Study of Different Risk Factors for Canine Parvovirus infection by Haemagglutination Assay

Background: There are approximately 1.6 million dogs in Bangladesh and almost 83% of these dogs live on the street and accordingly 17.0% dog population are kept as pet mostly in the metropolitan cities with major population in Dhaka, Chottogram and Sylhet in Bangladesh. Some promiscuous research findings on Canine parvovirus enteritis (PVE) and Canine influenza virus (CIV) have been reported in inland literature. Objective: To determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of canine parvovirus and canine influenza virus infections in dogs supported with brief review for future direction of research and prevention Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on total of 173 pet dogs for the prevalence of CIV and 70 dogs for CPV infections of different breed, age and gender by collecting nasal swab samples for CIV and rectal swabs for CPV infection. Each of the collected nasal swabs was tested by RapiGen Canine influenza Ag test kit and rectal swab samples with RapiGen Canine parvovirus Ag test kit (RapiGen INC., South Korea, 2012). Chi-square test was used detect the significance of risk factors of the infections in dogs. Results: All the 173 nasal swabs of pet dogs collected from different thanas of the Dhaka district showed negative with RapiGen CIV Ag test kit test. Out of four published reports on the prevalence of CIV infection in dogs, of which two reports showed 10.71 to 13.33% prevalence rate of CIV whereas two reports (including this one) showed negative result with the same test. An overall 7.14% prevalence of CPV infection in pet dogs was recorded in this study. The prevalence of CPV in relation to breed was found 22.22% in German shepherd and 2.86% in Labrador whereas local, Bull mastiff and Samoyed breeds found negative for CPV infection. The higher prevalence of CPV infection was recorded in puppies up to six months of age (14.81%) than in growing dogs aged between >6 to 12 months (7.14%) whereas adult (>1 to 2 years) and older (> 2 years) dogs found negative to this infection. Comparatively higher prevalence of CPV infection was detected in male (8.33%) than in female (5.88%) dogs. No CPV infection was recorded in vaccinated dogs, whereas 19.23% unvaccinated dogs affected with this infection. All the rectal swab samples of apparently healthy dogs (no sign of diarrhea) showed negative to CPV infection, whereas 25.0% dogs with diarrhea sign found positive to CPV infection. Review of inland literature reveals that out of nine articles published on CPV infection of which RapiGen CPV Ag test kit has been used in four, PCR in one and clinical method of diagnosis in four articles, whereas only RapiGen CIV Ag test kit has been used for the diagnosis of CIV infection. Conclusion: The prevalence of CPE associated with diarrhea in 7.14% pet dogs has been recognized in this investigation with supports of earlier reports whereas the prevalence of CIV in pet dogs varied widely from negative to 13.33% prevalence in dogs. Age and vaccination of dogs have been recognized as primary risk factors which should be considered in planning a control program whereas others factors like breeds, season, geographical areas can be considered as secondary risk factors varied widely in different reports and countries. Comparative evaluation of different diagnostic tests to find out the ‘gold standard’ and vaccination against CPI in puppies may be suggested to control this disease in dogs. Keywords: Prevalence, Risk factors, CIV, CPV, Dogs, Breeds, Dhaka district, RapiGen Ag test kit, Brief review

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Risk factors associated with canine parvovirus disease in dogs: A case-control study

The Journal of Agriculture and Development ◽

10.52997/jad.4.06.2020 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 32-38

Author(s):

Phu H. Doan

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Canine Parvovirus ◽

High Rate ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Acute Enteritis ◽

Healthy Dogs ◽

Potential Factors ◽

Canine Parvovirus Type 2 ◽

Control Study

Canine parvovirus type-2 (CPV-2) is one of the most contagious viral agents causing acute enteritis in pups with high rate of morbidity and mortality. The study aimed to investigate the risk factors associated with canine parvovirus (CPV) occurrence in dogs in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. A total number of 132 dogs less than six months of age were recruited in the study and split into two groups: ‘CPV diseased dogs’ included 44 (33.3%) dogs positive with canine parvovirus confirmed by rapid immune-migration test, and ‘normal dogs’ consisted of 88 (66.7%) healthy dogs. Results indicated that the unvaccinated dogs had 11.76 times more risk of CPV infection than vaccinated dogs (OR = 11.76,P<0.001). The risk of CPV in dogs raised with others at the same age was 5.01 times (OR = 5.01,P= 0.027) higher than those raised singly. The risk of CPV infection of dogs interacting with neighbour dogs was 3.13 times (OR = 3.13,P= 0.028) higher than the dogs having no contact with other dogs living nearby. Briefly, our study highlights potential factors for CPV disease prevention, especially CPV vaccination is the most important driver affecting the occurrence of parvovirus in young dogs

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Current status and risk factors of canine parvovirus type 2 in North Central Nigeria

Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101578 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 74 ◽

pp. 101578

Author(s):

Kenneth Ikejiofor Ogbu ◽

Ijeoma Chekwube Chukwudi ◽

Francesco Mira ◽

Ukamaka Uchenna Eze ◽

Santina Di Bella ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Canine Parvovirus ◽

Current Status ◽

North Central ◽

Canine Parvovirus Type 2

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Risk Factors Associated With Canine Parvovirus Enteritis In Vom And Environs

Animal Research International ◽

10.4314/ari.v2i3.40870 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

Author(s):

J G Mohammed ◽

AO Ogbe ◽

NJ Zwandor ◽

JU Umoh

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Canine Parvovirus ◽

Factors Associated

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Canine Parvovirus Infection in Dogs: Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors in Egypt

World s Veterinary Journal ◽

10.54203/scil.2020.wvj68 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 571-577

Author(s):

Mohamed Z. Sayed-Ahmed ◽

Elzahara Elbaz ◽

Emad Younis ◽

Mohamed Khodier

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Potential Risk ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Canine Parvovirus ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Test Kit ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

Associated Risk Factors ◽

The Ideal

Canine parvovirus (CPV) infection is a global infectious and contagious viral disease of canine, especially in dogs infected by three variants of CPV type. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and potential risk factors of parvovirus infection in dogs residing in Egypt. A total of 122 dogs suffering from vomiting and diarrhea were screened by antigen rapid CPV/Canine Coronavirus Ag test kit for the diagnosis of CPV infection from March 2012 to February 2013. Age, breed, season, and vaccination of each dog were recorded to study the prevalence of CPV. The overall prevalence of CPV infection in dogs was reported as 59.7%. Dogs between 0 and 3 months of age indicated the highest prevalence of 68% followed by 4-6 months of age which was 53.3%. The lowest prevalence of CPV was reported in dogs above 6 months of age (20%). The maximum prevalence was noticed in non-descript dogs (48.5%) followed by German shepherds (26.7%), Doberman (23.07%), and Griffon (16.6%). Among different risk factors, young, unvaccinated puppies and exotic breeds were more prone to CPV infection. Regarding the season, the higher prevalence was noticed in summer (77.1%) followed by spring (55.5%), autumn (25%), and winter (16.6%). Thus, CPV is an infectious and highly contagious viral disease of dogs. Age and seasonal variations are risk factors in the prevalence of CPV infection. Identification of the potential risk factors associated with the disease may be helpful to construct the ideal preventive measures.

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Prevalence and risk factors for the presence of serum antibodies against canine distemper, canine parvovirus, and canine adenovirus in communities in mainland Ecuador

Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology ◽

10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109933 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 218 ◽

pp. 109933 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Brian A. DiGangi ◽

Patricia A. Dingman ◽

C. Jaime Grijalva ◽

Mark Belyeu ◽

Sylvia Tucker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Canine Parvovirus ◽

Canine Distemper ◽

Serum Antibodies

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First report of canine parvovirus molecular detection in Bangladesh

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2021.1038-1043 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 1038-1043

Author(s):

F. M. Yasir Hasib ◽

Sharmin Akter ◽

Sharmin Chowdhury

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Regression Model ◽

Logistic Regression Model ◽

Mixed Model ◽

Linear Mixed Model ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Canine Parvovirus ◽

Amplification Refractory Mutation System ◽

Effective Prevention

Background and Aim: Canine parvovirus (CPV) is the most important cause of mortality in dogs in many parts of the world. Clinical cases exhibit characteristic signs, including foul-smelling bloody diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration. This study assessed field and vaccine variants of parvovirus in the Chattogram metropolitan area, Bangladesh. The investigation also aimed to identify risk factors for this disease. This research is the first to identify the presence of CPV in Bangladesh through molecular examination. Materials and Methods: From October to December 2019, a total of 100 dogs were included in the study. Rectal swabs were taken from all dogs. Twenty dogs showed clinical signs of parvovirus. All clinically affected animals along with 20 randomly selected healthy dogs were tested using amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify variants from the samples. Logistic regression model analysis was performed to determine the possible risk factors for CPV. Results: ARMS-PCR showed the presence of all three variants, CPV2a, CPV2b, and CPV2c, in clinically ill dogs, and vaccines available in the study area showed either CPV2a or CPV2b strain. The CPV2c variants showed a higher incidence than the other variants. All apparently healthy animals tested were molecularly negative. Multivariable logistic regression model (generalized linear mixed model) indicated that exotic breeds were 3.83 times more likely to be infected by CPV than local breeds. Furthermore, dogs reared in semi-intensive and extensive management systems were 3.64 and 3.79 times more likely to be infected, respectively, than those reared in an intensive management system. Conclusion: These findings provide practitioners and pet owners information on the occurrence of different variants and help design effective prevention strategies for CPV infection.

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Elevated level of circulatory sTLT1 induces inflammation through SYK/MEK/ERK signalling in coronary artery disease

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs20190999 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 133 (22) ◽

pp. 2283-2299

Author(s):

Apabrita Ayan Das ◽

Devasmita Chakravarty ◽

Debmalya Bhunia ◽

Surajit Ghosh ◽

Prakash C. Mandal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Coronary Artery Disease ◽

Coronary Artery ◽

Chronic Inflammation ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Human Subjects ◽

Critical Role ◽

Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Artery Disease

Abstract The role of inflammation in all phases of atherosclerotic process is well established and soluble TREM-like transcript 1 (sTLT1) is reported to be associated with chronic inflammation. Yet, no information is available about the involvement of sTLT1 in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Present study was undertaken to determine the pathophysiological significance of sTLT1 in atherosclerosis by employing an observational study on human subjects (n=117) followed by experiments in human macrophages and atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E (apoE)−/− mice. Plasma level of sTLT1 was found to be significantly (P<0.05) higher in clinical (2342 ± 184 pg/ml) and subclinical cases (1773 ± 118 pg/ml) than healthy controls (461 ± 57 pg/ml). Moreover, statistical analyses further indicated that sTLT1 was not only associated with common risk factors for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) in both clinical and subclinical groups but also strongly correlated with disease severity. Ex vivo studies on macrophages showed that sTLT1 interacts with Fcɣ receptor I (FcɣRI) to activate spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK)-mediated downstream MAP kinase signalling cascade to activate nuclear factor-κ B (NF-kB). Activation of NF-kB induces secretion of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) from macrophage cells that plays pivotal role in governing the persistence of chronic inflammation. Atherosclerotic apoE−/− mice also showed high levels of sTLT1 and TNF-α in nearly occluded aortic stage indicating the contribution of sTLT1 in inflammation. Our results clearly demonstrate that sTLT1 is clinically related to the risk factors of CAD. We also showed that binding of sTLT1 with macrophage membrane receptor, FcɣR1 initiates inflammatory signals in macrophages suggesting its critical role in thrombus development and atherosclerosis.

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