products, which, in turn, affect the safety of pharmacotherapy. In order to increase the safety of pharmacotherapy in women, it is necessary to consider the revealed specific pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of the medicine in a given group of patients when selecting the treatment regimen, including the dosage regimen and routes of administration.

The Biological Clock and Sleep in the Elderly

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myriam Juda ◽  
Mirjam Münch ◽  
Anna Wirz-Justice ◽  
Martha Merrow ◽  
Till Roenneberg
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Biological Clock ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
Sleep Difficulties ◽  
Circadian Biology

Abstract: Among many other changes, older age is characterized by advanced sleep-wake cycles, changes in the amplitude of various circadian rhythms, as well as reduced entrainment to zeitgebers. These features reveal themselves through early morning awakenings, sleep difficulties at night, and a re-emergence of daytime napping. This review summarizes the observations concerning the biological clock and sleep in the elderly and discusses the documented and theoretical considerations behind these age-related behavioral changes, especially with respect to circadian biology.

Genetic susceptibilities and prediction modeling of carbamazepine and allopurinol-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions in Vietnamese

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinh van Nguyen ◽  
Hieu Chi Chu ◽  
Christopher Vidal ◽  
Richard B Fulton ◽  
Nguyet Nhu Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Surrogate Marker ◽  
Hypersensitivity Syndrome ◽  
Stevens Johnson Syndrome ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Johnson Syndrome ◽  
Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions ◽  
Systemic Symptoms ◽  
Cutaneous Adverse Reactions

Aims: To determine genetic susceptibility markers for carbamazepine (CBZ) and allopurinol-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) in Vietnamese. Methods: A case control study was performed involving 122 patients with CBZ or allopurinol induced SCARs and 120 drug tolerant controls. Results: HLA-B*58:01 was strongly associated with allopurinol-induced SCARs and strongly correlated with SNP rs9263726. HLA-B*15:02 was associated with CBZ-induced Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis but not with drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome/drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms. No association was found between HLA-A*31:01 and CBZ-induced SCARs. HLA-B*58:01 and rs3909184 allele A with renal insufficiency were shown to increase the risk of allopurinol-induced SCARs. Conclusion: HLA-B*58:01 and HLA-B*15:02 confer susceptibility to allopurinol-induced SCARs and CBZ-induced SJS/TEN in Vietnamese. Single nucleotide polymorphism rs9263726 can be used as a surrogate marker in identifying HLA-B*58:01.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in the Triad of Acquired Sensorineural Hearing Loss

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 8111
Author(s):  
Kuang-Hsu Lien ◽  
Chao-Hui Yang
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Sensorineural Hearing Loss ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Sensorineural Hearing ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Related Hearing Loss

The triad of noise-generated, drug-induced, and age-related hearing loss is the major cause of acquired sensorineural hearing loss (ASNHL) in modern society. Although these three forms of hearing loss display similar underlying mechanisms, detailed studies have revealed the presence of sex differences in the auditory system both in human and animal models of ASNHL. However, the sexual dimorphism of hearing varies among noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), ototoxicity, and age-related hearing loss (ARHL). Importantly, estrogen may play an essential role in modulating the pathophysiological mechanisms in the cochlea and several reports have shown that the effects of hormone replacement therapy on hearing loss are complex. This review will summarize the clinical features of sex differences in ASNHL, compare the animal investigations of cochlear sexual dimorphism in response to the three insults, and address how estrogen affects the auditory organ at molecular levels.

scholarly journals Age-Related Frailty: A Clinical Model for Geroscience?

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1140-1143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Takeda ◽  
D. Angioni ◽  
E. Setphan ◽  
T. Macaron ◽  
P. De Souto Barreto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Congestive Heart Failure ◽  
Medical History ◽  
Older Age ◽  
The Other ◽  
Everyday Practice ◽  
Clinical Model ◽  
Main Contributor ◽  
Age Related ◽  
History Of

AbstractIn their everyday practice, geriatricians are confronted with the fact that older age and multimorbidity are associated to frailty. Indeed, if we take the example of a very old person with no diseases that progressively becomes frail with no other explanation, there is a natural temptation to link frailty to aging. On the other hand, when an old person with a medical history of diabetes, arthritis and congestive heart failure becomes frail there appears an obvious relationship between frailty and comorbidity. The unsolved question is: Considering that frailty is multifactorial and in the majority of cases comorbidity and aging are acting synergistically, can we disentangle the main contributor to the origin of frailty: disease or aging? We believe that it is important to be able to differentiate age-related frailty from frailty related to comorbidity. In fact, with the emergence of geroscience, the physiopathology, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment will probably have to be different in the future.

scholarly journals Polypharmacy and Malnutrition Management of Elderly Perioperative Patients with Cancer: A Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1961
Author(s):  
Eiji Kose ◽  
Hidetaka Wakabayashi ◽  
Nobuhiro Yasuno
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Cancer Cachexia ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Drug Efficacy ◽  
Nutritional Management ◽  
Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Anabolic Resistance ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
The Impact

Malnutrition, which commonly occurs in perioperative patients with cancer, leads to decreased muscle mass, hypoalbuminemia, and edema, thereby increasing the patient’s risk of various complications. Thus, the nutritional management of perioperative patients with cancer should be focused on to ensure that surgical treatment is safe and effective, postoperative complications are prevented, and mortality is reduced. Pathophysiological and drug-induced factors in elderly patients with cancer are associated with the risk of developing malnutrition. Pathophysiological factors include the effects of tumors, cachexia, and anorexia of aging. Metabolic changes, such as inflammation, excess catabolism, and anabolic resistance in patients with tumor-induced cancer alter the body’s ability to use essential nutrients. Drug-induced factors include the side effects of anticancer drugs and polypharmacy. Drug–drug, drug–disease, drug–nutrient, and drug–food interactions can significantly affect the patient’s nutritional status. Furthermore, malnutrition may affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, potentiate drug effects, and cause side effects. This review outlines polypharmacy and malnutrition, the impact of malnutrition on drug efficacy, drug–nutrient and drug–food interactions, and intervention effects on polypharmacy or cancer cachexia in elderly perioperative patients with cancer.

scholarly journals Treatment of osteoporosis: recognizing and managing cutaneous adverse reactions and drug-induced hypersensitivity

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 723-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Musette ◽  
M. L. Brandi ◽  
P. Cacoub ◽  
J. M. Kaufman ◽  
R. Rizzoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Treatment Of Osteoporosis ◽  
Cutaneous Adverse Reactions

scholarly journals Evaluation of medicines advertising in medical journals

2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-312
Author(s):  
Daliana Maria Berenice de Oliveira Souza ◽  
Suellen Cristiane Medeiros de Lima ◽  
Almária Mariz Batista ◽  
Maria Cleide Ribeiro Dantas de Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Medical Prescription ◽  
Medical Journals ◽  
Registration Number ◽  
The Common

This work intended to analyze the advertising of medicines requiring medical prescription, divulged into three journals of the neurology and cardiology areas addressed to healthcare professionals. The analysis was based on current legislation, among other criteria, as well as specific literature. The presence of the following items was investigated: registration number, drug name, specific indications, contraindications; cautions and warnings; adverse reactions; possible side effects; posology; legibility of technical-scientific information and bibliographic references, phrases and/or expressions about the medication benefits, as compared to other drugs; safety warnings, healing promises and pictures of people smiling, and the quotations confirmation based on bibliographic references. Among the evaluated legal criteria, it was observed the absence of legibility in technical-scientific information in 85% of advertisements; absence of side effects in 23%; absence of cautions and warnings in 15%; of contraindications in 12.8%; of posology in 6.4%; of registration numbers in 2.7% and of the Common Brazilian Denomination/Common International Denomination (Denominação Comum Brasileira/Denominação Comum Internacional - DCB/DCI) in 0.6%. Out of 130 statements respecting advantages face to others drugs, 23.8% were not confirmed and out of 48 divulged safety messages, 41.7% could not be found in quoted references. The pictures of people smiling was a resource used in 42.2% of advertisements. Out of 1362 references analyzed, 19.7% were not found and 37.1% of quoted affirmations weren't confirmed.

scholarly journals A Multivariate Assessment of Age-Related Cognitive Impairment in Octodon degus

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela S. Rivera ◽  
Carolina B. Lindsay ◽  
Carolina A. Oliva ◽  
Francisco Bozinovic ◽  
Nibaldo C. Inestrosa
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Natural Aging ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Barnes Maze ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Dependent

Aging is a progressive functional decline characterized by a gradual deterioration in physiological function and behavior. The most important age-related change in cognitive function is decline in cognitive performance (i.e., the processing or transformation of information to make decisions that includes speed of processing, working memory, and learning). The purpose of this study is to outline the changes in age-related cognitive performance (i.e., short-term recognition memory and long-term learning and memory) in long-lived Octodon degus. The strong similarity between degus and humans in social, metabolic, biochemical, and cognitive aspects makes it a unique animal model for exploring the mechanisms underlying the behavioral and cognitive deficits related to natural aging. In this study, we examined young adult female degus (12- and 24-months-old) and aged female degus (38-, 56-, and 75-months-old) that were exposed to a battery of cognitive-behavioral tests. Multivariate analyses of data from the Social Interaction test or Novel Object/Local Recognition (to measure short-term recognition memory), and the Barnes maze test (to measure long-term learning and memory) revealed a consistent pattern. Young animals formed a separate group of aged degus for both short- and long-term memories. The association between the first component of the principal component analysis (PCA) from short-term memory with the first component of the PCA from long-term memory showed a significant negative correlation. This suggests age-dependent differences in both memories, with the aged degus having higher values of long-term memory ability but poor short-term recognition memory, whereas in the young degus an opposite pattern was found. Approximately 5% of the young and 80% of the aged degus showed an impaired short-term recognition memory; whereas for long-term memory about 32% of the young degus and 57% of the aged degus showed decreased performance on the Barnes maze test. Throughout this study, we outlined age-dependent cognitive performance decline during natural aging in degus. Moreover, we also demonstrated that the use of a multivariate approach let us explore and visualize complex behavioral variables, and identified specific behavioral patterns that allowed us to make powerful conclusions that will facilitate further the study on the biology of aging. In addition, this study could help predict the onset of the aging process based on behavioral performance.

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