ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LASER HYGIENE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu.P. Paltsev ◽  
◽  
L.V. Pokhodzey
Keyword(s):  
Laser Radiation ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Laser Safety ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Spectral Ranges

Annotation. The widespread introduction of laser products in various fields of science, technology and medicine, as well as the possibility of serious damage to the organ of vision and skin during their operation, put forward new and increasingly complex tasks for laser hygiene. An analysis of the hygienic normative and methodological documents currently in force on the territory of the Russian Federation showed that they cannot fully ensure laser safety. Differences in the approaches to the hygienic standardization of laser radiation (LR), adopted in the Russian Federation and the USA and the European Union, have been established. The LR hygienic standards in GOST R IEC 60825-1-2013 are practically identical to foreign IEC 60825 standards, that is, in most spectral ranges they exceed the MPL by an order of magnitude or more (SanPiN 1.2.3685-21). The necessity of correcting the hygienic standards of LR, harmonizing the classification of lasers according to the degree of hazard, and developing effective means of control and protection was revealed. Draft documents have been developed: "Hygienic standards for laser radiation" and "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for working conditions during the operation of laser products", the introduction of which into the practice of sanitary and epidemiological supervision will ensure the preservation of the health of workers. Key words: lasers, correction of hygienic standards, classification, methods and means of control and protection, laser safety.

scholarly journals Methods of big data definition: Russian and foreign experience

2021 ◽  
pp. 143-157
Author(s):  
Kseniia Antipova
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
Original Definition ◽  
Data Definition ◽  
The Russian Federation

This article explores the main approaches of Russian and foreign authors towards big data definition; reflects the classification of data, components of big data; and provides comparative characteristics to legal regulation of big data. The subject of this research is the legislation of the Russian Federation and legislation of the European Union that regulate the activity on collection, processing and use of big data, personal data and information; judicial and arbitration practice of the Russian Federation in the sphere of personal data; normative legal acts of the Russian Federation; governmental regulation of the Russian Federation and foreign countries in the area of processing, use and transmission of data; as well as legal doctrine in the field of research dedicated to the nature of big data. The relevance of this research is substantiated by the fact that there is yet no conceptual uniformity with regards to big data in the world; the essence and methods of regulating big data are not fully explored. The goal of this research is determine the legal qualification of the data that comprise big data. The task lies in giving definition to the term “big data”; demonstrate the approaches towards determination of legal nature of big data; conduct  classification of big data; outline the criteria for distinguishing data that comprise the concept of big data; formulate the model for optimal regulation of relations in the process of activity on collection, processing, and use of the data. The original definition of big data in the narrow and broad sense is provided. As a result, the author distinguishes the types of data, reflects the legal qualification of data depending on the category of data contained therein: industrial data, user data, and personal data. Attention is also turned to the contractual form of big data circulation.

scholarly journals Peculiarities of the Epidemic Situation on West Nile Fever in the Territory of the Russian Federation in 2018 and Forecast of its Development in 2019

2019 ◽  
pp. 17-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. O. Alekseychik ◽  
E. V. Putintseva ◽  
V. P. Smelyansky ◽  
N. V. Boroday ◽  
A. K. Alieva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
The European Union ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
West Nile ◽  
European Part Of Russia ◽  
Virus Genotypes ◽  
Federal Districts ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Russian Federation

The epidemic rise in the incidence of West Nile fever (WNF) in the season of 2018 was observed in the countries of the European Union (EU) and bordering states and exceeded the values of all previously recorded epidemic rises of 2010–2012. An increase in the incidence rate was registered in the USA and Canada, however, it did not exceed the indicators of epidemic rises of 2007–2012. In the territory of the Russian Federation, the WNF epidemiological process became more intense mainly in the territory of the Southern and North Caucasian Federal Districts. In general, in Russia, the incidence rates were 2 times lower than the average annual rates, but significantly exceeded those of 2017. The epidemic process had a number of peculiarities in the seasonality, the structure of morbidity and the clinical manifestation of WNF. Genotyping of the isolated WNV RNA fragments from clinical and biological material showed that I, II and IV West Nile virus genotypes were circulating in the European part of Russia. Forecast of epidemic situation development in 2019 reveals further increase in the incidence and does not exclude the possibility of a significant localincrease of WNF incidence in certain regions of Russia. 

scholarly journals Implementation of International Legal Provisions on Preventing Corruption in the Russian Federation and Abroad

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 103-109
Author(s):  
V A Jilkin
Keyword(s):  
International Cooperation ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
World Trade Organisation ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Russian Federation

This article presents issues of the fight against corruption and analysis of anti-corruption processes in Russia, Finland, Israel, Great Britain and the USA. Issues of international cooperation in the anti-corruption sphere have already been considered by the United Nations, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the World Trade Organisation, the Organisation of American States, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and the European Union. The fight against corruption in the Russian Federation is one of the key areas of consolidation of the statehood and it is being performed step by step through improvement of the legislation, activities of law enforcement, regulatory and public authorities of all levels as well as cultivation of civil intolerance to any manifestation of this social blemish. Russia is actively engaged in international dialogue on a wide range of issues for preventing corruption within the scope of coordination activities and international cooperation in different areas, including issues of anti-corruption in the sphere of sports, ecology and education. Cooperation with relevant international authorities and international organizations is one of the priorities of the General Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation. Given that the Russian anti-corruption system is based on the national legal culture in the context of historical, social and economic development and specific social needs and interests, the author emphasizes that anti-corruption cooperation shall be based on respect for national legal systems and compliance with the international law under coordination of the UN. Legislative proposals on the need for introducing grounds for application on recovery of property, owned by corrupt officials and registered under a third party’s name, to the public revenue and increasing the terms of imprisonment for bribery, which shall be prepared for further improvement of the anti-corruption law.

scholarly journals USA AND WESTERN EUROPEAN SANCTIONS POLICY WITH RESPECT TO RUSSIA

2019 ◽  
pp. 147-151
Author(s):  
I. Aksenov
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Economic Balance

The implementation of the sanctions policy of the United States and Western Europe in relation to the Russian Federation has been analyzed. The objectives of the USA and European Union sanctions policies have been identified. The study has been based on the principles of a three-level classification of sanctions aimed at destabilizing the economy of the Russian Federation. Sectors of the economy and companies have been identified, that, have become objects of sanctions policy and have suffered more from USA and European Union sanctions. The role of sanctions as a toolkit, which can influence the political and economic balance of power in the world, has been defined. The opinion of representatives of business of foreign countries on the formation of anti-Russian sanctions has been reflected within the article. The features of the implementation of the sanctions policy in the digital block and cyberspace have been noted.

scholarly journals THE PROBLEM OF CONTRADICTIONS IN THE NORMATIVE BASE OF LASER SAFETY

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 535-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris N. Rakhmanov ◽  
J. P. Paltsev ◽  
V. T. Kibovskiy
Keyword(s):  
Laser Radiation ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Laser Safety ◽  
Laser Technology ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Safety Indices

The wide use of laser technology in various spheres of human activity, especially, observed in recent years the mass distribution of various civil laser products, requires the application of effective measures of the state regulation of the safe use of laser products. Laser radiation is referred to the category of hazardous and harmful physical factors of influence, since it can inflict irreparable harm to the human visual apparatus. Measures of the State regulation include the development and effective application of regulatory documents that provide laser safety both in human production and in everyday life. By the beginning of the 1990s, in Russia there was basically developed a regulatory base, relied upon the application of safety indices for laser products ((Maximum permissible levels of laser radiation and hazard classes of laser products), regulated in the “Sanitary norms and rules for the design and operation of lasers” No. 5804 - 91. In recent years, in the territory of the Russian Federation there have been introduced national standards, identical to IEC standards of IEC 60825 series. The safety indices regulated in these standards turned out to be much softer compared to the similar indices specified in SN # 5804 - 91. The introduction of the IEC 60825 series standards significantly reduces the level of the safety of laser technology and leads to the disorientation of the domestic manufacturer and consumer of laser products. In this paper, a critical analysis of laser safety indices, regulated in the standards of the series IEC 60825, was conducted and there was made an assessment of the legality of the introduction of such standards in the territory of the Russian Federation.

scholarly journals Правовой статус Северного морского пути: французская доктрина

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (52) ◽  
pp. 70-76
Author(s):  
Л. В. Вереина ◽  
А. В. Котлова
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Arctic Council ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
Northern Sea Route ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Government

Правительство Российской Федерации утвердило план развития инфраструктуры Северного морского пути (далее – СМП) до 2035 г. Грузооборот Северного морского пути к 2035 г. должен увеличиться в восемь раз, достигнув показателя в 160 млн т. Российская Федерация ведёт активную работу по обновлению ледокольного флота и портовой инфраструктуры. В Российской Федерации СМП рассматривается как исторически сложившаяся национальная транспортная коммуникация, что, на наш взгляд, соответствует нормам международного права. Вместе с тем, не все зарубежные государства придерживаются российского подхода к правовому статусу СМП. Так, например, Соединенные Штаты Америки заявляют о необходимости интернационализации СМП по мере освобождения данной водной артерии от льда. В качестве примера усиливающегося политического и экономического давления западных стран в отношении России можно привести отказ не-скольких крупных компаний от использования СМП для перевозки грузов под предлогом охраны окружающей среды. Ряд других зарубежных стран также имеют свою точку зрения по вопросу определения правового статуса и режима судоходства по Северному морскому пути. Поскольку Франция является одним из ведущих государств Европейского союза, членом Североатлантического альянса, одним из двенадцати неарктических государств, являющихся наблюдателями в Арктическом совете, а также государством, которое обозначило себя как «полярное государство», считаем целесообразным рассмотреть французскую международно-правовую доктрину о статусе Северного морского пути. The Government of the Russian Federation approved the plan for the development of the Northern Sea Route (hereinafter – SMP) until 2035. The cargo turnover of the Northern Sea Route by 2035 is expected to increase eight-fold up to 160 million tons. The Russian Federation is actively working to renew the icebreaker fleet and port infrastructure. In Russia, the SMP is regarded as a historically established national transport communication which, in our opinion, corresponds to the norms of international law. At the same time, not all foreign states adhere to the Russian approach to the legal status of the SMP. For example, the USA advocates the internationalization of the SMP. The popular wisdom is that the SMP is the international strait. As an example of the increasing political and economic pressure of Western countries toward Russia is the refusal of several large companies to use SMP under the pretext of environmental protection. As France is one of the leading states of the European Union, a member of the NATO, one of the twelve non-Arctic states that are observers in the Arctic Council and a state which identifies itself as a “polar” state, examining the French international legal doctrine concerning the status of the Northern Sea Route has to be relevant.

Comparison of the Methodology of Statistical Observation in Tourism in the Russian Federation and European Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 152 (6) ◽  
pp. 92-98
Author(s):  
Viktor N. Salin ◽  
◽  
Marina V. Vakhrameeva ◽  
Victoria V. Narbut ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Statistical Observation ◽  
Characteristics Analysis ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Constant Improvement

The need to harmonize national and international statistical practices in data collection and presentation is based on the desire for comparability of information. In the Russian Federation and the countries of the European Union, a different approach is used to organize and present the results of statistical observation of the tourism industry, including with respect to the classification of accommodation facilities for tourists, tourist trips according to their purposes. In Russia, they do not collect information on identifying the reasons why the citizens of these countries do not take part in tourism, nor do they register quality characteristics. Analysis of international experience shows that tourism statistics receive a lot of attention, with the focus on polling tourists and collective accommodation facilities. In the Russian system of statistical observation in the field of tourism, despite its constant improvement, there is still an acute shortage of data obtained on the basis of regular sample surveys.

scholarly journals “Active Measures” of the USSR Against the USA: Old Soviet Games in the New Geopolitical Reality

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-41
Author(s):  
Dmytro Dubov ◽  
Anastasiia Barovska ◽  
Iryna Koretska
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Specific Problem ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
Definition Of

The growth and dissemination of Russia’s propaganda have become a serious threat in recent years. But these efforts of Russia are not new, they have a basis in the past – known as “active measures.” Therefore, the problem of detecting and counteracting these “active measures,” first and foremost, is that there is no commonly accepted definition of the term. Therefore, the authors addressed the specific problem of the definition of “active measures.” The authors found that all “active measures” were subordinated to a single political strategic idea, and this idea was carried out by various methods. The authors are convinced that any classification of current “active measures” should be based on the methods detected. In order to identify these methods, the scheme of “active measures,” suggested by S. K. Whittle, is used. At the same time, his scheme has been supplemented, and the relevant cases for the application of different methods of “active measures” are given. An attempt is made to compare the methods of applying “active measures” with current aspects of the hybrid war of the Russian Federation, in particular in Ukraine.

Russian Federation and the United States of America: geostrategic directions to manage the Ukrainian crisis

2019 ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Attarid Awadh Abdulhameed
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
National Security ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Ukrainian Crisis ◽  
Zero Sum

Ukrainia Remains of huge importance to Russian Strategy because of its Strategic importance. For being a privileged Postion in new Eurasia, without its existence there would be no logical resons for eastward Expansion by European Powers.  As well as in Connection with the progress of Ukrainian is no less important for the USA (VSD, NDI, CIA, or pentagon) and the European Union with all organs, and this is announced by John Kerry. There has always ben Russian Fear and Fear of any move by NATO or USA in the area that it poses a threat to  Russians national Security and its independent role and in funence  on its forces especially the Navy Forces. There for, the Crisis manyement was not Zero sum game, there are gains and offset losses, but Russia does not accept this and want a Zero Sun game because the USA. And European exteance is a Foot hold in Regin Which Russian sees as a threat to its national security and want to monopolize control in the strategic Qirim.

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