scholarly journals PAJAK KARBON, KERUSAKAN KARBON, DAN PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI DI LIMA BELAS NEGARA SELAMA 27 TAHUN

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Riris Rotua Sitorus ◽  
Tangguh Pratysto
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Open Economy ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Control Variable ◽  
Generalized Least Squares ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Carbon Production ◽  
Working People ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Generalized Least Squares Estimation

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of carbon tax and carbon damage on economic growth in 15 (fifteen) countries from 1990 to 2017. Based on the results of research by weather scientists who stated that there are 50-500 possibilities to limit global warming at 2 degrees Celsius above average global temperatures from pre-industrial times throughout the 21st century.Global warming is caused by cumulative carbon emissions which continue to increase from year to year, resulting in threats to the world's sustainable development. Therefore carbon production must be limited by imposing a tax on carbon so that economic growth can run normally and even increase.Researchers used the open economy model Y = (C, I, G, NX) namely final household consumption expenditure (C), foreign direct investment (I), government final consumption general expenditure (G), and import export per GDP (NX) for control variables. The researcher also used the Cobb-Douglas Y = (K, L) production function, namely gross capital formation (K) and the ratio of working people per population (L) to the control variable. The data used were panel data in 15 countries that applied Carbon Tax from 1990 to 2017. Researchers used GLS (Generalized Least Squares) estimation to analyze the effect of carbon tax and carbon destruction on economic growth.The result is a carbon tax can stimulate the growth of real gross domestic product per capita and carbon damage hinder economic growth.

scholarly journals Trends in Inequality and Welfare in Consumption Expenditure: The Case of Pakistan

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (4II) ◽  
pp. 765-779
Author(s):  
Rashida Haq
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Growth Strategies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Distribution Studies

Economic growth is important, but at the same time it loses its importance if nothing trickles down to the poor. One of the frequent heard arguments against growth strategies is that it benefits only the comparatively well off segment of the society. This means that the concomitant of economic growth is more skewed income distribution. Growth and equity should be solved subsequently or in some cases simultaneously, otherwise these countries are exposed to disaster [Hirschman (1973)]. The surge for income distribution studies both in developed and developing countries has, however, been caused by different reasons. In a developed nation, a high economic growth, in terms of GNP per capita and the introduction of the concept of a welfare state necessitated a widespread debate on income inequality and relative poverty issues. In the developing countries, failure to achieve sustainable high growth rates and disappointment from the pursuit of growth-led macro-economic policies in the past decade has surfaced a need to conduct income distribution studies and policies.

scholarly journals Contribution of International Trade and Capital Accumulation to Economic Growth of Thailand during the last half of the 20th century

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Minh Duc
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Control Variable ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Floating Exchange Rate ◽  
Per Capita

The present paper examines the links between international trade, capital and economic growth in Thailand from 1950 to 2000 in an applied growth model including exchange rate as a control variable. Prior to 1980 the elasticity of per capita income with respect to trade was -0.2% switching to 0.07% in 1980 in line with the change from resource exports and import substitution to manufactured exports. The exchange rateelasticity of per capita income prior to 1980 was 0.4% switching to -0.2% consistent with the move to a floating exchange rate. Results confirm the overriding theoretical importance of investment to economic growth

Carbon emissions reduction strategies and poverty alleviation in India

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
VIJAY P. OJHA
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium Model ◽  
Emission Permits ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Tradable Emission Permits ◽  
Per Capita

ABSTRACTThis paper, based on a computable general equilibrium model of the Indian economy, shows that a domestic carbon tax policy that recycles carbon tax revenues to households imposes heavy costs in terms of lower economic growth and higher poverty. However, the decline in economic growth and rise in poverty can be minimized if the emissions restriction target is modest, and carbon tax revenues are transferred exclusively to the poor. India's participation in an internationally tradable emission permits regime with grandfathered emissions allocation is preferable to any domestic carbon tax option, provided the world market price of emission permits remains low. Even better would be if India participated in a global system of tradable emission permits with equal per capita emission entitlements. India would then be able to use the revenues garnered from the sale of surplus permits to speed up its economic growth and poverty reduction and yet keep its per capita emissions below the 1990 per capita global emissions level.

scholarly journals Study of fiscal decentralization, macroeconomic stability and regional growth in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-220
Author(s):  
Joko Tri Haryanto ◽  
Rita Helbra Tenrini
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Fiscal Decentralization ◽  
Regional Growth ◽  
Control Variable ◽  
Population Variable ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Treat Population ◽  
Macroeconomic Stability

Indonesia has been implementing fiscal decentralization since 2001. In theory, fiscal decentralization affected macroeconomic stability and economic growth—this study using data panels at the provincial level from 2010 to 2013. In the relationship between fiscal decentralization and macroeconomic stability with control variable income, significant variables are income to GRDP, GRDP per capita, and population. If control variable expenditure, significant variables are expenditure to GRDP, GRDP per capita, and population. In the model that analyzes fiscal decentralization and economic growth with control variable income, significant variables are income to GRDP, consumption to GRDP, and population. Meanwhile, if control variable expenditure, significant variables are expenditure to GRDP, consumption to GRDP, and population. By using sensitivity analysis, the population variable is a high priority. Therefore stakeholders should treat population variables carefully.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF NAFTA ON ECONOMIC GROWTH

2019 ◽  
Vol 78 (308) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Víctor M. Cuevas Ahumada ◽  
Roger Ivanodik Juan López Churata
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Generalized Least Squares ◽  
The United States ◽  
Capital Formation ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Human Capital Formation ◽  
Per Capita

<p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>This paper evaluates the effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement on the economic growth of Mexico, the United States and Canada by means of an augmented Solow growth model. Such a model is estimated with panel data through two econometric methods: 1) the Arellano-Bond dynamic panel Generalized Method of Moments, and 2) Feasible Generalized Least Squares. The two techniques are consistent in indicating that trade raises Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, controlling for physical capital stock per capita, human capital formation, total factor productivity, and the capital depreciation rate. However, the most important source of GDP per capita growth is human capital formation, which highlights the need to promote trade while investing more in long-term formal education, short-term training programs and the whole process of knowledge transferring.</p><p> </p><p align="center"><strong>LOS EFECTOS DEL TLCAN EN EL CRECIMIENTO ECONÓMICO</strong></p><p align="center"><strong>RESUMEN</strong></p>Esta investigación evalúa los efectos del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte en el crecimiento económico de México, Estados Unidos y Canadá mediante una versión ampliada del modelo de crecimiento de Solow. El modelo se estima con datos en panel mediante dos métodos: 1) el método generalizado de momentos de Arellano y Bond, el cual se aplica a un panel dinámico y 2) mínimos cuadrados generalizados factibles. Ambos indican que el comercio incrementa el producto interno bruto (PIB) per cápita, controlando para el <em>stock</em> de capital físico y humano, la productividad total de los factores y la tasa de depreciación del capital. Sin embargo, la principal fuente de crecimiento económico es la formación de capital humano, por lo que se debe estimular el comercio internacional e invertir más en educación formal de largo plazo, programas de capacitación de corto plazo y todo el sistema de transferencia del conocimiento.

Structural Transformation in South Asia: Does the Pattern Ensure Growth Momentum?

2021 ◽  
pp. 139156142198985
Author(s):  
Raghbendra Jha ◽  
Sadia Afrin
Keyword(s):  
Structural Transformation ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Generalized Least Squares ◽  
Estimation Technique ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Empirical Regularities ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Generalized Least Squares Estimation ◽  
Transformation Pattern

We model the evolution and determinants of shares of agriculture, manufacturing and services to gross domestic product for four South Asian countries (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka and Pakistan) for 41 years (1974–2018) to understand their structural transformation pattern. Determinants of shares were classified into three broad categories: ‘country fundamentals’, ‘policy’ and ‘decadal dummies’. This is the first article to investigate the empirical regularities of the structural transformation pattern and their determinants for this region. The generalized least squares estimation technique for panel data was applied. We find mixed evidence in support of structural transformation. With the increase in per capita income, the share of agriculture decreases and that of services increases, partially supporting the Kuznets hypothesis; however, the share of manufacturing sector shows a more tepid rise and even decreases in some model specifications. Thus, the Kuznets model of structural transformation is supported to some extent, but not strongly for these countries. JEL: C22, C23, F63, O11

scholarly journals Evaluating the Effect of Covid-19 on the Palestinian Economy by Estimating the Relationship Between Economic Growth and Unemployment in Palestine

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-217
Author(s):  
Wisam A. Samarah
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Open Economy ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Palestinian Economy ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Percent Decrease

Abstract The Palestinian economy is a small and open economy that is characterized with a high level of uncertainty. The purpose of this paper is to determine the effect of COVID-19 on the economic growth in Palestine through estimating the relationship between economic growth and unemployment. We will use the GDP per capita to measure economic growth and unemployment rate in Palestine. Thus we will also look at the Palestinian labor force and determine whether the job creation is successful in absorbing the rising rates of unemployment and determine how COVID-19 will affect unemployment rates. This is an effort to study where the Palestinian economy is heading and gives suggestions of how we can avoid the convergence into a Volatility Uncertainty Complexity Ambiguity environment. The data was taken from the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics for the period from 1995 to 2018. The time series analysis indicated that a 1 percent increase in the unemployment rate will result in a 0.356 percent decrease in the GDP per capita. Given the continuation of the Israeli occupation, the Palestinian government plays the role of “crisis management”.

Measuring Effectiveness Of Economic Growth On Reducing Infant Mortality Rate In Tamilnadu

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 129-141
Author(s):  
Mr. Y. EBENEZER
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Adf Test ◽  
Bound Test

                   This paper deals with economic growth and infant mortality rate in Tamilnadu. The objects of this paper are to test the relationship between Per capita Net State Domestic Product and infant mortality rate and also to measure the impact of Per capita Net State Domestic Product on infant mortality rate in Tamil Nadu. This analysis has employed the ADF test and ARDL approach. The result of the study shows that IMR got reduced and Per capita Net State Domestic Product increased during the study period. This analysis also revealed that there is a negative relationship between IMR and the economic growth of Tamilnadu. In addition, ARDL bound test result has concluded that per capita Net State Domestic Product of Tamilnadu has long run association with IMR.

scholarly journals Examining GDP Growth and Its Volatility: An Episodic Approach

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 890
Author(s):  
Jakub Bartak ◽  
Łukasz Jabłoński ◽  
Agnieszka Jastrzębska
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Structural Breaks ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Per Capita

In this paper, we study economic growth and its volatility from an episodic perspective. We first demonstrate the ability of the genetic algorithm to detect shifts in the volatility and levels of a given time series. Having shown that it works well, we then use it to detect structural breaks that segment the GDP per capita time series into episodes characterized by different means and volatility of growth rates. We further investigate whether a volatile economy is likely to grow more slowly and analyze the determinants of high/low growth with high/low volatility patterns. The main results indicate a negative relationship between volatility and growth. Moreover, the results suggest that international trade simultaneously promotes growth and increases volatility, human capital promotes growth and stability, and financial development reduces volatility and negatively correlates with growth.

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