scholarly journals Konsep Kedaulatan Negara di Ruang Udara dan Upaya Penegakan Pelanggaran Kedaulatan oleh Pesawat Udara Asing

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baiq Setiani
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Military Aircraft ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
National Legislation ◽  
Enforcement Effort ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The Republic

Pengakuan dunia internasional akan wilayah udara sebagai bagian dari kedaulatan negara memberikan legitimasi yang kuat bagi Indonesia sebagai suatu negara yang luas. Namun kondisi ini dapat berubah manakala Indonesia tidak mampu menguasai wilayah kedirgantaraannya sebagai penopang ekonomi dan pertahanan nasional. Ditambah dengan masalah pelanggaran batas kedaulatan yang sering dilakukan oleh pesawat militer negara asing. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengidentifikasi tiga permasalahan, yaitu (1) bagaimana konsep kedaulatan negara di ruang udara menurut hukum internasional dan peraturan perundangan nasional, (2) apa saja bentuk pelanggaran kedaulatan negara di ruang udara nasional, dan (3) bagaimana upaya penegakan atas pelanggaran kedaulatan negara di ruang udara nasional dalam menjaga pertahanan negara. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach), pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach), serta pendekatan perbandingan (comparative approach). Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa (1) baik hukum internasional dan peraturan perundangan nasional telah mengukuhkan kedaulatan negara di ruang udara yang bersifat penuh dan utuh (complete and exclusive), (2) sejumlah insiden pelanggaran izin masuk dan melintasnya pesawat-pesawat asing ke wilayah udara Indonesia, di mana kebanyakan dari pesawat asing tersebut adalah pesawat militer, dan (3) upaya penegakan atas pelanggaran kedaulatan di wilayah ruang udara nasional, antara lain penegakan hukum terhadap pelanggaran wilayah udara kedaulatan Republik Indonesia dan pelanggaran terhadap kawasan udara terlarang, baik kawasan udara nasional maupun asing.International recognition of airspace as part of state sovereignty gives strong legitimacy to Indonesia as a wide country. However, this condition can be changed when Indonesia can’t control the airspace territory as a pillar of the economic and national defense. The problem increase with several sovereignty violations where that often perpetrated by military aircraft of foreign countries. This research was conducted by identifying three issues, those are (1) how does the concept of state sovereignty over the airspace according to international law and national legislation, (2) what kind of state sovereignty violation over the national airspace, and (3) how does the enforcement efforts on state sovereignty violations in the national airspace maintaining the country’s defense. The method of this research used normative legal research with statute approach, conceptual approach, and comparative approach. This research concluded (1) both the international law and national legislation have confirmed the country’s sovereignty over the airspace are complete and exclusive, (2) number of incidents of breach entry and passage of the foreign aircrafts to Indonesian airspace, which most of the foreign aircraft are military aircraft, and (3) the enforcement effort of sovereignty violations over the national airspace is law enforcement against sovereignty violations over the Republic of Indonesia airspace and the violation of prohibited airspace, both of national and foreign airspaces.

scholarly journals Hukum Internasional sebagai Alat Interpretasi dalam Pengujian Undang-Undang

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Umbu Rauta ◽  
Ninon Melatyugra
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
International Law ◽  
Judicial Review ◽  
Review Process ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Constitutional Tradition ◽  
The Relationship

Tulisan ini ingin menjawab dua isu utama mengenai hubungan hukum internasional dan pengujian undang-undang oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi RI (MKRI). Isu pertama adalah legitimasi penggunaan hukum internasional sebagai alat interpretasi dalam pengujian undang-undang, sedangkan isu kedua adalah urgensi penguasaan hukum internasional oleh hakim MKRI. Tulisan ini merupakan penelitian hukum yang menggunakan pendekatan konseptual dan pendekatan historis dalam menjelaskan perkembangan pengujian undang-undang di Indonesia sekaligus menemukan legitimasi penggunaan hukum internasional oleh MK RI. Kesimpulan dari tulisan ini menegaskan bahwa hukum internasional memiliki sumbangsih yang penting dalam perannya sebagai alat interpretasi dalam proses pengujian undang-undang oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi, khususnya terkait hak asasi manusia. Justifikasi keabsahan praktik penggunaan hukum internasional tersebut ditarik dari tradisi ketatanegaraan yang secara implisit dikehendaki UUD NRI Tahun 1945. Manfaat positif yang diberikan hukum internasional nyatanya harus disertai juga dengan penguasaan hukum internasional oleh hakim MK RI supaya hukum internasional dapat digunakan secara tepat. Pembahasan dalam tulisan ini dibagi ke dalam empat sub bahasan inti yakni, pengujian undang-undang, penggunaan hukum internasional sebagai the interpretative tool dalam pengujian undang-undang oleh MK, legitimasi penggunaan hukum internasional sebagai the interpretative tool dalam pengujian undang-undang, pentingnya penguasaan hukum internasional oleh hakim MK.This article intentionally answers two principal issues regarding the relationship between international law and judicial review by the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia. The first issue is the legitimacy of international use as an interpretative tool in judicial review. The second issue talks about the necessity of urgent international law mastery by the Constitutional Court’s judges. This legal research utilizes both a conceptual approach and a historical approach to explain the development of judicial review in Indonesia, and to find legitimacy of international law by the Constitutional Court. The analysis in this article affirms that international law positively contributes as an interpretative tool in judicial review by the Constitutional Court, particularly pertaining to human rights. A justification of a legitimate international law use is withdrawn from constitutional tradition which is implicitly desired by the Indonesian Constitution (UUD NRI 1945). Since international law has provided better insights into norms, a mastery of international law should be encouraged. There are four main discussions in this article: judicial review, application of international law in judicial review process, legitimacy of international law application in judicial review, and the importance of international law mastering by Constitutional Court judges.

scholarly journals The Position of Constitutional Complaint in the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-78
Author(s):  
Agsel Awanisa ◽  
Yusdianto Yusdianto ◽  
Siti Khoiriah
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Judicial Review ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Case Number

The purpose of this research is to determine the constitutional complaint mechanism based on comparisons in other countries, practices, and adaptation of constitutional complaints under the authority of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia. Many cases with constitutional complaint substance have been submitted to the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia even though they don’t have this authority. This research uses a normative legal research method using a statutory approach, a conceptual approach, a comparative approach, and a case approach. This research indicates that the constitutional complaint mechanism in Germany, South Korea, and South Africa has been well implemented. In practice, cases with constitutional complaint substance are filed to the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia by changing the form by using the legal means of a judicial review, such as case number 16/PUU-VI/ 2008, case number 140/PUU-XIII/2015 and case number 102/PUU-VII/2009. Due to the consideration of the structure, substance, and culture of law, adaptation of constitutional complaint within the authority of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia needs to be carried out by amending Law Number 24 of 2003 jo. Law Number 7 of 2020 concerning the Constitutional Court.

Part 2 National and Regional Reports, Part 2.1 Africa: Coordinated by Jan L Neels and Eesa A Fredericks, 17 South Africa: South African Perspectives on the Hague Principles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neels Jan L
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
International Law ◽  
South African ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Rules And Principles ◽  
The Hague ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Contractual Obligations ◽  
Academic Authors

This chapter provides the reader with comments on the Hague Principles from the perspective of South African private international law of contract.Private international law in the Republic of South Africa is historically based on Roman–Dutch and English law, but is today influenced by domestic constitutional values, especially in the fields of international family and succession law. In the realm of the international law of obligations, the impact of the English common law is particularly strong. The notion of ‘the proper law of the contract’ is therefore widely used to indicate the law applicable to contractual obligations. The sources of private international law of contract are almost exclusively case law and the opinions of academic authors. The South African courts have always followed a comparative approach in respect of private international law, initially under the influence of an internationalist understanding of the conflict of laws. The courts would therefore certainly be entitled to refer to the Hague Principles as persuasive authority in the interpretation, supplementation, and development of the rules and principles of South African private international law.

Traffic Violations: A Study of Measures Aimed at Bringing Perpetrators to Justice

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
Yerzhan Maratovich KHAKIMOV
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
National Legislation ◽  
Foreign Experience ◽  
Legal Enforcement ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Traffic Violations ◽  
The Republic

The article is devoted to a study of administrative and legal enforcement actions against violators of road safety (RS) laws used in the Republic of Kazakhstan and some foreign countries. The aim of the present article is to analyze ways of bringing to justice the perpetrators of traffic offences in the national legislation of Kazakhstan and some foreign countries, to assess their effectiveness and the possibility of using foreign experience in the national legal field. The article examines the foreign organizational and legal experience in the application of administrative responsibility for violators of RS laws and the administrative regulations of Kazakhstan; the conclusions have been made, and the recommendations for further improvement of measures to bring to justice violators of RS laws have been given. The author subjects the use of the fine as the main mechanism for bringing to justice perpetrators of the traffic violations to fair criticism. Based on the study of normative materials on administrative law and the experience of foreign countries in counteraction to RS violations, the author suggests ways to eliminate causes and conditions for committing traffic safety violations and formulates the proposals for further improvement of the administrative legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, in particular, excluding the prevarication when using the data of photo and video fixation of traffic offences. The main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific and practical activities in addressing the issues of law violation prevention, the comparative characteristics of the norms of responsibility for RS violations of Kazakhstan and foreign countries laws, and in the subsequent reform of statutory regulations on administrative offences.

scholarly journals Cyber Espionage Sebagai Ancaman Terhadap Pertahanan Dan Keamanan Negara Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-25
Author(s):  
Evi Dwi Hastri
Keyword(s):  
Cyber Security ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Cyber Defense ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Cyber Espionage ◽  
The Stability

This research aims to analyze the norms that have a blur (Vague Norm) against Cyber Espionage related to Indonesia's legal ability to accommodate Cyber Espionage attacks. In addition, this study also aims to analyze Indonesia's efforts to overcome the Cyber Espionage attack that could threaten the stability of national defense and security. The type of research in the legal research method used is normative juridical with three problem approaches, namely the Statute Approach, Conceptual Approach, and Comparative Approach. Primary and secondary legal materials that have been collected will be processed through deductive methods and an analysis of legal materials is carried out, namely by systematic interpretation and extentive interpretation. So based on the results of the discussion, then there is a Vague Norm about Cyber Espionage that affects Indonesian law in accommodating. The efforts taken by Indonesia to deal with Cyber Espionage outside of juridical efforts began with the preventive efforts of Cyber Security and Cyber Defense, optimizing the role of the TNI, BIN, and POLRI as national resources in defending the country's defense.

scholarly journals DUE TO LAW OF SELECTING THE RIGHT REPUDIATION CITIZENSHIP STATUS IN CITIZENSHIP LAW REVIEW OF INDONESIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-32
Author(s):  
Qurrotul Uyun
Keyword(s):  
Research Study ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Citizenship Status ◽  
Dual Citizenship ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Right ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Legal Consequences

Designation (naturalization) includes giving Indonesian citizenship status of one or a number of people from foreign nationals, or gives the status as a citizen of Indonesia or the number of people who do not have citizenship (stateless) .According to the laws of the Republic of Indonesia citizens who have dual citizenship must choose one of these citizenship so until he has only one nationality. For Indonesian citizens are treated when these approvals to those Indonesian nationals, according to Indonesian citizenship legislation that called "gain" or "select" nationality of the Republic of Indonesia will be replaced with Indonesian nationality, and which are called "retained" Dutch nationality or nationality of foreign countries or "reject" Indonesian nationality. So goes the Indonesian nationality, if it has lost the nationality Indonesia automatically all matters concerned with the rights and obligations of citizens or her country also erased or lost. The problem that will be discussed are: Does the right of repudiation in the process of selecting citizenship status lead to legal consequences for those concerned? Does repudiation rights used in the process of selecting citizenship status in Indonesia? By studying this research, it is expected to find out the point of problems in selecting indonesian citizenship.This research used qualitative. Since this method is a directed and systemic method. In addition, this research study used statute approach and conceptual approach. It is an approach which comes from views and doctrines that are developed in the science of law.The findings of this research are: first, as a result of law that is rejected, rejected state has no right to force someone to reject the offer, this happens because of self-will without intervension from other sides. Since, the status of citizenship related to the existence in getting right and obligation of someone in every action.  The second problem is repudiation right that is used in Indonesia by special naturalization. It means that the state is able to offer or give citizenship status by using it, and in this session, the citizen has right to receive or reject that offer.

scholarly journals OPTIMALISASI SISHANKAMRATA MELALUI PENERAPAN LIMA PILAR TOTAL DEFENCE SEBAGAI UPAYA MEWUJUDKAN NEGARA INDONESIA YANG BERDAULAT

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-167
Author(s):  
Wahyu Beny Mukti Setiyawan ◽  
Bagus Hanindyo Mantri ◽  
Amir Junaidi
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
World Population ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Defense System ◽  
National Goal ◽  
Defence System ◽  
The World ◽  
The Republic

AbstrakMenurut data statistik kependudukan dunia megatakan bahwa Negara Indonesia memliki jumlah penduduk terbanyak ke-empat, sebanyak 237,6 juta jiwa. Indonesia juga merupakan negara kepulauan yang terbesar di dunia (the biggest archipelago state in the world). Keadaan tanahnya yang subur, dan terletak diantara dua benua serta dua samudera besar, membuat posisi geografis Indonesia sangat strategis. Hal ini menyebabkan banyak negara lain di dunia sejak dulu ingin menguasai bumi nusantara ini. Pembukaan UUD NRI 1945 merupakan sumber dorongan terbesar tekad bangsa Indonesia untuk mencapai suatu tujuan bangsa. Salah satu upayanya adalah dengan memperkuat pertahanan dan keamanan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia. Namun, pada penerapanya saat ini SISHANKAMRATA belum berjalan secara optimal dalam melindungi dan mempertahankan kedaulatan negara Indonesia. Hal ini disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor seperti rendahnya kualitas SDM, lemahnya ketahanan ekonomi Indonesia, kurang harmonisnya hubungan TNI dan Polri, rendahnya stabilitas politik, dan pudarnya rasa nasionalisme pada generasi muda. Untuk itu diperlukannya sebuah Kebijakan Pembangunan Kekuatan Pertahanan mencakup pembangunan kemampuan nasional. Konsep Optimalisasi SISHANKAMRATA dengan 5 Pilar Total Defence System sebagai pembaharuan dan penguatan dari pertahanan nasional dengan menggabungkan konsep SISHANKAMRATA Indonesia dengan konsep Total Defence System Singapura yang selaras dengan cita-cita Dasar Negara. Jenis penelitian yang akan digunakan penulis dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian yuridis-normatif dengan menggunakan metode pendekatan perundang-undangan (statue-approach), pendekatan konseptual (conseptual approach), dan pendekatan komparatif (comparative approach), Konsep Optimalisasi SISHANKAMRATA dengan lima Pilar Total Defence System memberikan solusi yang solutif dalam awal langkah baru menyongsong negara Indonesia yang Berdaulat dengan Pengoptimalan Sistem Pertahanan Nasional Indonesia dalam Kerangka SIHANKAMRATA.Kata kunci: SISHANKAMRATA,Sumber daya Manusia.AbstrakAccording to world population statistics, Indonesia has the fourth largest population, 237.6 million. Indonesia is also the largest archipelago country in the world (the biggest archipelago state in the world). The condition of the fertile land, and is located between two continents and two large oceans, makes Indonesia's geographical position very strategic. This has caused many other countries in the world to have always wanted to dominate this archipelago. The preamble to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia is the greatest source of encouragement for the Indonesian nation's determination to achieve a national goal. One of the efforts is to strengthen the defense and security of the Republic of Indonesia. However, in its current implementation, SISHANKAMRATA has not been running optimally in protecting and defending the sovereignty of the Indonesian state. This is due to several factors such as the low quality of human resources, the weak resilience of the Indonesian economy, the lack of harmony between the TNI and the Police, low political stability, and a fading sense of nationalism in the younger generation. For this reason, a Defense Force Development Policy is needed which includes building national capabilities. The concept of optimizing SISHANKAMRATA with 5 Pillars of Total Defense System as a renewal and strengthening of national defense by combining the Indonesian SISHANKAMRATA concept with the Singapore Total Defense System concept which is in line with the Basic ideals of the State. The type of research that the writer will use in this research is juridical-normative research using the statue-approach method, the conceptual approach, and the comparative approach, the SISHANKAMRATA Optimization Concept with the five Pillars of Total Defense. The system provides a solution that is a solution in the beginning of a new step towards welcoming the Sovereign Indonesian state by optimizing the Indonesian National Defense System in the SIHANKAMRATA Framewor.Keywords: SISHANKAMRATA,Human Resources.

scholarly journals Scientific interpretations of offenses of falsification of evidence at international level and in the context of international law

2021 ◽  
pp. 232-240
Author(s):  
Marian Gherman ◽  
◽  
Eugeniu Piterschi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Comparative Law ◽  
International Level ◽  
National Legislation ◽  
Republic Of Moldova ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Additional Rule ◽  
Normative Perspective

Comparative law is an essential branch of the literature that aims to conduct a multi-faceted investigation of some types of illicit acts at the international level. The crime of falsifying evidence from the international normative perspective, offers us the opportunity to analyze, systematize and address a new typical way or an additional rule for the Criminal Law of the Republic of Moldova. Therefore, in the present scientific approach we propose as an essential desideratum, the analysis of the antisocial actions of falsification of evidence at international level for a good systematization and adjustment of the national legislation.

Congress Enacts Increased Protections for Sunken Military Craft

2006 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 649-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Bederman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Law ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Military Aircraft ◽  
International Convention ◽  
Cultural Organization ◽  
Foreign Governments

The domestic and international legal status of warships and military aircraft submerged in United States waters or in international waters has been quite contentious of late. It has resulted in some notable litigation in U.S. courts, a presidential statement on U.S. policy, official lodgings of positions by foreign governments with the United States, a proposed international convention drafted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and other developments that have previously received notice in the pages of this Journal. In a somewhat surprising turn, Congress, in October 2004, adopted as part of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005 a set of provisions known as the Sunken Military Craft Act (SMCA). This essay briefly traces the trajectory of developments in this sector of international law, analyzes the provisions of the SMCA, and offers a critique of the underlying policy and legal assumptions of that statute in light of those developments.

Regulation of Conflict of Laws in the United Arab Emirates

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Ahmed Mohmed Elhawary
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Conflict Of Laws ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
General Rules ◽  
Special Rules ◽  
Conflict Of Law

Abstract This article aims at giving an outline of the regulation of conflict of laws contained in the Emirati Code of Civil Transactions, while adopting a comparative approach to Private international law rules in other Arab as well as Western countries. The article is divided into two main parts. The first consists of an overview of the regulation of conflict of laws in the UAE, addressing the origins, method and scope of the regulation. The second contains an analysis of the conflict of law provisions in the Emirati law, addressing the conceptual approach, general rules and special rules of conflict of laws.

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