Micronutrients and women of reproductive potential: required dietary intake and consequences of dietary deficienty or excess. Part II - Vitamin D, Vitamin A, Iron, Zinc, Iodine, Essential Fatty Acids

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Leigh Simpson ◽  
Lynn B. Bailey ◽  
Klaus Pietrzik ◽  
Barry Shane ◽  
Wolfgang Holzgreve
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Reproductive Potential

VARIATIONS IN LIPID INTAKE AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON RESPIRATION AND TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE ACTIVITY

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (9) ◽  
pp. 1575-1587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hector F. DeLuca
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Liver Mitochondria ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid ◽  
Membrane Systems ◽  
Acid Cycle

The possible role of dietary lipids and lipid-soluble constituents in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, respiratory systems, and mitochondrial structure is discussed, with special emphasis on vitamin D, vitamin A, and essential fatty acids. Deficiency of any of these substances produces structural alterations in isolated kidney or liver mitochondria. In the case of vitamin D deficiency the structural alteration in kidney mitochondria is accompanied by an increased rate of citrate and isocitrate oxidation and a decreased transfer of calcium ions from inside to outside the mitochondria. Vitamin D added in vitro or given to the intact rat specifically decreases citrate oxidation and increases the translocation of calcium. Vitamin A deficiency increases the respiration of liver homogenates and mitochondria in the absence of phosphate acceptor, an effect which could readily be reversed within 48 hours after vitamin A administration. Increased ATPase and decreased respiratory control were also noted in liver mitochondria from vitamin A deficient rats. The structural change as well as the biochemical lesions could also be reversed within 48 hours after vitamin A administration. Similar experiments with essential fatty acid deficient mitochondria also revealed a high ATPase, low respiratory control, and marked structural damage. These changes could be reversed by the feeding of essential fatty acids to the deficient animals for 1–3 weeks. Despite many attempts, it was not possible to demonstrate structural changes in mitochondria in situ as a result of any of the deficiencies described. It is suggested that the respiratory and tricarboxylic acid cycle changes that have been attributed to the lipid constituents of the diet are secondary to alterations in subcellular membrane systems. The use of these membrane systems as tools or models in a study of the mechanism of action of the dietary lipid and lipid-soluble materials is discussed.

scholarly journals Micronutrients, Essential Fatty Acids and Bone Health in Phenylketonuria

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serwet Demirdas ◽  
Francjan J. van Spronsen ◽  
Carla E.M. Hollak ◽  
J. Hanneke van der Lee ◽  
Peter H. Bisschop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Fracture History

Introduction: In phenylketonuria (PKU), a natural protein-restricted dietary treatment prevents severe cognitive impairment. Nutrient deficiencies may occur due to strict diet. This study is aimed at evaluating the dietary intake and blood concentrations of micronutrients and essential fatty acids (FA), bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture history in patients on long-term dietary treatment. Methods: Sixty early diagnosed Dutch patients (aged 1-39 years) were included in a multi-center cross-sectional study. Their dietary intake, blood concentrations of micronutrients, FA, fracture history and BMD were assessed. Results: Selenium dietary intake and serum concentrations were low in 14 and 46% of patients, respectively. The serum 25-OH vitamin D2 + D3 concentration was low in 14% of patients while 20% of patients had a low vitamin D intake. Zinc serum concentrations were below normal in 14% of patients, despite adequate intake. Folic acid serum concentrations and intake were elevated. Despite safe total protein and fat intake, arginine plasma concentrations and erythrocyte eicosapentaenoic acid were below reference values in 19 and 6% of patients, respectively. Low BMD (Z-score <-2) was slightly more prevalent in patients, but the lifetime fracture prevalence was comparable to the general population. Conclusions: Dutch patients with PKU on long-term dietary treatment have a near normal nutrient status. Supplementation of micronutrients of which deficiency may be deleterious (e.g., vitamin D and selenium) should be considered. BMD warrants further investigation.

scholarly journals Circulating Concentrations of Essential Fatty Acids, Linoleic and α-Linolenic Acid, in US Adults in 2003–2004 and 2011–2012 and the Relation with Risk Factors for Cardiometabolic Disease: An NHANES Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina S Petersen ◽  
Valerie K Sullivan ◽  
Victor L Fulgoni ◽  
Fulya Eren ◽  
Martha E Cassens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cardiometabolic Health ◽  
Trans Fat ◽  
Point Change ◽  
High Oleic

ABSTRACT Background The increased use of high-oleic oils to replace trans fat has led to concern about declining intake of PUFA and the potential for essential fatty acid insufficiency or even deficiency. Objectives The aim of this study was to examine circulating concentrations of essential and poorly biosynthesized fatty acids, as biomarkers of dietary intake, in the NHANES data sets prior to (2003–2004 cycle) and following (2011–2012 cycle) legislation to reduce trans fat in the food supply and also to explore the associations between these fatty acids and markers of cardiometabolic health. Methods Fasting circulating concentrations of fatty acids from adults (aged ≥20 y) in the 2003–2004 and 2011–2012 NHANES cycles were used for analysis. Dietary data from one day of both the 2003–2004 and 2011–2012 cycles were used to examine differences in dietary fatty acid intake between these cycles. Regression analyses were used to assess relations between circulating concentrations of fatty acids and cardiometabolic health. Results Between the 2003–2004 and 2011–2012 NHANES cycles, LA dietary intake increased (1.38 g, P= 0.002); no difference in circulating concentrations was observed. ALA, measured by dietary intake (0.23 g, P&lt; 0.01) and circulating concentrations (0.14%, P&lt; 0.001), increased from 2003–2004 to 2011–2012. Circulating LA was inversely associated with BMI (in kg/m2; regression coefficient per percentage point change in LA ± SE: –0.22 ± 0.04), waist circumference (–0.62 ± 0.09 cm), systolic blood pressure (–0.38 ± 0.09 mm Hg), triglycerides (–9.92 ± 0.63 mg/dL), glucose (–3.34 ± 0.13 mg/dL), insulin (–0.18 ± 0.05 µU/mL), and HOMA-IR (–0.29 ± 0.05). Conclusions In a nationally representative sample of US adults, no declines in circulating concentrations of essential fatty acids, LA and ALA, were observed between 2003–2004 and 2011–2012, a time when high-oleic oils were increasingly used in the food supply. Higher amounts of circulating LA were correlated with lower risk of cardiometabolic dysfunction, which underscores the importance of monitoring consumption in the United States.

scholarly journals Dietary Intake, Nutritional Adequacy and Food Sources of Total Fat and Fatty Acids, and Relationships with Personal and Family Factors in Spanish Children Aged One to <10 Years: Results of the EsNuPI Study

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2467
Author(s):  
Casandra Madrigal ◽  
María José Soto-Méndez ◽  
Rosaura Leis ◽  
Ángela Hernández-Ruiz ◽  
Teresa Valero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Total Fat

We aimed to determine the usual intake of total fat, fatty acids (FAs), and their main food sources in a representative cohort of the Spanish pediatric population aged 1 to <10 years (n = 707) who consumed all types of milk and an age-matched cohort who consumed adapted milk over the last year (including follow-on formula, toddler’s milk, growing-up milk, and fortified and enriched milks) (n = 741) who were participants in the EsNuPI study (in English, Nutritional Study in the Spanish Pediatric Population). Dietary intake, measured through two 24 h dietary recalls, was compared to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UN-FAO) recommendations. Both cohorts showed a high intake of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), according to FAO recommendations, as there are no numerical recommendations for SFAs at EFSA. Also, low intake of essential fatty acids (EFAs; linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA)) and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) of the n-3 series, mainly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were observed according to EFSA and FAO recommendations. The three main sources of total fat and different FAs were milk and dairy products, oils and fats, and meat and meat products. The consumption of adapted milk was one of the main factors associated with better adherence to the nutritional recommendations of total fat, SFAs, EFAs, PUFAs; and resulted as the main factor associated with better adherence to n-3 fatty acids intake recommendations. Knowledge of the dietary intake and food sources of total fat and FAs in children could help in designing and promoting effective and practical age-targeted guidelines to promote the consumption of EFA- and n-3 PUFA-rich foods in this stage of life.

scholarly journals Interrelations Between School-Based Services, Dietary Intake and Micronutrient Deficiencies Among School-Going Children and Adolescents Aged 5–19 Years in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1786-1786
Author(s):  
Mansi Chopra ◽  
Anwesha Lahiri ◽  
Priyanshu Rastogi ◽  
Arti Bhanot ◽  
Anjani Bakshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
School Meals ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
School Based

Abstract Objectives India is home to 119 million children (CH; 5–9 y) and 253 million adolescents (AD; 10–19 y), a majority of whom suffer from multiple micronutrient deficiencies (MND). Given high school enrolment levels in India (90% of CH and 75% of AD) schools are a good platform for services and behavior change interventions targeted toward this age group. We sought to analyze the prevalence and predictors of MND in school going CH and AD in India. Methods Data from India's Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey 2016–18 were analyzed separately for CH aged 5–9 y (n = 10,640), AD aged 10–14 y (n = 5390) and AD aged 15–19 y (n = 3693). Serum/plasma concentrations of ferritin, retinol, B12, erythrocyte folate, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, zinc and C-reactive protein were measured. We assessed the weighted prevalence of each MND using established WHO cutoffs, after adjusting ferritin and retinol for inflammation. Primary predictors of MND were dietary intake and access to school services. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine associations between these factors and each MND, controlling for socio-demography (sex, residence, wealth quintile, ethnicity, parental education, siblings) and hygiene-sanitation services. Results The top three micronutrient deficiencies were folate (29%), vitamin A (22%), vitamin D (19%) among CH and folate (38%), zinc and B12 (31% each) in AD. One or more MND affected 69% of CH and 83% of AD. In CH, deworming was associated with reduced odds of folate deficiency (AOR and 95% CI: 0.80, 0.68–0.94) and health camps were associated with vitamin A deficiency (0.68, 0.51–0.91). In AD 10–14y, receipt of free school meals had lower odds of B12 deficiency (0.66, 0.49–0.88). In AD 15–19y, health camps were inversely associated with vitamin D deficiency (0.69, 0.51–0.95). CH and AD who consumed green leafy vegetables, pulses and fruits daily had reduced odds of iron, folate or vitamin D deficiencies (AORs: 0.58–0.81). Consumption of fish, chicken or meat (≥2 times/week) was associated with lower odds of almost all MND in CH (AORs: 0.39–0.75), and of iron and B12 deficiencies in AD (AORs: 0.42–0.66). Conclusions Most CH and AD in India suffer from multiple MND. Improving diet quality through school meals and strengthening school-based health services may contribute to MND reductions in this population. Funding Sources UNICEF, POSHAN.

scholarly journals Intake of essential fatty acids in Indonesian children: secondary analysis of data from a nationally representative survey

2016 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 687-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Neufingerl ◽  
Ratna Djuwita ◽  
Anke Otten-Hofman ◽  
Reisi Nurdiani ◽  
Ursula Garczarek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Food Composition ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Nutrient Adequacy ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Total Fat

AbstractEssential fatty acids (EFA) such as α-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA) are needed for healthy growth and development of children. Worldwide, reliable intake data of EFA are often lacking. The objective of this study was to investigate dietary intake of EFA in Indonesian children. Dietary intake data of 4–12-year-old children (n 45 821) from a nationally representative Indonesian survey were used to estimate median intake and distribution of population fatty acid intake. Missing data on individual fatty acids in the Indonesian food composition table were complemented through chemical analyses of national representative food samples and imputation of data from the US nutrient database. Nutrient adequacy ratios were calculated as a percentage of FAO/WHO intake recommendations. The medians of total fat intake of the children was 26·7 (10th–90th percentile 11·2–40·0) percentage of total daily energy (%E). Intakes of fatty acids were 4·05 (10th–90th percentile 1·83–7·22) %E for total PUFA, 3·36 (10th–90th percentile 1·14–6·29) %E for LA and 0·20 (10th–90th percentile 0·07–0·66) %E for ALA. Median intake of PUFA was 67 % and that of ALA 40 % of the minimum amounts recommended by FAO/WHO. These data indicate that a majority of Indonesian children has intakes of PUFA and specifically ALA that are lower than recommended intake levels. Total fat and LA intakes may be suboptimal for a smaller yet considerable proportion of children. Public health initiatives should provide practical guidelines to promote consumption of PUFA-rich foods.

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