scholarly journals Post-war Projects of Academician V. N. Obraztsov for Development of Transport in the European North of the USSR

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 124-132
Author(s):  
L. P. Roschevskaya ◽  
M. P. Roschevsky
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The North ◽  
European North ◽  
Post War ◽  
Scientific Value ◽  
Scale Design ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

In 2024, the Russian Academy of Sciences will celebrate its three hundredth anniversary. In this regard, there is a relevant need to comprehend the contribution of Soviet scientists to reconstruction of the country’s economy after the Great Patriotic War. In 2021, Russian University of Transport where Academician V. N. Obraztsov once worked, celebrates the 125th anniversary. The scientific conceptualisation of the ways to develop the North of the country is of great importance for the development of the transport system of Russia. Hence, those factors determine the topicality of the objective of the article to study the projects for development of transport in the European North of the USSR put forward by Academician V. N. Obraztsov in the post-war period.To attain this objective, the system-structural and historicalcomparative methods were used. For the first time the activity of V. N. Obraztsov, as of an analyst and expert in the field of development of post-war railway transport, is analysed. It is concluded that having the talent of a major leader of transport projects, Obraztsov put forward research tasks adequate to the requirements of the time for reconstruction of the country’s economy after the war. Among these tasks, he considered modernisation and development of transport. In the projects of 1945, Obraztsov laid the foundations for long-term planning of railway, road, river, and air transport in the European North of the USSR for several decades ahead. The volume of the proposed construction was enormous. Even though the planned large-scale design of the transport infrastructure was not entirely feasible for implementation in a short time due to limited forces and resources of the country, it catches imagination with farreaching prospects for development of the European North and the Arctic. Academician Obraztsov’s programs for development of the north, being of great scientific value, are especially relevant in 21st century.

scholarly journals Assessment of energy-related environmental impacts during the implementation of promising projects for the development of deposits in the Arctic territories of the Russian eastern regions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 466-480
Author(s):  
B.G. Saneev ◽  
◽  
E.P. Maysyuk ◽  
I.Y. Ivanova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Associated Petroleum Gas ◽  
The North ◽  
The One ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Regions Of Russia

The ecological aspects of the functioning of energy facilities in the Arctic zones of the eastern regions of Russia are of increasing importance for the strategic interests of the country, on the one hand, and due to the specific features of territories with a weak ability to restore the natural environment, on the other hand. The studies carried out at the Energy Systems Institute of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences revealed the fact that the current environmental situation in the eastern regions of the Arctic is unfavorable. Promising projects for the development of mineral deposits are associated with an increase in the consumption of all types of energy resources. In addition, this will require intensive development of the energy sector: from the expansion of existing power facilities to the construction of new ones using associated petroleum gas, and possibly LNG. In general, the implementation of projects will lead to the following distribution of the total emission of pollutants from the energy sector: 47% — the Taimyr-Turukhan zone, 30% — the North Yakutsk zone with a predominant contribution from coal-fired boilers, and, accordingly, 23% of all emissions will enter the atmosphere of the Chukotka zone, where coal-fired boiler houses also prevail. With the implementation of advanced development projects, CO2 emissions will also increase from 7 to 16.6 million tons with their predominance in the Taimyr-Turukhan zone (11,9 million tons). Thus, the assessment of the environmental impact from the development of promising deposits in the Arctic territories of the eastern regions of Russia has shown that the emissions of pollutants will increase by 1.6-1.8 times, and those of carbon dioxide by 2.2-2.3 times. Given that the particulate matter will remain the main impurity in the composition of pollutants (up to 35-37%) due to the existing power facilities, coal-fired thermal power plants and boiler houses need a large-scale modernization of the collection equipment. Sulfur dioxides are becoming another predominant impurity, mainly due to newly commissioned facilities running on associated petroleum gas. Therefore, it is necessary to envisage measures to reduce them.

scholarly journals Challenges and prospects of transport development infrastructure of the regions of the European North Russia

2018 ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
S. A. Kozhevnikov
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The North ◽  
European North ◽  
Northern Territories

The article examines the key trends in the development of the transport infrastructure of the regions of the European North of Russia. It is substantiated that the key problems in this area of the northern territories include a decrease in freight and passenger traffic of rail and road transport in the post-Soviet period, low density of transport routes, a small proportion of paved roads in the total length of public roads. These infrastructural limitations are currently one of the barriers to the sustainable development of the northern and arctic territories of the country. It is substantiated that in such a situation, the Vologda region can play an important role in the quality of the outpost for the development of the North and the Arctic in the European part of Russia. At the same time, the development of Vologda as a transport hub is seen in the form of a multimodal logistics center, which will allow for the close cooperation of the northern and Arctic territories of the country with its southern regions. Counter flows of goods and services will go through it to provide, on the one hand, the northern territories with food, essential products, machinery and equipment, and the southern regions with raw materials and their processing products for further development of technological chains, which will create favorable conditions for the sustainable development of the European regions. North of Russia and its Arctic zone. At the same time, an important scientific and practical task is the scientific substantiation of the mechanism for managing the processes of formation and development of this center, taking into account the northern specifics.

scholarly journals Atmospheric Circulation Effects on Wind Speed Variability at Turbine Height

2007 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Klink
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Pressure Gradient ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Circulation Index ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Change Models ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
The North

Abstract Mean monthly wind speed at 70 m above ground level is investigated for 11 sites in Minnesota for the period 1995–2003. Wind speeds at these sites show significant spatial and temporal coherence, with prolonged periods of above- and below-normal values that can persist for as long as 12 months. Monthly variation in wind speed primarily is determined by the north–south pressure gradient, which captures between 22% and 47% of the variability (depending on the site). Regression on wind speed residuals (pressure gradient effects removed) shows that an additional 6%–15% of the variation can be related to the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and Niño-3.4 sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. Wind speeds showed little correspondence with variation in the Pacific–North American (PNA) circulation index. The effect of the strong El Niño of 1997/98 on the wind speed time series was investigated by recomputing the regression equations with this period excluded. The north–south pressure gradient remains the primary determinant of mean monthly 70-m wind speeds, but with 1997/98 removed the influence of the AO increases at nearly all stations while the importance of the Niño-3.4 SSTs generally decreases. Relationships with the PNA remain small. These results suggest that long-term patterns of low-frequency wind speed (and thus wind power) variability can be estimated using large-scale circulation features as represented by large-scale climatic datasets and by climate-change models.

scholarly journals Global Hawk dropsonde observations of the Arctic atmosphere obtained during the Winter Storms and Pacific Atmospheric Rivers (WISPAR) field campaign

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 3917-3926 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Intrieri ◽  
G. de Boer ◽  
M. D. Shupe ◽  
J. R. Spackman ◽  
J. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Polar Vortex ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Winter Storms ◽  
Field Campaign ◽  
Atmospheric Rivers ◽  
The North ◽  
Aircraft System ◽  
Global Hawk

Abstract. In February and March of 2011, the Global Hawk unmanned aircraft system (UAS) was deployed over the Pacific Ocean and the Arctic during the Winter Storms and Pacific Atmospheric Rivers (WISPAR) field campaign. The WISPAR science missions were designed to (1) mprove our understanding of Pacific weather systems and the polar atmosphere; (2) evaluate operational use of unmanned aircraft for investigating these atmospheric events; and (3) demonstrate operational and research applications of a UAS dropsonde system at high latitudes. Dropsondes deployed from the Global Hawk successfully obtained high-resolution profiles of temperature, pressure, humidity, and wind information between the stratosphere and surface. The 35 m wingspan Global Hawk, which can soar for ~ 31 h at altitudes up to ~ 20 km, was remotely operated from NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center at Edwards Air Force Base (AFB) in California. During the 25 h polar flight on 9–10 March 2011, the Global Hawk released 35 sondes between the North Slope of Alaska and 85° N latitude, marking the first UAS Arctic dropsonde mission of its kind. The polar flight transected an unusually cold polar vortex, notable for an associated record-level Arctic ozone loss, and documented polar boundary layer variations over a sizable ocean–ice lead feature. Comparison of dropsonde observations with atmospheric reanalyses reveal that, for this day, large-scale structures such as the polar vortex and air masses are captured by the reanalyses, while smaller-scale features, including low-level jets and inversion depths, are mischaracterized. The successful Arctic dropsonde deployment demonstrates the capability of the Global Hawk to conduct operations in harsh, remote regions. The limited comparison with other measurements and reanalyses highlights the potential value of Arctic atmospheric dropsonde observations where routine in situ measurements are practically nonexistent.

scholarly journals Intellectual Elite of Ukrainian Nation: on the Occasion of Centenary of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

2018 ◽  
pp. 807-820
Author(s):  
Serhii Pyrozhkov
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Ukrainian Academy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Short Time Span ◽  
Comprehensive Development ◽  
Post War ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The author analyses the history of the establishment of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences in Kyiv. He examines the legal procedures for the Academy’s establishment and emphasises that mutual understanding between the scientific community and authorities provides an opportunity to resolve a fundamental nation-wide problem within a short time span. It is also stressed that the crucial role in drafting the Law on the Establishment of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences belongs to M.P. Vasylenko and V.I. Vernadskyi, like-minded prominent scholars and men of science, towering figures who considered science as the blissful power. In addition, the article examines the main tasks pursued by the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, namely providing a sound scientific underpinning for the development of Ukrainian society as well as increasing the role of sciences in civil life. The article substantiates that the comprehensive development of seminal works has always been and still remains the primary purpose of the Academy. All scholars who took part in its development disinterestedly worked upon the implementation of its concept and dedicated their lives to education. The author singles out five rather different periods in the operation of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences: the establishment, expansion of activities during the World War II, post-war rejuvenation, development, and golden age owing to scientific and technological advancement. The fifth period is modern and has lasted since 1991. In the end, the author emphasises that the establishment of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences was designed as a large-scale and socially significant project, whose implementation has eventually given rise to a powerful national intellectual centre with an ever increasing contribution to the development of the country, nation, and personalities. According to the fundamental principles and strategic goals of the Academy, its activity has been expanding for over a hundred years both in favourable and disadvantageous times, in conditions of social stability and continuous social changes. Keywords: Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, establishment, power, prominent scientists, important role.

scholarly journals Personal fund of hydropower engineer S. V. Grigoriev of the Museum-archive of the BCH KSC RAS

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4-2021) ◽  
pp. 28-36
Author(s):  
O. V. Shabalina ◽  
◽  
K. S. Kazakova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Study ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Biographical Information ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
European North ◽  
Potential Sources ◽  
History Of

The article presents materials from the personal fund of the largest hydropower engineer of the North-West of the USSR S. V. Grigoriev, belonging to the Museum-Archive of History of Studying and Exploration of the European North of the Barents Centre of Humanities of the KSC RAS. The personal documents of the scientist and the practitioner are sources of biographical information given in the article and potential sources for research in the field of the history of the scientific study of water bodies, rivers and the development of hydropower in the Arctic.

scholarly journals Impacts of large-scale atmospheric circulation changes due to winter sea-ice retreat on Black Carbon transport and deposition to the Arctic

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Pozzoli ◽  
Srdan Dobricic ◽  
Simone Russo ◽  
Elisabetta Vignati
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Atmospheric Circulation ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The North ◽  
Ice Retreat ◽  
The North Atlantic Oscillation ◽  
Sea Ice Retreat

Abstract. Winter warming and sea ice retreat observed in the Arctic in the last decades determine changes of large scale atmospheric circulation pattern that may impact as well the transport of black carbon (BC) to the Arctic and its deposition on the sea ice, with possible feedbacks on the regional and global climate forcing. In this study we developed and applied a new statistical algorithm, based on the Maximum Likelihood Estimate approach, to determine how the changes of three large scale weather patterns (the North Atlantic Oscillation, the Scandinavian Blocking, and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation), associated with winter increasing temperatures and sea ice retreat in the Arctic, impact the transport of BC to the Arctic and its deposition. We found that the three atmospheric patterns together determine a decreasing winter deposition trend of BC between 1980 and 2015 in the Eastern Arctic while they increase BC deposition in the Western Arctic. The increasing trend is mainly due to the more frequent occurrences of stable high pressure systems (atmospheric blocking) near Scandinavia favouring the transport in the lower troposphere of BC from Europe and North Atlantic directly into to the Arctic. The North Atlantic Oscillation has a smaller impact on BC deposition in the Arctic, but determines an increasing BC atmospheric load over the entire Arctic Ocean with increasing BC concentrations in the upper troposphere. The El Nino-Southern Oscillation does not influence significantly the transport and deposition of BC to the Arctic. The results show that changes in atmospheric circulation due to polar atmospheric warming and reduced winter sea ice significantly impacted BC transport and deposition. The anthropogenic emission reductions applied in the last decades were, therefore, crucial to counterbalance the most likely trend of increasing BC pollution in the Arctic.

scholarly journals Heat transport pathways into the Arctic and their connections to surface air temperatures

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 3927-3937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Mewes ◽  
Christoph Jacobi
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Positive Temperature ◽  
Transport Pathways ◽  
Temperature Anomalies ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The North Pacific

Abstract. Arctic amplification causes the meridional temperature gradient between middle and high latitudes to decrease. Through this decrease the large-scale circulation in the midlatitudes may change and therefore the meridional transport of heat and moisture increases. This in turn may increase Arctic warming even further. To investigate patterns of Arctic temperature, horizontal transports and their changes in time, we analysed ERA-Interim daily winter data of vertically integrated horizontal moist static energy transport using self-organizing maps (SOMs). Three general transport pathways have been identified: the North Atlantic pathway with transport mainly over the northern Atlantic, the North Pacific pathway with transport from the Pacific region, and the Siberian pathway with transport towards the Arctic over the eastern Siberian region. Transports that originate from the North Pacific are connected to negative temperature anomalies over the central Arctic. These North Pacific pathways have been becoming less frequent during the last decades. Patterns with origin of transport in Siberia are found to have no trend and show cold temperature anomalies north of Svalbard. It was found that transport patterns that favour transport through the North Atlantic into the central Arctic are connected to positive temperature anomalies over large regions of the Arctic. These temperature anomalies resemble the warm Arctic–cold continents pattern. Further, it could be shown that transport through the North Atlantic has been becoming more frequent during the last decades.

MECHANISMS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IN COMPLEX CLIMATE AND GEOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS

2020 ◽  
pp. 03-07
Author(s):  
Vladimir Victorovich Tsyganov
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Far East ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Zone ◽  
The Far East

Mechanisms and procedures for strategic management of the development of transport infrastructure in a large-scale region located in difficult climatic and geographical conditions are proposed. These mechanisms and procedures are illustrated by the example of managing the development of transport infrastructure in Siberia, the Far East and the Arctic zone of Russia.

scholarly journals Influence of Atlantic inflow on the freshwater content in the upper layer of the Arctic basin

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-388
Author(s):  
G. V. Alekseev ◽  
A. V. Pnyushkov ◽  
A. V. Smirnov ◽  
A. E. Vyazilova ◽  
N. I. Glok
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Lower Boundary ◽  
Arctic Basin ◽  
Water Layer ◽  
Atlantic Water ◽  
Water Masses ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The North

Inter-decadal changes in the water layer of Atlantic origin and freshwater content (FWC) in the upper 100 m layer were traced jointly to assess the influence of inflows from the Atlantic on FWC changes based on oceanographic observations in the Arctic Basin for the 1960s – 2010s. For this assessment, we used oceanographic data collected at the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI) and the International Arctic Research Center (IARC). The AARI data for the decades of 1960s – 1990s were obtained mainly at the North Pole drifting ice camps, in high-latitude aerial surveys in the 1970s, as well as in ship-based expeditions in the 1990s. The IARC database contains oceanographic measurements acquired using modern CTD (Conductivity – Temperature – Depth) systems starting from the 2000s. For the reconstruction of decadal fields of the depths of the upper and lower 0 °С isotherms and FWC in the 0–100 m layer in the periods with a relatively small number of observations (1970s – 1990s), we used a climatic regression method based on the conservativeness of the large-scale structure of water masses in the Arctic Basin. Decadal fields with higher data coverage were built using the DIVAnd algorithm. Both methods showed almost identical results when compared.  The results demonstrated that the upper boundary of the Atlantic water (AW) layer, identified with the depth of zero isotherm, raised everywhere by several tens of meters in 1990s – 2010s, when compared to its position before the start of warming in the 1970s. The lower boundary of the AW layer, also determined by the depth of zero isotherm, became deeper. Such displacements of the layer boundaries indicate an increase in the volume of water in the Arctic Basin coming not only through the Fram Strait, but also through the Barents Sea. As a result, the balance of water masses was disturbed and its restoration had to occur due to the reduction of the volume of the upper most dynamic freshened layer. Accordingly, the content of fresh water in this layer should decrease. Our results confirmed that FWC in the 0–100 m layer has decreased to 2 m in the Eurasian part of the Arctic Basin to the west of 180° E in the 1990s. In contrast, the FWC to the east of 180° E and closer to the shores of Alaska and the Canadian archipelago has increased. These opposite tendencies have been intensified in the 2000s and the 2010s. A spatial correlation between distributions of the FWC and the positions of the upper AW boundary over different decades confirms a close relationship between both distributions. The influence of fresh water inflow is manifested as an increase in water storage in the Canadian Basin and the Beaufort Gyre in the 1990s – 2010s. The response of water temperature changes from the tropical Atlantic to the Arctic Basin was traced, suggesting not only the influence of SST at low latitudes on changes in FWC, but indicating the distant tropical impact on Arctic processes. 

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