The Impact of Economic Sanctions on the Least Developed Countries (Comparative Case Studies of the DRС and Somalia)

Negative Effects ◽

African Countries ◽

Fdi Inflows ◽

Comparative Case Studies ◽

Least Developed Countries (LDCs) is an official term applied within the United Nations to the countries with low living standards, weak economies, where people and resources are highly exposed to the vulnerability criterion of natural shocks. The African continent has the largest number of such states (33). Simultaneously, various sanctions are in force or imposed on a number of this category of African countries, both by the UN and states individually. This article examines in detail two country cases of applying international sanctions against least developed African countries: the DRC and Somalia. The analysis of the economic dynamics of these countries (as well as the CAR and Mali that are also LDCs and are subject to sanctions regimes) led to the conclusion that the effectiveness of sanctions imposed against these countries and targeted sanctions against members of their political elites is low. The negative effects associated with the implementation of the sanctions policy against these states are manifested mostly by a decrease in the volume of exports and a decrease in FDI inflows.

The Impact of Economic Sanctions on Landlocked States (Comparative Case Studies of CAR and Mali)

10.31132/2412-5717-2019-48-3-49-63 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 49-63 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anna Sharova

Keyword(s):

Geographical Location ◽

Political Elites ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

International Division ◽

Transport Costs ◽

African Countries ◽

Geographical Position ◽

Comparative Case Studies ◽

The Impact ◽

Geographical Feature

Landlocked states are a special category of countries whose economic and social development is associated with a number of additional difficulties due to their geographical location. Among them are: limitation of participation in the international division of labor, high transport costs and costs associated with bureaucratic procedures for crossing the borders of third countries, as well as reducing the competitiveness of exports. The African continent has the largest number of such states. Simultaneously with the indicated political and geographical feature, various sanctions are in force or imposed on a number of this category of African countries, both by the UN and states individually. The sum of these factors negatively affected the development of these states. This article examines in detail two country cases of applying international sanctions against landlocked African countries: the CAR and Mali. The study led to the conclusion that the effectiveness of sanctions imposed against these countries and targeted sanctions against members of their political elites is low. The main damage and negative consequences are for the general population, since they directly relate to everyday life needs and requirements. For a significant part of the population of both countries, the costs of sanctions are compensated by the possibilities of the “economy of war”: illegal extraction of local natural resources, smuggling and speculation of essential goods. Peculiarities of the country’s geographical position, lack of access to the sea, under these conditions, can serve as a factor for further “decoupling” of elites from the sanctions issue and the continuation of their policies.

What Justice? Whose justice?: Rethinking climate justice through climate change impacts and options for adaptation in Africa

Technium Social Sciences Journal ◽

10.47577/tssj.v26i1.4936 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

pp. 761-770

Author(s):

Shingirai Stanely Mugambiwa

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Climate Change Impacts ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Climate Justice ◽

Poor People ◽

African Continent ◽

African Countries ◽

For Profit ◽

The Impact ◽

First World

Climate change is considered a justice issue based on the causes of the phenomenon, its impacts and polices designed to manage it. Previous studies have revealed that Africa and the entire developing world contribute less to Green House Gas emissions (GHG) which is the leading cause of climate change, but they suffer the most from its consequences, whereas the first world, whose contribution to GHG is immense but the impact of the phenomenon to them is minimal. In this article, I made use of climate change impacts and adaptation options to scrutinise the concept of climate justice in Africa. The article sought to establish whether or not climate justice has a place on the African continent. To achieve that objective, I critically assessed climate change impacts and options for adaptation in various African countries vis-à-vis climate justice. The study found that climate justice is a farce for Africa because climate disruptions affect nations differently and adaptive capacities differ as well. It also emerged that climate change-based impacts in Africa largely affect women and poor people. Lastly, the desire for profit among developed countries and climate-based organisations deters the urgency for climate justice across the globe.

Globalization Impact on Multinational Enterprises

World ◽

10.3390/world2020014 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 216-230

Author(s):

Justine Kyove ◽

Katerina Streltsova ◽

Ufuoma Odibo ◽

Giuseppe T. Cirella

Keyword(s):

Developing Country ◽

Multinational Enterprises ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Global Market ◽

Data Availability ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Developed Country ◽

Excellent Starting Point ◽

Starting Point ◽

The impact of globalization on multinational enterprises was examined from the years 1980 to 2020. A scoping literature review was conducted for a total of 141 articles. Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed typologies were categorized and conclusions were drawn regarding the influence and performance (i.e., positive or negative effects) of globalization. Developed countries show more saturated markets than developing countries that favor developing country multinational enterprises to rely heavily on foreign sales for revenue growth. Developed country multinationals are likely to use more advanced factors of production to create revenue, whereas developing country multinationals are more likely to use less advanced forms. A number of common trends and issues showed corporate social responsibility, emerging markets, political issues, and economic matters as key to global market production. Recommendations signal a strong need for more research that addresses contributive effects in the different economies, starting with the emerging to the developed. Limitations of data availability and inconsistency posed a challenge for this review, yet the use of operationalization, techniques, and analyses from the business literature enabled this study to be an excellent starting point for additional work in the field.

Human Rights in the Least Developed Countries of Asia: An Index for Quantifying Sustainable Development Goal 3 (Good Health and Wellbeing)

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18094747 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (9) ◽

pp. 4747

Author(s):

Karen G. Añaños Bedriñana ◽

José Antonio Rodríguez Martín ◽

Fanny T. Añaños

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Good Health ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Sustainable Development Goal ◽

Distance Method ◽

Development Goal ◽

Health And Wellbeing ◽

This paper aims to measure disparities among the variables associated with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 defined by the United Nations (UN) in the least developed countries (LDCs) of Asia. In the terms of the UN Conference on Trade and Development, LDCs are countries with profound economic and social inequalities. The indicator was constructed using a set of variables associated with SDG3: Good Health and Wellbeing. Applying Pena’s DP2 distance method to the most recent data available (2018) enables regional ordering of Asia’s LDCs based on the values of these variables. The index integrates socioeconomic variables that permit examination of the impact of each individual indicator to determine territorial disparities in terms of the partial indicators of SDG3. “Maternal education,” “Proportion of women who make their own informed decisions regarding sexual relations, contraceptive use, and reproductive health care,” and “Gender parity index in primary education” are the most important variables in explaining spatial disparities in good health and wellbeing in the LDCs of Asia.

Determinants influencing inbound arrivals to Africa

Tourism Economics ◽

10.1177/1354816618809840 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (6) ◽

pp. 856-883 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Armand Viljoen ◽

Andrea Saayman ◽

Melville Saayman

Keyword(s):

Developed Countries ◽

African Continent ◽

African Countries ◽

Dynamic Panel ◽

Geographical Factors ◽

Telecommunication Infrastructure ◽

Foreign Tourism ◽

Tourism Arrivals

The goal of this research was to investigate the determinants that influence foreign tourism arrivals to the African continent, firstly as a collective and secondly in different regions, with the aim to foster a greater understanding of how African countries and regions can grow their tourism economies. Using static and dynamic panel estimators, two key findings were identified from this research: (1) tourism to the continent is influenced by income in developed countries, prices, telecommunication infrastructure and geographical factors as well as conservation efforts and (2) the regions in Africa do not all react the same to changes in these factors.

Developing And Developed Countries

Effects of Institutional Quality on FDI in Provinces of Vietnam: Empirical Evidence Based on Differenced Panel GMM

Journal of Asian Business and Economic Studies ◽

10.24311/jabes/2015.22.3.04 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 22 (03) ◽

pp. 26-45

Author(s):

Bon Nguyen Van

Keyword(s):

World Economy ◽

Institutional Quality ◽

Total Sample ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Evidence Based ◽

Fdi Inflows ◽

Positive Effects ◽

The Past ◽

The Impact ◽

Foreign direct investment (FDI) has been strongly affecting the world economy during the past years and is a critical topic for both developing and developed countries. Most countries, particularly developing ones, always attempt to adjust and modify appropriate policies and institutions to attract FDI inflows. In the context of Vietnam, does the institutional quality have any effect on attracting FDI inflows in provinces? To answer clearly and exactly this question, the impact of institutional quality on attracting FDI inflows is empirically investigated in a sample of 43 provinces of Vietnam over the period of 2005–2012 via the estimation technique of difference panel GMM. Estimated results indicate that in the total sample of all provinces the institutional quality has significantly positive effects on the FDI flows. However, in the sub-sample of provinces the impact of the institutional quality on attracting FDI inflows in Northern and Southern regions are statistically significant while that in Central region is not.

La brecha digital de género como vértice de las desigualdades de las mujeres en el contexto de la pandemia por Covid-19

LOGOS Revista de Filosofía ◽

10.26457/lrf.v136i136.2873 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 136 (136) ◽

pp. 9-22

Author(s):

Claudia Ivette Pedraza Bucio

Keyword(s):

New Media ◽

Digital Divide ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Policy Responses ◽

Santiago De Chile ◽

Palabras Clave ◽

Las Mujeres ◽

Work Impact ◽

El objetivo de este texto es analizar la brecha digital de g.nero como vértice de las desigualdades estructurales que conforman la vida de las mujeres, en el marco de la pandemia mundial de Covid-19 que ha colocado a las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) en el centro de la dinámica social. Para esto, en el primer apartado se recupera el concepto de brecha digital como un v.rtice en el cual convergen desigualdades que condicionan el acceso, uso y apropiaci.n de las tecnolog.as de la información y comunicación, pero también como un condicionante de las mismas. A continuación, se presentan las implicaciones del género en el análisis de la brecha digital; y a partir de esto, se revisan los problemas potenciales que supone la brecha digital de género en el contexto de COVID. La intención final es argumentar la necesidad de políticas y programas que atiendan la brecha digital no como un resultado de las desigualdades de género, sino como eje emergente a través del cual se mantienen, refuerzan y renuevan las mismas Palabras clave Brecha digital, g.nero, Covid-19, TIC, desigualdad. Bibliografía Alva de la Selva, A. (2015). Los nuevos rostros de la desigualdad en el siglo XXI: la brecha digital. Revista mexicana de ciencias políticas y sociales, 60(223), 265-285. Animal Político (2020), “SEP estima deserción de 10% en educación básica y 8% en superior por la COVID. Consultado el 08/10/2020. Disponible en https://www.animalpolitico.com/2020/08/sep-desercion-educacion-covid/ Badillo, N. S., Esteban, O., y Vall-Llovera, M. (2012). Romper la brecha digital de género. Factores implicados en la opción por una carrera tecnológica. Athenea Digital: revista de pensamiento e investigación social, 12(3), 115-128. Becerril, W (2018). Mujeres que codean: la apropiación tecnológica de estudiantes egresadas de Laboratoria en México. Controversias y concurrencias latinoamericanas,10(16), 67-75. Braidotti, R. (2002). Un ciberfeminismo diferente. Debats, vol. 76, 100-117. Collado, C. (2010). Género y TIC. Presencia, posición y políticas Barcelona: Editorial UOC. Crovi, D. (2008). Dimensión social del acceso, uso y apropiaci.n de las TIC. Contratexto, (016), 65-79. Derechos Digitales (2017). Derechos de las Mujeres en Línea, resultado de la Evaluación. Chile: Derechos Digitales. Godínez, A. L (2016). Brecha digital de género: usos y apropiaciones de las TIC´s en estudiantes adolescentes. Retos y posibilidades (Tesis de maestr.a). México: Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales-UNAM. IFT (2019 a). Uso de las TIC y actividades por internet en México: impacto de las características sociodemográficas de la población. M.xico: IFT IFT (2019 b). Encuesta de Usuarios de Servicios de Telecomunicaciones, Micro, Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas”. M.xico: IFT INEGI (2018) Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares.Ciudad de M.xico: Instituto Nacional de Estad.stica y Geograf.a. INEGI (2019 a). Encuesta Nacional sobre Disponibilidad y Uso de Tecnologías de Información en los Hogares. Ciudad de M.xico: Instituto Nacional de Estad.stica y Geograf.a. INEGI (2019 b ). Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo . Ciudad de M.xico: Instituto Nacional de Estad.stica y Geograf.a. INEGI (2020), Encuesta Telefónica sobre COVID-19 y Mercado Laboral (ECOVIDML). Ciudad de M.xico: Instituto Nacional de Estad.stica y Geograf.a. OCDE (2001). Understanding the digital divide . Paris: Organizaci.n para la Cooperaci.n y el Desarrollo Econ.micos: Paris. OIT (2020) COVID-19 and the world of work: Impact and policy responses Organizaci.n Internacional del Trabajo, Consultado el 08/10/2020. Disponible en https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/coronavirus/lang--en/index.htm ONU (2020) UN Secretary-General’s policy brief: The impact of COVID-19 on women .ONU . Nueva York: Organizaci.n de las Naciones Unidas. Observatorio Laboral (2019) Carreras mejor pagadas . Secretar.a del Trabajo y Previsi.n Social. Consultado el 08/10/2020. Disponible en https://www.observatoriolaboral.gob.mx/#/ Peres, W., & Hilbert, M (2009). La sociedad de la informaci.n en Am.rica Latina y el Caribe. Desarrollo de las tecnologías y tecnologías para el desarrollo, CEPAL, Santiago de Chile . Selwyn, N. (2004). Reconsidering political and popular understandings of the digitaldivide. New Media and Society , 6(3), 341-362. UIT (2019) ICTs, LDCs and the SDGs: Achieving universal and affordable Internet in the least developed countries. Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones: Ginebra. UNESCO (2020). El cierre de escuelas debido a la COVID-19 en todo el mundo afectará más a las niñas . Consultado el 08/10/2020.Disponible en https://es.unesco.org/news/cierre-escuelas-debido-covid-19-todo-mundoafectaramasninas#:~:text=Plan%20International%20y%20la%20UNESCO,precoz%20y%20matrimonio%20precoz%20y Verges, N. (2012). De la exclusión a la autoinclusión de las mujeres en las TIC.Motivaciones, posibilitadores y mecanismos de autoinclusi.n. Atenea Digial 12,3:129-150. Wajcman, Judy (2006). El Tecnofeminismo. Valencia: C.tedra. Zafra, Remedios (2005). Netianas. N(h)acer mujer en Internet. Madrid: Lengua de Trapo. Zapata, C. B.; Arra.za, P. M.; Silva, E. F. D.; Soares, E. D. C. (2017). Desaf.os de la Inclusi.n Digital: antecedentes, problem.ticas y medici.n de la Brecha Digital de G.nero. Psicología, Conocimiento y Sociedad , 7 (2), 121-151.

Do the dynamics of vaccine programs improve the full immunization of children under the age of five in Cameroon?

10.21203/rs.3.rs-19140/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rodrigue NDA'CHI DEFFO ◽

Benjamin FOMBA KAMGA

Keyword(s):

Infant Mortality ◽

Birth Order ◽

Immunization Coverage ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Demographic And Health Surveys ◽

Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽

Development Goals ◽

Mother’S Age ◽

Abstract Background: Among the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), three were devoted to health. Two amongst which MDG4 in relation to the reduction of infant mortality has not been achieved in Least Developed Countries (LDC). In Africa, a significant part of infant mortality is due to vaccine-preventable diseases administered free of charge by the Extended Program on Immunization (EPI). As such, in the "social equity" pillar of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), the MDGs related to health have yet been taken into account. The achievement of these objectives requires an understanding of the immunization behavior of children under five years of age through an analysis of immunization dynamics between 1991 and 2011.Methods: We use data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) of 1991, 1998, 2004 and 2011 carried out by the National Institute of Statistics (NIS). The module concerning EPI vaccines was administered to 3350, 2317, 8125 and 25524 under 5 in 1991, 1998, 2004 and 2011 respectively. The Immunization analysis was made from the logistic model for complete immunization and the Oaxaca's decomposition to assess the contribution of the unexplained part, which is that of the strategies/programs implemented between 1991 and 2011 by the EPI to improve immunization.Results: In general, children with vaccination card are more than 7 times likely to be fully immunized than their counterparts who do not have any. This result was higher in 1991 (approximately 57) and lowest in 2011 (5). In addition, the child's birth order reduces his/her probability of being fully immunized and the impact increases with the latter's birth order. On the other hand, the mother's age as well as her level of education increase the child's likelihood of receiving all basic vaccines. Moreover, the contributions of EPI partners in terms of immunization support as well as strategies to promote immunization through communication for development are of a particular importance in increasing immunization coverage. They significantly explain 67.62% of the 0.105 gain recorded within the 2011-2004 period and 72.46% of the 0.069 gain recorded within the 2004-1998 period.Conclusion: The contribution of EPI partner organizations is fundamental for the achievement of EPI objectives. Since they contribute to increase the likelihood of fully immunized children. The link with child immunization is done through the specific characteristics to the mother.

Migration and Its Impact on Sustainable Development

Insignia Journal of International Relations ◽

10.20884/1.ins.2021.8.1.3871 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 55

Author(s):

Muslih Faozanudin ◽

Shainima Islam

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Developing Countries ◽

International Migration ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Industrialized Countries ◽

Population Mobility ◽

Skilled Workers ◽

People’s mobility and international migration are quite interesting phenomena to discuss. Until now, there are still differences in views between industrialized countries and developing countries regarding the contribution of migration to development for both sending and receiving countries. This paper aims to analyze based on existing secondary data the linkage between migration and sustainable development. For analysis, this study uses a descriptive approach, with secondary data as the primary source. The analysis found that both sending and receiving countries - benefited from population mobility and international migration. The least developed countries in the economy and overall infrastructure are supplying countries for this migration process, and increasing remittances and skilled workers to help other countries. Although it is realized that this condition is the impact of the weak economic system of developing countries on the one hand and the demographic that occur in advanced industrialized countries on the other. To maintain the stability of the supply chain for economic development, international migration is included as one of the sustainable development programs that apply more humane values. Therefore, migrants should be seen as potential contributors to the growth of sending and receiving countries, and some even claim that they are heroes of foreign exchange. Keywords: migration, remmitance, sustainable development Mobilitas masyarakat dan migrasi internasional merupakan fenomena yang cukup menarik untuk dibahas. sampai saat ini masih terdapat perbedaan pandangan antara negara industri dan negara berkembang, tentang kontribusi migrasi terhadap pembangunan, baik bagi negara yang asal migrant maupun bagi negara penerima. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis berdasarkan data sekunder yang ada mengenai keterkaitan antara migrasi dan pembangunan berkelanjutan. Untuk analisis, penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif, dengan data sekunder sebagai sumber primer. Hasil analisis menemukan bahwa kedua negara-negara pengirim dan penerima - mendapat manfaat dari mobilitas penduduk dan migrasi internasional. Negara-negara kurang berkembang dalam ekonomi dan infrastruktur secara keseluruhan menjadi negara pemasok untuk proses migrasi ini, dan meningkatkan pengiriman uang dan pekerja terampil untuk membantu negara lain. Meskipun disadari bahwa kondisi ini merupakan dampak dari lemahnya sistem perekonomian negara berkembang di satu sisi dan faktor demografi dan kesuburan yang terjadi di negara industri maju di sisi lain. Untuk menjaga stabilitas rantai pasokan pembangunan ekonomi, migrasi internasional dimasukkan sebagai salah satu program pembangunan berkelanjutan yang menerapkan nilai-nilai yang lebih manusiawi. Oleh karena itu, para migran harus dilihat sebagai kontributor potensial bagi pertumbuhan negara pengirim dan penerima, bahkan ada yang mengklaim bahwa mereka adalah sebagai pahlawan devisa. Kata kunci: migrasi, pembangunan berkelanjutan, remiten

Вестник ГГНТУ. Гуманитарные и социально-экономические науки ◽

UNEMPLOYMENT AS A SIGN OF INSTABILITY IN SOCIETY

10.34708/gstou.2021.50.62.001 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 5-10

Author(s):

Р. Х. Азиева ◽

Х. Э. Таймасханов

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Labor Market ◽

Political Stability ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Living Standards ◽

Modern World ◽

High Unemployment ◽

Global Problem ◽

The Past ◽

В современном мировом пространстве политика государств сопряжена с решением такой глобальной проблемы, как безработица. За последние три десятилетия безработица стала одной из наиболее значимых проблем не только в развивающихся, но и в развитых странах, так как безработица приводит к массовой нищете и угрожает социальной и политической стабильности. В статье представлены масштабы изменений в сфере занятости в условиях неопределенности и дана оценка влияния происходящих процессов на изменения структуры занятости. А также авторами представлены рекомендации по стабилизации рынка труда для недопущения высокого уровня безработицы и падения уровня жизни населения. In the modern world space, the policy of states is associated with the solution of such a global problem as unemployment. Over the past three decades, unemployment has become one of the most significant problems, not only in developing countries, but also in developed countries, as unemployment leads to mass poverty and threatens social and political stability. The article presents the scale of changes in the field of employment in conditions of uncertainty and assesses the impact of the processes on changes in the structure of employment. The authors also present recommendations for stabilizing the labor market to prevent high unemployment and falling living standards of the population.