scholarly journals India’s Foreign Trade – An Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Total Export ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Total Import ◽  
The World ◽  
Important Trading Partner ◽  
Result Show

Export-Play, Important Role of any country’s business India is one among these countries that have been exporting a large number of product and raw material to other countries to earn economy wealth. India is 19th largest export economy. India’s overall, export- in 2019-20 was US $ 313138.5 million and total import was US $ 473995.2 million and trade balance was US $ 160856.7 million. The main object of the paper is to analyse the structural change in foreign trade- Under new Exim policy. The period of the study is from 2010-11 to 2019-20. The result shows that USA, UAE, Hongkong, UK, Germany, Saudi Arbia and China accounted from more than 40% of export from India at the world level. India total export which was US $ 330078.1 million in the year 2018-19 decline to US $ 313138.5 million in the year 2019-20. The total export from India decreased by 5.13% from the year 2018-19 to year 2019-20. In the year 2019-20 the share in total export from India to USA is 16.95%, UAE 9.21%, China 5.30%, Hongkong 3.50%, UK 2.79%, Germany 2.64%, and Saudi Arbia 1.99%. India’s total import in the year 2019-20 was US $ 473995.2 million which China contributed by 37.76%, USA 7.52%, Saudi Ariba 3.60%, Hongkong 3.5%, UAE .38% and Germany 2.81%,. The result show that USA is most important trading partner followed by UAE an UK, Hongkong, China and other countries.

scholarly journals Contribution of Cyanotoxins to the Ecotoxicological Role of Lichens

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 321
Author(s):  
Dobri Ivanov ◽  
Galina Yaneva ◽  
Irina Potoroko ◽  
Diana G. Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Effective Application ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common

The fascinating world of lichens draws the attention of the researchers because of the numerous properties of lichens used traditionally and, in modern times, as a raw material for medicines and in the perfumery industry, for food and spices, for fodder, as dyes, and for other various purposes all over the world. However, lichens being widespread symbiotic entities between fungi and photosynthetic partners may acquire toxic features due to either the fungi, algae, or cyano-procaryotes producing toxins. By this way, several common lichens acquire toxic features. In this survey, recent data about the ecology, phytogenetics, and biology of some lichens with respect to the associated toxin-producing cyanoprokaryotes in different habitats around the world are discussed. Special attention is paid to the common toxins, called microcystin and nodularin, produced mainly by the Nostoc species. The effective application of a series of modern research methods to approach the issue of lichen toxicity as contributed by the cyanophotobiont partner is emphasized.

scholarly journals СПОЉНОТРГОВИНСКА РАЗМЕНА СРБИЈЕ И ЗНАЧАЈ АГРАРНОГ СЕКТОРА

TEME ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 711
Author(s):  
Драгица Божић ◽  
Марија Николић
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Total Trade ◽  
Agrarian Sector ◽  
Primary Products ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
Large Deficit

The foreign trade of the Serbian economy is characterized by a large deficit and unfavourable structure. The importance of the agrarian sector in total trade is reflected in the constant positive trade balance and increasing participation, particularly in export. The aim of the paper is to analyze the basic characteristics of foreign trade of Serbia, as well as to point out the importance of the agrarian sector in the period 2005-2014. In the first part of the paper are analyzed trends of export, import, and the level of openness of Serbian economy. In the following part the structure of export and import is discussed, and the concentration index presented, or the Herfindahl-Hirschmann index, as well as the diversification index which indicates the difference between the structure of Serbian export and import and the international average. In addition to these indicators, the revealed comparative advantage index was calculated. The analysis of foreign trade of Serbian overall economy indicates a significant presence of agricultural and food products in its structure, particularly in export, and confirms that the agrarian sector is one of few sectors with a constant surplus. Determined indicators show that the comparative advantage in the overall economy trade of Serbia with the world is achieved in primary products and products of lower processing phase, of which a significant part is from the agrarian sector. Therefore, in the final part of the paper the participation of the agrarian sector in the total foreign trade of Serbia is shown.

scholarly journals Role of agriculture and multifunctional rural development in Serbia

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalija Bogdanov ◽  
Zorica Vasiljevic
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Rural Space ◽  
Clear Explanation

Serbia is mostly rural country, as three fourth of its territory make rural areas, while almost half population is living in rural areas. Serbian agriculture is the sector which is very important for the total economy of the country in respect of resources, participation in GDP, employment as well as importance for rural areas and population. This is the only sector in Serbian economy that shows positive foreign trade balance in the recent several years.There are potentials for development of agrarian entrepreneurship on one hand, but on the other, there are constraints in existence of great number of small family farms whereas the huge share could not have commercial profile and could not live only from agricultural activities. The concept of multifunctional development of agriculture and rural areas is still present mostly in scientific and political sphere without clear explanation or interpretation as well as mechanisms of implementation. Serbia’s rural space is heterogenic and devastated in different extent, and therefore extremely complicated for planning of multifunctional development.

Consuls and Silver Contraband on Mexico's West Coast in the Era of Santa Anna

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Mayo
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
West Coast ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Napoleonic Wars ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Individual Role

Mexico achieved independence in 1821. With the definitive cutting of the imperial ties with Spain, already weakened by the impact of the Napoleonic Wars, the country began to play an individual role in the world economy. The end of Spanish rule and the departure of many Spaniards opened up new positions and new opportunities for Mexicans. Some they seized immediately as in government and the army; others they lacked in some measure the skills, inclination or capital to exploit. One of the more difficult areas was overseas trade, which had been largely the preserve of peninsulares. Their departure provided the occasion for the arrival of numbers of foreigners, who established merchant houses in trading centres, and assumed the role of middlemen in Mexico's foreign trade.

scholarly journals Content and Functional Purpose of the Duty in Modern Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-133
Author(s):  
Halyna B. Pohrishchuk ◽  
Ruslan Ye. Voloshchuk
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Trade Organisation ◽  
Regulatory Function ◽  
National Interests ◽  
The World ◽  
Foreign Trade Activity ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Functional Purpose

The duty as a source of budget formation and a regulator of foreign trade activity contributes to improving the macroeconomic situation and the state's entry into the international trade community. Therefore, the study of the essence and functional purpose of the duty becomes particularly relevant since it makes it possible to increase the efficiency of its functioning in modern conditions. The purpose of the study is to consider the tax and foreign trade nature of the duty, establish its essence and specific characteristics, identify the main functions and substantiate changes in the roles of duty functions in modern conditions. The specifics of the scientific tasks that make up the subject of research required the use of a set of special methods (general scientific and private scientific, theoretical and empirical), the use of which helped identifying the content of the duty, consider its functional purpose and establish the reasons for the weakening of the role of duty functions in different countries of the world. In the course of the study, two approaches to the interpretation of the essence of duty were established: as a tax and as a specific foreign trade payment. The author's definition of the duty was proposed and its main essential characteristics were clarified. It has been established that there are no unified approaches to the definition of duty functions in the scientific literature, and only two main ones (fiscal and regulatory) are substantiated. It was also covered that due to the entry of most countries into the World Trade Organisation and the establishment of restrictions on the growth of customs rates, the regulatory function of the duty is weakening. It was established that in developed countries, due to international restrictions on the application of custom rates, the role of the fiscal function of duty has decreased. It was determined that in less developed countries, in conditions of limited budget revenue sources, the fiscal function of duty continues to be the main one. The practical value of the study lies in the fact that clarifying the content and functions of duty in modern conditions makes it possible to increase the effectiveness of customs tariff regulation to protect national interests during the intensification of international integration processes

scholarly journals Trends in the Development of Ukraine’s Foreign Trade in Goods in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (519) ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
A. I. Kondratenko ◽  
◽  
D. I. Babmindra ◽  
I. M. Slobodianyk ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Export Structure ◽  
Geographical Structure ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Commodity Export

The article discusses and analyzes the volumes of Ukraine’s foreign trade in goods in 2019-2020. A positive trend regarding the foreign trade balance on trade in Ukrainian goods is allocated. It is found that there was a decrease in exports and imports of goods during the researched period. The commodity structure of Ukraine’s foreign trade is analyzed. Changes in the commodity export structure in 2020 compared to 2019 have been identified. The main groups of goods that Ukraine exports and imports the most when trading with foreign countries are allocated. The groups of goods whose export and import volumes have undergone the greatest changes in 2020 and as compared to 2019 are allocated. The geographical structure of foreign trade in Ukrainian goods is analyzed. Changes in the geographical structure of exports in 2020 compared to 2019 are determined. It is specified, which countries are the largest importers of Ukrainian goods and from which countries Ukraine imports the most goods. The countries in terms of the largest changes as to the foreign trade with them in 2020 compared to 2019 are allocated. It is determined that the most important reason for changes in the volume of foreign trade in Ukrainian goods in 2020 compared to 2019 was the COVID-19 pandemic. The global impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the world economy and human life in general is noted. The main changes in the economy and society, which caused changes in the volume of foreign trade in Ukrainian goods, as well as the main reasons for the change in supply and demand, which are typical for all countries of the world, are allocated. The main directions of the State’s assistance to increase the volume of exports of goods from Ukraine in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic are defined. The negative and positive changes in Ukraine’s foreign trade caused by the coronavirus pandemic are characterized.

scholarly journals Factors Shaping Agri-food Product Trade in Poland

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 1221-1228
Author(s):  
Piotr Bórawski ◽  
Mariola Grzybowska-Brzezińska ◽  
James William Dunn ◽  
Spiro E. Stefanou
Keyword(s):  
Trade Balance ◽  
Price Index ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Total Import ◽  
Macroeconomic Factors ◽  
Macroeconomic Variables ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
The Impact

The objective of the paper is to recognize the role of internal and external factors in the trade balance. The analysis of the trade balance is useful to help formulate goals and premises of economy policy to properly allocate production means to eliminate the negative effects of trade liberalization. The authors have studied data about trade of agricultural commodities in the years 2000–2010. To measure the impact of macroeconomic variables used a regression model. The macroeconomic factors included: X1 (inflation), X2 (investment in agriculture and hunting), X3 (GDP) and X4 (exchange rate) and X5 (FAO food price index). We wanted to recognize the impact of macroeconomic factors on: Y1 (total export), Y2 (total import), Y3 (trade balance).

AMBER AS A STRATEGIC RAW MATERIAL

2016 ◽  
pp. 0-0 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Szamalek
Keyword(s):  
International Cooperation ◽  
Time Horizon ◽  
International Market ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Access Barriers ◽  
The World ◽  
Action Time ◽  
Critical Mineral

The importance and the role of minerals in the economy of a country or the world is manifested by the use of the following terms: scarce mineral, critical mineral, and strategic mineral. Validity of the raw material in the economic processes and the knowledge about the sources of its acquisition, access barriers, and the shaping of prices on the domestic and international market allow developing a strategy for action. The strategy must take into account the objective of the action, time horizon, kind of the instruments needed to apply, and scope of international cooperation. The importance of the raw material for the country is not only the volume of turnover and volume of production obtained thanks to its application. This also means its importance for historical, cultural and social reasons, which is the case with amber. The author presents arguments in favour of both considering amber in Poland as a raw material of strategic importance and the necessity for introducing effective instruments to ensure its further extraction and use.

scholarly journals The Role of the Foreign Trade in Ensuring Food Sacurity in the Countries of the World: An Empirical Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 867-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Baryshnikova ◽  
Dorota Klimecka-Tatar ◽  
Olga Kiriliuk
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
International Division ◽  
The World ◽  
Imported Food ◽  
High Level

AbstractTrade in agricultural products is one of the most dynamically developing segments of the global market. The feature of the contemporary stage of world food trade development is that the leading exporters are also the largest food importers, combining the benefits of the international division of labor with the development of domestic agricultural production. In the paper, the role of foreign trade in ensuring food security has been evaluated by comparing the global index of food security and the share of imported food in the domestic market. As a result, the countries of the world have been divided into 4 groups. The first two groups include countries that ensure their citizens a high level of food security through imports, as well as or through their own efficient agricultural production. The third and fourth groups include countries which are not agrarian developed. The problems of hunger and malnutrition in these countries can potentially be solved with the help of foreign trade and increased efforts of the international community.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Influence of Foreign Trade on Investment Attractiveness of Ukraine

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-110
Author(s):  
S. Munka ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
World Market ◽  
Stock Index ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Investment Climate ◽  
Investment Activity ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

Annotation. Introduction. The studying process of the investment attractiveness of the Ukrainian economy remains a priority for domestic economists, because the economic growth is impossible without the involvement in investment. In order to improve the investment attractiveness of the economy it would be desirable to determine the factors and relationships that improve the corresponding indicator. Purpose. The main purpose of the article is to analyze the impact of foreign trade on the investment attractiveness, develop projections for the investment climate in Ukraine. The definition of the role of the country’s stock index in investment attractiveness. Results. The study reveals the concept of the investment attractiveness. The influence of export goods on investment attractiveness was investigated. A number of key export goods for the domestic economy were identified. The projections of the investment attractiveness for future periods were developed due to the price of export goods in the world market. The role of the stock index in the country’s investment climate was determined. The projections of the stock index of Ukraine were developed. Recommendations for increasing the investment attractiveness of the national economy were given. Conclusions. Based on the research, we can draw conclusions about the strong positive correlation between the foreign trade and the investment attractiveness. Now, Ukrainian exports are commodity-focused and, as a result, the economy depends on the price of agricultural products and iron ores on the world market. The results of the study predict and an increase in the cost of food products in the world and, as a consequence, an increase in the investment attractiveness of the Ukrainian economy. Despite the positive projections for the growth of commodity prices, the export of goods with high added value goods will be more profitable option for the economy. Keywords: investment activity; investment climate; foreign trade; economic growth; export; projection; polynomial trend line; iron or; correlation-regression analysis; stock index.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document