scholarly journals Assessment of the Level of Interleukin IL 5 and IL 17 in Patients Infected with some Intestinal Parasites and H. pylori

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 4-9
Author(s):  
Firas Fahad Habeeb ◽  
Ali Mohammed Abed
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Giardia Lamblia ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Interleukin 17 ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Intestinal Protozoa ◽  
Interleukin 5 ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
H Pylori

The current study aimed to assess the level of interleukin IL 5 and IL 17 in patients infected with E. histolytica, G. lamblia parasites and H. pylori who suffer from diarrhea and some intestinal disorders, who attended Shirqat General Hospital / Salah al-Din Governorate, during the period from October 2020 to March 2021. The number of faecal samples examined was 409. The parasite infection were detected and investigated using direct wet smear and ether-formalin precipitation methods using light microscopy. All positive samples were examined for microscopic examination by antigen test for faecal samples and antibody test for rapid serum samples for detection of H. pylori co-infection of intestinal protozoa. The results showed that the total infection rate was 46 (11.24%) positive sample for the intestinal protozoa and 363 (88.7%) negative sample, E. histolytica was the higher with 67.38%, followed by Giardia lamblia with 32.61%. The results of the bacterial detection showed that 13 (28.26) positive samples and 33 (71.73%) negative samples, and the rate of co-infection between E. histolytica and H. pylori 9 (29.03%) was higher than the infection rate between Giardia lamblia and H. pylori 4 (26.66%). As for evaluating the level of Cytokines studied, the concentrations of some anti-inflammatory kinetics such as interleukin-5 and some pro-inflammatory kinetics such as interleukin-17 were estimated using ELISA technique. The results showed an increase in the concentration of interleukin-5 in the serum of patients with intestinal protozoa infections, as its concentration reached (10.956 ± 2.381 ml/Pg) compared to the control group (4.334 ± 1.434 ml/Pg), As for the patients infected with H. pylori (4.284±1.260 ml/Pg), there was no increase in the concentration of interleukin-5 compared to the control group (the healthy ones), While the concentration of IL-17 was lower in patients with intestinal protozoa infections (30.114 ± 4.877 ml/Pg) compared to the control group (35.665 ± 3.198 ml/Pg), As well as in patients infected with H. pylori bacteria (31.097±2.001 pg/ml) compared to the control group. The results of the statistical analysis showed that there were significant significant differences in the concentration of each of interleukin 5 and 17, which were statistically significant at the level of probability ≤ 0.01 P.

scholarly journals Risk for infection by Lyme disease cause in green surfaces maintenance workers in Belgrade

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 313-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milena Krstic ◽  
Novica Stajkovic
Keyword(s):  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Tick Infection ◽  
Dark Field Microscopy ◽  
Tick Infection Rate

Background/Aim. Lyme disease (LD) is a cosmopolitan disease from the group of zoonoses that in humans can affect skins, joints, heart and/or nervous system. Research conducted in endemic areas, shows not only that the population, which lives or works in tick habitats, is in a high risk for getting infected by LD cause, but also that every enviroment itself is specific in regard to both vectors and B. burgdorferi species. In our enviroment, research of seropositivity to B. burgdorferi in persons exposed to vectors of LD have not been conducted. The aim of this study was to determine whether there was a higher risk for getting B. burgdorferi infection in the fieldworks of JKP "Zelenilo Beograd" than in other persons. Methods. Risk for getting LD in the fieldworkers of JKP "Zelenilo Beograd" (park-maintanance company) was determined according to seropositivity, the number and infection rate of LD vectors, and entomological risk index (ERI) value. Serum samples of 34 fieldworkers of JKP "Zelenilo Beograd", and 35 persons of the control group, were tested for the presence of specific IgM and IgG anti-B. burgdorferi antibodies by using ELISA test. In the research localities, the number of ticks was estimated by using the flag hours method, and tick infection rate was determined by dark field microscopy, with magnification rate of 400?. The data were analyzed statistically using ?2 test, and Pearson's correlation analysis. Results. Out of 34 fieldworkes serum samples, 8 (23.5%) were positive on anti-B. burgdorferi antibody presence, while in the control group only one (2.9%) sample was positive (p < 0,05). Seropositivity rate varied from 0-66.6% among localities. Flag hours value among the localities ranged from 8.2-29.9, and tick infection rate ranged from 10.8- 22.3%. ERI value was 0.03-0.15. Correlation between flag hour rate and seropositivity, tick infection rate and seropositivity, and also ERI and seropositivity was established. Conclusion. Frequency of B. burgdorferi seropositivity was significantly higher in green-surface maintenance workers, than in the control group not exposed to these habitats. A significant correlation was found between anti-B. burgdorferi antibodies findings and the number of ticks, tick infection rate, and ERI. The results obtained in our study indicate that there was a significantly higher risk for getting LD cause in the fieldworkers than in the control group. .

scholarly journals Genistein attenuated gastric inflammation and apoptosis in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastropathy in rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasong Siriviriyakul ◽  
Duangporn Werawatganon ◽  
Nisarat Phetnoo ◽  
Kanjana Somanawat ◽  
Tanittha Chatsuwan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Kinase Inhibitor ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Tunel Reaction ◽  
H Pylori

Abstract Background Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a major cause of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer diseases and cancer. Genistein (4′,5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone), a tyrosine-specific-protein kinase inhibitor, has been shown to exert an anti-inflammatory property. The aim of this study was to examine the treatment effects of genistein and its mechanisms in rats with H. pylori infection. Methods Eighteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups (6 rats per group): (1) control group (Con); (2) H. pylori infected group (HP): the rats were inoculated with H. pylori (108− 1010 CFU/mL; 1 mL/rat.) for 3 consecutive days; and (3) HP + genistein group (HP + Gen): the rats were inoculated with H. pylori as above. Then, they were gavaged with genistein (16 mg/kg BW) for 14 days. Gastric tissue was used for the determination of nuclear factor (NF)-κB expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC), degree of apoptosis by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferasemediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) reaction, and histopathology. Serum samples were used to measure the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1). Results Rats in the HP group had significantly higher levels of pro-inflammatory mediators, NF-κB expression and apoptotic cells when compared with the Con group, and these markers significantly decreased in HP + Gen group when compared with the HP group. The histopathology of HP group showed moderate gastric inflammation and many HP colonization. Gastric pathology in HP + Gen group demonstrated the attenuation of inflammatory cell infiltration and H. pylori colonization. Conclusion Genistein exerted its gastroprotective effects through the reduction of pro-inflammatory mediators, nuclear receptor NF-κB expression and gastric mucosal apoptosis in rats with H. pylori-induced gastropathy.

scholarly journals Helicobacter Pylori Eradication Therapy is Not Associated with the Onset of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. A Case-Control Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Rosania ◽  
Ulrike Von Arnim ◽  
Alexander Link ◽  
Mirjana Rajilic-Stojanovic ◽  
Caspar Franck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Eradication Therapy ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
Control Study

Background & Aims: A negative association between H. pylori and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been previously reported. There were also case reports suggesting a new onset of IBD 6-12 months after H. pylori eradication therapy. In a case-control study we investigated whether previous H. pylori eradication therapy was associated with the risk of developing IBD.Methods: IBD outpatients with both Crohn´s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) were enrolled. Age- and sex-matched blood donors served as controls in a 1:2 fashion. Information on demographics, medical history, previous H. pylori infection and eradication therapy was recorded. Serum samples for H. pylori serology testing (anti-H. pylori-IgG and anti-CagA-IgG) were obtained. Controls that received H. pylori eradication therapy during the 12 months previous to enrollment were excluded.Results: Overall, 127 IBD patients (CD N= 90; UC N= 37) and 254 controls were enrolled. The prevalence of H. pylori infection (positive H. pylori serology and/or previous eradication) in IBD patients and controls was 11% and 23%, respectively (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.21-0.74, p<0.003). Four patients (3%) developed IBD (3 MC and 1 CU) after receiving successful H. pylori eradication (latency 6-12 months). The rate of previous H. pylori eradication therapy in patents who successively developed IBD was lower but not statistically different from that observed in the control group (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.14-1.29, p=0.16).Conclusions: In our study previous H. pylori eradication therapy was not associated with the onset of IBD.Whether in a subgroup of patients, H. pylori eradication therapy may trigger a latent IBD, cannot be excluded.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Helicobacter pylori Infection and Some Intestinal Parasites for Patients Attending to Shirqat General Hospital/Salah Al-Din Governorate

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 125-129
Author(s):  
Firas Fahad Habeeb ◽  
Ali Mohammed Abed
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Entamoeba Histolytica ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Giardia Lamblia ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
The Relationship

The current study was conducted to detect the infection rate of the Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia parasite and to determine the relationship between them and Helicobacter pylori bacteria for patients attending Shirqat General Hospital in Salah al-Din Governorate during the period from October 2020 to March 2021. The number of examined samples reached 409, as they were examined by direct smear and Concentration methods using an optical microscope. The results of the study showed that the total infection rate was 46 (11.24%) positive samples and 363 negative samples with a rate of (88.7%), the Entamoeba histolytica was dominant with rate 67.38%, followed by Giardia lamblia with rate 32.61%, and the infection rates for males were higher than for females. Where the infection rate of males reached 14.29% (34 out of 238) and 7.02% of females (12 out of 171), respectively. The infection rates varied between age groups, as the highest rate of infection was in the age group ≥ 10-1 years, which amounted to 32.6%, and the lowest rate of infection was in the age group 60-51 years, with a rate of 2.17%. The highest infection rate was in October, which amounted to 14.89%, while the lowest infection rate was in December, with a rate of 7.35%. All positive samples were examined for microscopic examination by rapid antigen test to detect H.pylori bacteria involved in infection with Entamoeba histolytica or Giardia lamblia, and the results showed that 13 (28.26) samples were positive and 33 (71.73%) were negative samples, and the Co-infection infection rate was between the Entamoeba histolytica and H.pylori 9 (29.03%) were higher than that of Giardia lamblia and H.pylori 4 (26.66%).The results of the statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences between the sex of patients infected with these parasites and the rates of infection during the months of the study and the age groups of infected patients.

The role of interleukin-9 and interleukin-17 in myocarditis with different etiologies

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 797-802
Author(s):  
Tuğba Kandemir Gülmez ◽  
Can Acipayam ◽  
Metin Kilinç ◽  
Nurten Seringeç Akkeçeci
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatic Fever ◽  
Acute Rheumatic Fever ◽  
Troponin I ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Interleukin 17 ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Interleukin 9

Abstract Objective Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the cardiac muscle. Prognosis is most often good but, in some patients, the disease can be fulminant. Our aim with this study was to determine interleukin-9 (IL-9) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) levels in myocarditis cases with different etiologies. Materials and methods Thirty one patients with myocarditis and 30 healthy controls of similar age and gender without a history of chronic disease were included in the study. All 31 patients were clinically myocarditis. In some of these patients, the cause of myocarditis is acute rheumatic fever or Kawasaki disease. Serum samples of the patients were taken during diagnosis in order to analyze serum IL-9 and IL-17 levels and sedimentation rate, CRP, ASO, pro-BNP, CK-MB, and Troponin-I tests were performed. Results It was found that IL-17 levels were statistically significant in all acute rheumatic fever, Myocarditis and Kawasaki patients compared to the control group (p = 0.001) and that cut-off was 4.30 pg/mL. This value was determined to be 71% sensitive and 67% specific for IL-17 (AUC = 0.761). Conclusions Both of the mean and median levels of IL-17 were significantly higher in pediatric patients with myocarditis than in healthy children. Our study made us think that complications of myocarditis and associated morbidity can be prevented by IL17 inhibitors. The high levels of IL17 found in our study may be a reference for future study.

A Helminth Survey of Sheep and Goats in Cyprus.Part I. The Seasonal Distribution and Prevalence of Gastro-Intestinal Parasites

1973 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Le Riche ◽  
G. C. Efstathiou ◽  
J. B. Campbell ◽  
Y. Altan
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Seasonal Distribution ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Winter Rainfall ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Spring Peak ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
First Time

889 complete alimentary tracts were examined for helminths during a two-year survey of sheep and goats in Cyprus. Faecal samples were also examined for worm eggs.The most common parasites found were Ostertagia and Trichostrongylus spp. and a list of all the parasites and their prevalence is given.Bunostomum trigonoceplialum, Parabronema skrjabini and Skrjabinema ovis were found for the first time in Cyprus.The infection rate of each of the worms was studied and the results showed that most of the worms followed the same general pattern, having a peak in the spring and another in the autumn, separated by a trough during the hot dry summer period, when the infection rate yvas low. There were variations within this pattern, Trichostrongylus spp. having a spring peak that was more pronounced than the autumn peak. The reverse occurred with Ostertagia, Chabertia and Oesophagostomum spp., which had a more pronounced autumn peak than spring peak and a lower rate of infection in the summer.Variations in the infection rate were also noted between the two years of study.The reasons for these variations are discussed and it appears that weather has some influence on the timing and duration of the peaks but that other factors must also be involved. It is suggested that with some species inhibition of development of the immature stages may occur over the hot dry period, and that these immature worms resume their development towards the end of summer.A similarity was noticed between the seasonal distribution of the different worm species in Cyprus and in the winter rainfall areas of Australia.

scholarly journals The Incidence Of Intestinal Parasites Among Children In Hivi Pediatric Hospital, Duhok, Iraq

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Jehan N. Hussein ◽  
Azad A. Meerkhan
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Giardia Lamblia ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Mixed Feeding ◽  
Pediatric Hospital ◽  
Enterobius Vermicularis ◽  
Urban Residence ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp

This study has conducted in Hivi Pediatric Hospital, Duhok Province, Iraq, to estimate the gastrointestinal parasites infection among patients contacted this hospital. Overall patients, 22.27% (261/1,172) were diagnosed as infected by parasites; more of them were from summer season with the infection rate of 24.83% (216/870) versus 14.90% (45/302) in autumn, rural residence had a greater rate of infection 65.90% (172/261) as compared with urban residence 34.09 (89/261), males were more infected than females (63.98% versus 36.02% respectively), the age group of three years and less had the highest rate of infection, while the age group of more than 9 years had the lowest rate (57.85%, 4.98% respectively). Concerning the children feeding way, the artificially feeding had the highest rate then mixed feeding and Breastfeeding (58.16%, 25.53% and 16.31% respectively). As general, the infection with protozoa (84.67) was higher than helminthes (18.01%) with some cases of infection by both of protozoa and helminthes (4.98). Regarding each parasite separately, Entamoeba histolytica had the highest infection rate then Giardia lamblia., Enterobius vermicularis, Cryptosporidium Spp., Entamoeba coliandBlastocystis hominis (38.70%, 25.67%, 18.01, 9.20%, 6.51 and 4.60 respectively).

Sen Virus Infection in Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis

2007 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-78
Author(s):  
Bang-Gee Hsu ◽  
Li-Yu Wang ◽  
Chi-Tan Hu ◽  
Chih-Hsien Wang ◽  
Te-Chao Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Health Examination ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Sen Virus

Background Many reports have demonstrated SEN virus (SEN-V) infection rates in hemodialysis patients, but the SEN-V infection rate in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients has never been reported. In this study, we determined the prevalence rate of SEN-V viremia in a PD population. Methods Serum samples from 47 PD patients and a control group of 43 subjects from the general population at their health examination were assayed for SEN-V-D and -H viremia using polymerase chain reaction. Results The proportions of female gender ( p = 0.001), previous transfusion ( p < 0.0001), and higher mean serum AST level ( p = 0.012) were significantly higher in PD patients. The prevalence rates of SEN-V-D and/or -H viremia were not significantly different between PD patients and controls (27.7% vs 32.6%). SEN-V-D(+) patients had lower mean duration of PD than SEN-V(–) patients. Mean ALT level was significantly lower in SEN-V-H(+) than in SEN-V(–) patients (12.8 ± 5.8 vs 19.6 ± 12.1 (IU/L), p = 0.025). None of the SEN-V-infected PD patients had overt clinical or biochemical signs of liver disease. There were no statistically significant differences in prevalence of SEN-V-D and/or -H viremia between automated PD (APD) patients and continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD) patients. Conclusions These results indicate that the SEN-V infection rate is not different between healthy individuals and PD patients. Infection with SEN-V is not associated with evident liver disease in PD patients and SEN-V infection rate is not different between APD patients and CAPD patients.

scholarly journals Intestinal protozoa in hospitalized under-five children with diarrhoea in Nampula – a cross-sectional analysis in a low-income setting in northern Mozambique

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adilson Fernando Loforte Bauhofer ◽  
Idalécia Laurinda Carlos Cossa-Moiane ◽  
Selma Domingos Amadeu Marques ◽  
Esperança Lourenço Alberto Mabandan Guimarães ◽  
Benilde António Munlela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Giardia Lamblia ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
P Value ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Intestinal Protozoa ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Children's Caregivers

Abstract Background In Mozambique, infection by intestinal parasites is reported all over the country. However, infection in children with diarrhoea is mostly focused in the southern region of Mozambique. This work aims to determine the frequency and potential risk factors for infection by Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia lamblia, and Entamoeba histolytica in children under-five years hospitalized with diarrhoea in Hospital Central de Nampula, northern Mozambique. Methods A cross-sectional hospital-based surveillance was conducted between March 2015 and January 2018 in children admitted with diarrhoea in Hospital Central de Nampula. Sociodemographic information was obtained through semi-structured interviews applied to the children’s caregivers. A single stool sample was collected from each child to detect antigens from Cryptosporidium spp., G. lamblia, and E. histolytica using an immune-enzymatic technique. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (with 95% Confidence Intervals) were obtained by logistic regression models to identify factors associated with infection by Cryptosporidium spp. and G. lamblia. Results The median age and interquartile intervals of our sample population was 12 months (8–20). Intestinal protozoa were detected in 21.4% (59/276). Cryptosporidium spp. was the most common protozoa (13.9% - 38/274), followed by G. lamblia (9.1% - 25/274) and E. histolytica (0.4% - 1/275). Children with illiterate caregiver’s (p-value = 0.042) and undernourished (p-value = 0.011) were more likely to be infected by Cryptosporidium spp. G. lamblia was more common in children living in households with more than four members (p-value = 0.039). E. histolytica was detected in an eleven month’s child, co-infected with Cryptosporidium spp. and undernourished. Conclusion Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia lamblia were the most common pathogenic intestinal protozoa detected in children with diarrhoea hospitalized in the Hospital Central de Nampula. Our findings obtained highlight the importance of exploring the caregiver’s education level, children’s nutritional status for infections with Cryptosporidium spp., and living conditions, namely crowded households for infections with G. lamblia in children younger than five years.

scholarly journals Circulating Cytokine Profiles of Polyparasitized Individuals in Gabon.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noé Patrick M'Bondoukwé ◽  
Reinne Moutongo ◽  
Komi Gbédandé ◽  
Jacques Mari Ndong Ngomo ◽  
Tatiana Hountohotegbe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Asymptomatic Malaria ◽  
Intestinal Protozoan ◽  
Intestinal Protozoa ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Parasitological Diagnosis ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Α Level

Abstract Background Malaria, blood-borne filarial worms and intestinal parasites are all endemic in Gabon. This geographical co-distribution leads to polyparasitism and, consequently, the possibility of immune-mediated interactions between different parasite species. Intestinal protozoa and helminths could modulate anti-malarial immunity, for example, thereby potentially increasing susceptibility to malaria.Methods Blood and stool samples were collected during cross-sectional surveys in five provinces of Gabon. Parasitological diagnosis was performed to detect plasmodial parasites, Loa loa and Mansonella perstans, intestinal helminths (STH) and protozoan parasites. Nested PCR was used to detect submicroscopic plasmodial infection in individuals with negative blood smears. Cytometric Bead Array was used to quantify interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α in plasma of subjects with different parasitological profiles i.e. malaria only, filariasis only, intestinal protozoan only, soil-transmitted helminths (STH) only, malaria/filariasis, malaria/STH, malaria/intestinal protozoa co-infections and in uninfected individuals/control group.Results Median IL-6 (124.5 [36.9–433.9] pg/mL) and IL-10 (224.5 [78.0–657.9] pg/mL) levels and the median IL-10/TNF-α (69.9 [12.5–140-7]) ratio were all significantly higher among individuals with Plasmodium falciparum infection compared to other groups (p < 0.0001). The median TNF-α level (6.5 [3.5–11.7] pg/mL) and IL-10/IL-6 ratio (3.6 [2.0–11.9]) were higher in subjects with STH (p = 0.09) and P. falciparum-intestinal protozoa co-infection (p = 0.04), respectively. IL-6 (rho=-0.37; p < 0.01) and IL-10 (rho=-0.37; p < 0.01) levels, and the IL-10/TNF-α ratio (rho=-0.36; p < 0.01) correlated negatively with age, independently of infectious status. Among children under five years old, the IL-10/TNF-α and IL-10/IL-6 ratios were higher in those with intestinal protozoan infections compared to uninfected children. The IL-10/TNF-α ratio was also higher in children aged 5–15 years and in adults harbouring blood-borne filariae compared to their control counterparts, whereas the IL-10/IL-6 ratio was lower in those aged 5–15 years with filariae and intestinal parasites but higher in adults with intestinal parasitic infections.Conclusions Asymptomatic malaria is associated with a strong polarization towards a regulatory immune response, reflected by high circulating levels of IL-10. Co-infections with P. falciparum and intestinal protozoa are associated with an enhanced IL-10 response. Immunity against malaria could differ according to age and carriage of other parasites.

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