Problems of bioethics in modern medicine

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 33-36
Author(s):  
N. М. Oliynyk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Emerging Infections ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
The Individual

Modern scientific advances in medical science and practice require a new perspective on the life and rights of the individual, starting from its embryo in the womb, and therefore the discussions devoted to the study of various aspects of the human right to health and life are simply condemned to a particular relevance in current conditions. Modern bioethics is designed to address ethical issues of medicine and biology, as well as related technologies, considering social, legal and environmental aspects. The objective of the study is to identify current ethical issues in medicine and biology as well as related technologies, considering social, legal and environmental aspects. The article analyzes the directions for the development of bioethics in the health system, human rights as a source of bioethical principles and behavioral criteria in various fields of its application. The bioethics problems of the major achievements of modern biological and medical sciences – stem cell therapy, human cloning, euthanasia, organ and tissue transplantation, certain aspects of resuscitation, which often conflict with moral and ethical criteria. The problem of emerging infections that create local or international emergencies is discussed. A clear example is the pandemic of a new disease – the COVID-19, which confirms humanity’s unpreparability to resist the spread of respiratory viral infections. Conclusion. Modern biological and medical research requires a rethinking of existing bioethical and legal postulates. They must go through a certain path of transformation to meet the requirements of today. It is important to improve the legal regulation without which the boundary between the subject and the object of study will remain potentially uncertain.

Formation of the concept of legal regulation of preimplantation genetic diagnosis in the Russian Federation in the context of ensuring and protecting reproductive freedom of the individual

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.V. Komarova , N.A. Altinnik , G.N. Suvorov
Keyword(s):  
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Genetic Diagnosis ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Reproductive Freedom ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Individual

Objectives. The aim of this study is the formation of a concept of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) in the Russian Federation in the context of ensuring and protecting reproductive freedom of the individual. Material. The regulatory legal acts, the doctrinal sources of the Russian Federation are examined to identify key problems that impede the formation of the desired concept. Methods used: general philosophical, general scientific, private scientific, special (structural-legal, formal-legal). Results. The basic postulates of the concept of legal regulation of PGD in the Russian Federation are substantiated. As part of the analysis of domestic legislation, key problems are identified that impede the formation of the desired concept that meets the level of development of medical science and the needs of consumers of medical services. The conclusion is justified that it is necessary to fix at the legislative level the place of pre-plantation genetic tests in the assisted reproductive technologies system, thus giving PGD independent significance outside the context of the problems of infertility treatment. It has been argued that, in addition to the norms of the basic law on protecting the health of citizens, a separate sub-legislative normative legal act of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation should be developed in the system of legal regulation of PGD in Russia, forming a set of mandatory requirements for the PGD procedure, depending on diagnostic goals, as well as determining which methods are preferable depending on the goal and what results the consumer can count on. Conclusions. It is noted that in the system of norms on genetic research, special attention should be paid to genetic counseling, establishing mandatory requirements for the content of the consultation - in relation to PGD, this should include explanations regarding the algorithm and method of the study, the possibilities and limitations of this type of diagnosis for each a particular case, the features of its application to solve a single genetic problem.

TRANSPLANT THE CONCEPT AND ITS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT IDEAS

2017 ◽  
pp. 197
Author(s):  
Diāna Mežajeva ◽  
Līga Mazure
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Right To Health ◽  
Human Right

Human treatment options nowadays continuously expanding. Useing of remedies is increasingly more important, but at first- remedies must be.Transplant te concept explanations we can find in medical science and in legal regulation. Medical science legislation is very important, because right to health which includes and provides medical science is a fundamental human right.

Ethical Issues in Prehospital Research

1993 ◽  
Vol 8 (S1) ◽  
pp. S11-S14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric A. Davis ◽  
Ronald F. Maio
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Medical Research ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Institutional Review Boards ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
Protection Of Human Subjects ◽  
The Individual

The atrocities committed by Nazi physicians and scientists, in the name of furthering medical science, is an appalling page of the history of medical research. In the wake of World War II, the scientific community strived to develop regulations to guard against future abuses in medical research. However, a particularly sobering thought is that the atrocities in Germany were being carried out in a country that had specific regulations for protecting human research subjects: Nazi Germany was the only European country to have such regulations. A more in-depth look at these regulations reveals institutional or department heads were held accountable, but not the individual researcher. The lesson from this analysis is clear: individual investigators must bear the responsibility of conducting ethical research. Governmental regulations and Institutional Review Boards never can replace investigators who are advocates for the protection of human subjects.The purpose of this paper is to address issues broadly regarding ethics and prehospital research, with a focus on the topic of informed consent.

Ethical Aspects of Vaccination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georg Marckmann
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Individual Decisions ◽  
The Individual

Vaccinations are among the most effective and cost-effective means to reduce the burden of serious infectious diseases. As vaccination rates remain too low to realize the full potential to reduce morbidity and mortality, strategies to increase immunization rates are ethically and economically mandated. Questions to be addressed in this framework are: Which restrictions to individual decisions are ethically acceptable in order to achieve a sufficient protection of the community? Does the individual have an ethical obligation to get vaccinated? Which requirements do vaccines have to fulfill to be ethically acceptable? Five criteria are presented: Proven efficacy/effectiveness, favorable benefit-risk ratio, acceptable benefit-cost ratio, minimized restrictions of the individual, and fair and transparent decision procedures. Depending on how far the five ethical requirements are met, different strengths of recommendations result, from level 1 (do not offer vaccination) to level 5 (vaccination required by law). Ethical issues on the vaccination of children arise if the human right of parents to care for their child are in contrast to the human right of children to receive optimal protection from disease.

scholarly journals REHABILITATION IN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE: PROBLEMS OF THEORY, LEGISLATION AND PRACTICE

2021 ◽  
pp. 509-526
Author(s):  
A. Naumova
Keyword(s):  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Physical Property ◽  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Criminal Prosecution ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Procedural Law ◽  
Bodily Injury ◽  
Moral Damage ◽  
The Individual

The problem of the right to rehabilitation and compensation to a person who was illegally and unreasonably prosecuted, illegally convicted is relevant to the science of criminal procedural law, law enforcement practice. At the same time, the current Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine does not provide rules that would contain the basic provisions of rehabilitation. As a result of the study, the concept of physical harm is formulated as a violation of the anatomical integrity or physiological function of organs or tissues, which manifests itself in bodily injury, disease, pathological condition, disability and is a consequence of illegal and unjustified criminal prosecution, illegal restraint, detention, unlawful conviction, torture, physical, mental violence, falsification of evidence. The definition of rehabilitation is defined as the procedure established by law for the recognition of a person’s innocence in committing a crime, restoration of his/her violated rights and freedoms. It is also defined compensation at the expense of the state in full physical, property, moral damage caused to a person by illegal and unjustified criminal prosecution, illegal conviction, and unjust trial on the application of coercive measures of a medical or educational nature. A comparative analysis of the legal regulation of rehabilitation in the Code of Criminal Procedure of the CIS countries shows that the national legislation of most states provides a mechanism for effective protection of the individual from illegal and unjustified criminal prosecution, illegal conviction. To improve the current criminal procedure legislation of Ukraine, we proposed to supplement the Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine with the chapter “Rehabilitation”. In the provisions of this chapter, there is a need to set out the concept of rehabilitation, conditions and procedural grounds for recognizing the human right to rehabilitation; subjects of rehabilitation legal relations; grounds for partial rehabilitation in preliminary and judicial proceedings. In addition, the chapter should contain the procedural order of rehabilitation in a situation of forced self-incrimination, falsification of evidence; the procedure for restoring the violated rights and freedoms of the rehabilitated person. As well as the concept of physical harm and the procedure for its compensation; determination of property, moral damage caused to the rehabilitated; legal mechanism for compensation of property damage; elimination of the consequences of moral damage to the rehabilitated and its compensation.

Dilemmas of nudging in public health: an ethical analysis of a Danish pamphlet

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Busch ◽  
Emilie Kirstine Madsen ◽  
Antoinette Mary Fage-Butler ◽  
Marianne Kjær ◽  
Loni Ledderer
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Screening Programme ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Ethical Analysis ◽  
Choice Making ◽  
The Face ◽  
Information Materials ◽  
The Individual ◽  
To Receive

Summary Nudging has been discussed in the context of public health, and ethical issues raised by nudging in public health contexts have been highlighted. In this article, we first identify types of nudging approaches and techniques that have been used in screening programmes, and ethical issues that have been associated with nudging: paternalism, limited autonomy and manipulation. We then identify nudging techniques used in a pamphlet developed for the Danish National Screening Program for Colorectal Cancer. These include framing, default nudge, use of hassle bias, authority nudge and priming. The pamphlet and the very offering of a screening programme can in themselves be considered nudges. Whether nudging strategies are ethically problematic depend on whether they are categorized as educative- or non-educative nudges. Educative nudges seek to affect people’s choice making by engaging their reflective capabilities. Non-educative nudges work by circumventing people’s reflective capabilities. Information materials are, on the face of it, meant to engage citizens’ reflective capacities. Recipients are likely to receive information materials with this expectation, and thus not expect to be affected in other ways. Non-educative nudges may therefore be particularly problematic in the context of information on screening, also as participating in screening does not always benefit the individual.

scholarly journals Intra-Colonial Viral Infections in Western Honey Bees (Apis mellifera)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1087
Author(s):  
Loreley Castelli ◽  
María Laura Genchi García ◽  
Anne Dalmon ◽  
Daniela Arredondo ◽  
Karina Antúnez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Virus Genome ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Bee Virus ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Bee Viruses

RNA viruses play a significant role in the current high losses of pollinators. Although many studies have focused on the epidemiology of western honey bee (Apis mellifera) viruses at the colony level, the dynamics of virus infection within colonies remains poorly explored. In this study, the two main variants of the ubiquitous honey bee virus DWV as well as three major honey bee viruses (SBV, ABPV and BQCV) were analyzed from Varroa-destructor-parasitized pupae. More precisely, RT-qPCR was used to quantify and compare virus genome copies across honey bee pupae at the individual and subfamily levels (i.e., patrilines, sharing the same mother queen but with different drones as fathers). Additionally, virus genome copies were compared in cells parasitized by reproducing and non-reproducing mite foundresses to assess the role of this vector. Only DWV was detected in the samples, and the two variants of this virus significantly differed when comparing the sampling period, colonies and patrilines. Moreover, DWV-A and DWV-B exhibited different infection patterns, reflecting contrasting dynamics. Altogether, these results provide new insight into honey bee diseases and stress the need for more studies about the mechanisms of intra-colonial disease variation in social insects.

Ethical issues in tuberculosis screening and the use of new drugs for prisoners

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 57-60
Author(s):  
B. S. Elger ◽  
F. Mirzayev ◽  
S. Afandiyev ◽  
E. Gurbanova
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
International Human Rights Law ◽  
Human Right ◽  
International Human Rights ◽  
Tuberculosis Screening ◽  
Tb Treatment ◽  
International Human

SETTING: Prisons are known to have extremely high tuberculosis (TB) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB prevalence and poor treatment outcomes.OBJECTIVE: To examine the screening and M/XDR-TB treatment with new TB drugs in prisons from the perspective of international ethical and legal requirements.DESIGN: WHO recommendations on TB screening in prisons and M/XDR-TB treatment as well as the international human rights law on prisoners were analysed.RESULTS: Prisoners have a human right to access at least the same level of TB care as in their communities. Screening for TB in prisons, which may run contrary to a given individual's choice to be tested, may be justified by the positive obligation to prevent other prisoners from contracting a possibly deadly disease. Introduction of new TB drugs in prisons is necessary, ethically sound and should start in parallel with introduction in a civilian sector in strict compliance with the WHO recommendations.CONCLUSION: Access to screening for TB, as well as effective treatment according to WHO recommendations, must be ensured by countries on the basis of international human rights conventions.

The ethical issues of biotechnology: Religious culture and the value of life

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shimazono Susumu
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Genetic Diagnosis ◽  
Value Of Life ◽  
Great Expectations ◽  
Early Embryonic Stage ◽  
Religious Cultures

Advances in biotechnology and medical science, especially breakthroughs in cloning and stem cell research, have raised great expectations for curing diseases, repairing damaged body tissue and organs, enabling conception at advanced age and selecting embryos based on genetic diagnosis. However, the question arises whether these advances will improve the happiness of humankind or whether human bodies are being assaulted as development resources in order to procure greater profits. This article investigates how the value of life is conceptualized by religious cultures vis-a-vis the emerging threats. With regard to the early embryonic stage of human life, the Catholic Church, for example, has raised a loud voice against the artificial termination of pregnancy. As a matter of fact, various religious cultures have showed and underpinned to a considerable extent the value of life and the direction that science and technology should take in this respect. It is argued that the globalized competition in science and technology makes it necessary to transcend the views concerning the value of life propagated by particular religious cultures.

scholarly journals Ethical Issues in Modern Medicine

1984 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-213
Author(s):  
G. J Fairbairn
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Modern Medicine
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document