A New Answer to an Old Puzzle: Nοεῐν ἁπλῶς (Sextus Empiricus, PH II 1–10)

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 188-211
Author(s):  
Anna Tigani
Keyword(s):  
Sextus Empiricus ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
Suspension Of Judgment

Sextus responds to the Dogmatists’ criticism that the Sceptics cannot investigate Dogmatic theses, formulating his own version of Meno’s puzzle against them. He thus forces them to adopt υοεῐυ ἁπλῶς – a way of thinking that does not carry any commitment to the reality of what someone thinks – as their only solution to the puzzle and as the necessary starting point of their investigation. Nοεῐυ ἁπλῶς avoids Dogmatic assumptions without making use of the Sceptical argumentation that leads to suspension of judgment. It constitutes a novel answer to Meno’s puzzle, Dogmatism- and Scepticism-free, with important consequences both for Dogmatism and for Scepticism.

scholarly journals KAJIAN ANTITESIS HEGELIAN DALAM ARSITEKTUR

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-74
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nurwahyu ◽  
Murni Rachmawati ◽  
Josef Prijotomo
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Architecture Design ◽  
Design Exploration ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Way Of Thinking

Title: Study of Hegelian Antithesis in Architecture This paper tries to expose hegelian antithesis existence, that can be used as a way of thinking in architecture design process. With antithesis that lies in philosophy scope, then it needs to be settled with similar thing in architecture. The settlement will be set by using descriptive critique method. The result of the settlement can become a starting point for the usage of Hegelian antithesis in architecture design exploration. In this paper, antithesis proven to be equal with architecture of difference as bildung. Those equality shown in the architecture dialogue. With this equality, antithesis become defined and known its position in architecture.  

A progressive strategy for Bioethics

2014 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vittoradolfo Tambone ◽  
Nicola Di Stefano
Keyword(s):  
Global Target ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World ◽  
Linguistic Level ◽  
Way Of Thinking

In this paper, we aim to show that behind the utilization of a progressive rhetoric always lies a progressive existential behavior. Therefore, starting from the linguistic level of rhetoric, we move to the anthropological one. Here we present three fundamental elements for promoting a progressive strategy for bioethics: 1. to strongly desire that the world should develop in a specific way, which represents the starting point for any further progressive attitude towards life. For this reason, we react against any standardized way of thinking, which really destroy the necessity of a personal thinking; 2. to have a long-term-mission in bioethics, or “Meta-Project”. The Meta-Project shows a clear target and orients every single project toward the global target; 3. to translate medieval terms of the debate into more understandable and common terms. It is a worthwhile goal, if bioethics wish for a real dialogue with modern sensitivity. In conclusion, we underline the importance of having a deep and personal way of thinking, from which a progressive attitude towards life should properly grow. For this reason, the analytic methodology may help in facing classical problems.

“I Am the One:” A Monist Looks at the Double Death and Life of Rabba bar Naḥmani

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-50
Author(s):  
Michael Baris
Keyword(s):  
Human Action ◽  
Dual System ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World ◽  
Mode Of Transmission ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
Dramatic Narrative ◽  
The One

Abstract The rabbis portray two arenas in which Torah is studied. Above the terrestrial academy of the sages, the Rabbis posit a transcendent, celestial yeshiva. This dual system seems central to the rabbinic doctrine of retribution in a sequential afterlife. In contrast to the standard dualist reading and accepted dogma, I propose a monist’s reading of these aggadic texts, which sees a single arena of human action and endeavor, with multivalent significance. My starting point is the dramatic narrative of the persecution, flight, and ultimate death of one of the leading Talmudic sages, Rabba bar Naḥmani. These esoteric stories go beyond familiar taxonomies as modes of concealment. Not cyphers to be cracked, they offer a nuanced way of thinking about the world, accessible through narrative as an adaptive mode of transmission.

scholarly journals Interactions between symphonies and film music in the œuvre of László Lajtha

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-253
Author(s):  
Viktória Ozsvárt
Keyword(s):  
Film Music ◽  
Visual Effects ◽  
Film Score ◽  
Common Features ◽  
The Third ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Symphonic Orchestra ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
New Perspective

In the case of Hungarian composer and ethnomusicologist László Lajtha (1892–1963) discovering the manifold potentials in a symphonic orchestra linked strongly with the composition of works for stage and screen. Nevertheless, it clearly makes sense to examine the long-term relations Lajtha had with the film as a genre, by searching for common features in the structure of his music composed for films and his symphonies. Much of the musical material in Lajtha’s Third Symphony is similar to those he used in his 1948 film music for Murder in the Cathedral. The similarity gains more complexity if one takes into consideration that the Third Symphony was marked by the composer as the starting point in a monumental, five-fold symphonic cycle composed through the 1950s. The article makes an attempt to explore the thematic and motivic relationship between the Third Symphony, the Variations and the film score Murder in the Cathedral by analysing the musical material and the structure, and by searching for correlation between the audible and visual effects of the music Lajtha used in the movie scenes. This kind of examination may offer a new perspective on the sources of inspiration that shaped Lajtha’s workmanship and it also gives some important information about his way of thinking about music.

scholarly journals The anthropology of the heart as a way to ecumenical dialogue

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 118-132
Author(s):  
Jolanta Kraśniewska
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Christianity ◽  
Ecumenical Dialogue ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
High Esteem ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
Cultural Code ◽  
Reason And Faith ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fides Et Ratio

Abstract: The article describes, taking as its main starting point the encyclical Fides et ratio, the importance of the way of thinking appropriate to the culture of the Christian East in the relationship between reason and faith. The encyclical of John Paul II has many different aspects, including the not often emphasised ecumenical and dialogical aspects. The Pope, who held Eastern (Orthodox) Christianity in high esteem and appreciated the Slavic cultural code, also positively points to this method of discovering the truth. In this context, the anthropology of the heart is particularly important (metaphysics of the heart, mysticism of the heart or spirituality of the heart), which enriches and complements the Western way of thinking and of discovering anthropological and theological truth. The anthropology of the heart also appears in the West and for this reason it has an ecumenical significance which is important for the dialogue between Catholicism and Orthodoxy.

Ancient Relativity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Duncombe
Keyword(s):  
Sextus Empiricus ◽  
Modern View ◽  
Lost Work ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
Stoic Philosophy

Relativity is the phenomenon that things relate to things: parents to their offspring; doubles to halves; larger things to smaller things. This book is about how ancient philosophers, particularly Plato, Aristotle, the Stoics, and Sextus Empiricus, understood this phenomenon and how their theories of relativity affected, and were affected by, their broader philosophical outlooks. Many scholars have thought that ancient thinkers were either fundamentally confused about the phenomenon of relativity, or held a view that is a trivial variation on a modern view. This book argues that neither is the case. In fact, ancient philosophers shared a close-knit family of views, referred to as ‘constitutive relativity’: a relative is not simply linked by a relation, but is constituted by it. The book shows that this view is present in Plato, and is exploited by him in some key arguments concerning the Forms and the partition of the soul. Aristotle adopts the constitutive view in his discussions of relativity in Categories 7 and the Topics, and retains the constitutive view in his later discussion in Metaphysics 5.15. The Relatives Argument of Aristotle’s lost work On Ideas also involves constitutive relativity. The book moves on to examine a complex report of Stoic relativity and the role relativity played in Stoic philosophy. Finally, the book discusses Sextus Empiricus’ way of thinking about relativity, which does not appeal to the nature of relatives, but rather to how we conceive of things as correlative.

Skepticism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Bett
Keyword(s):  
Central Point ◽  
Second Sophistic ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Arena ◽  
Sextus Empiricus ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Suspension Of Judgment ◽  
Academic Skepticism

This chapter assesses the relations between Greco-Roman philosophical skepticism, centered on the attitude of suspension of judgment, and the Second Sophistic. It begins with Favorinus, who identified as an Academic skeptic, and whose rhetorical activity is recognizably related to the practice of Academic skepticism, but who also engaged with the Pyrrhonist skeptical tradition. The rest of the chapter addresses Pyrrhonism, particularly Sextus Empiricus. The central point is Sextus’s complete lack of reference to the Second Sophistic, despite its being almost certainly contemporary with him. This may be due in part to his self-effacement and disengagement from the public arena, which is encouraged by the Pyrrhonist goal of ataraxia. But it also seems to be connected with the peculiar anachronism of his intellectual engagements, both concerning philosophy and (in his Against the Rhetoricians) concerning rhetoric itself.

Pyrrho (c.365–c.275 BC)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Brunschwig
Keyword(s):  
First Century ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Documentary Evidence ◽  
Patron Saint ◽  
Sextus Empiricus ◽  
Greek Philosopher ◽  
Extensive Documentation ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Suspension Of Judgment ◽  
Pyrrhonian Scepticism

The Greek philosopher Pyrrho of Elis gave his name first to the most influential version of ancient scepticism (Pyrrhonism), and later to scepticism as such (pyrrhonism). Like Socrates, he wrote nothing, despite which – or thanks to which – he too became one of the great figures of philosophy. Although he has vanished behind his own legend, he must have helped nurture that legend: his unique personality palpably exercised an unequalled fascination on his acquaintances, and through them, on many others. We possess, thanks especially to Sextus Empiricus, extensive documentation of what can be called ‘Neo-Pyrrhonian’ scepticism, because from the time of Aenesidemus (first century bc) it invoked Pyrrho as its patron saint. But Pyrrho’s own thought is hard to recover. The documentary evidence for him is mainly anecdotal, and the principal doxography is more or less directly dependent on his leading disciple Timon of Phlius, who managed to present himself as Pyrrho’s mere ‘spokesman’, but who was in fact perhaps rather more than that. The main question, which is still unanswered, is whether Pyrrho was primarily or even solely a moralist, the champion of an ethical outlook based on indifference and insensibility, or whether he had already explicitly set up the weaponry of the sceptical critique of knowledge which underlies the epistemological watchword ‘suspension of judgment’.

Pyrrho and Pyrrhonism

2021 ◽  
pp. 167-194
Author(s):  
Christopher W. Gowans
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Specific Nature ◽  
Sextus Empiricus ◽  
Ideal State ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Emotionally Troubled ◽  
The World ◽  
Pyrrhonian Skepticism ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Ideal

The chapter argues that Pyrrho and ancient Pyrrhonian skepticism (specifically, Sextus Empiricus) are plausibly interpreted as accepting a self-cultivation philosophy, though in somewhat different senses and with some qualification. For both, the existential starting point is an emotionally troubled life rooted in beliefs about the world, and the ideal state of being is a life of tranquility without these beliefs and guided by appearances. It is difficult to say what spiritual exercises Pyrrho thought were needed to achieve the ideal state: perhaps learning his philosophy and habituating ourselves to follow it. However, for Sextus, employment of skeptical arguments was the primary exercise. Since neither Pyrrho nor Sextus supposed we could make assertions about the specific nature of things, neither had a philosophy of human nature in a straightforward sense. Nonetheless, presentations of their outlooks betray some perspective on this (e.g., about the relationship between absence of belief and tranquility).

scholarly journals Some Observations on Modern Chinese Confucianism

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten Rønbøl Lauridsen
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Chinese Philosophy ◽  
Mao Zedong ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
National Pride ◽  
Modern Chinese ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
Maxim Gorky

About thirty years ago Yang Mo's novel The Song of Youth was made into a movie portraying young people committed to change and revolution. In the ideological confusion one sentence rang out very clearly, as the words of Maxim Gorky were used to express the essence of Chinese culture: "In this world the most glorious thing is to be a man" (Zai shijieshang zui guangrong de shi jiu shi zuo yige ren). The death of Mao and the change of political environment was the starting point for a new way of thinking. Maols political and ideological role has been delicately dealt with by trying to preserve the legitimacy of the revolution while discardingsome of the basic elements of Mao Zedong-thought. Thenext move has been to look towards traditional Chinese philosophy to serve ideological development and national pride.

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