Nutritional status of children born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus

Objective: to optimize the diagnosis of nutritional status disorders in children born at different gestational periods from mothers with diabetes mellitus by assessing their nutritional status to predict the development of morphofunctional changes in different periods of childhoodMaterials and methods: 84 children from mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus, born in the maternity hospital of the Bauman State Clinical Hospital. The assessment of children’s physical development was carried out in accordance with WHO Anthro standards (2006). A comparative analysis of the variables of children in different groups was carried out using the Student’s T-test. “Statistica 10 programm” was used.Results: preterm children by the age of 3 are not only aligned with full-term children in terms of nutritional status, but also begin to exceed the latter in terms of body weight and length. In further age periods, their indicators do not go beyond the population. In full-term children from 4 years of age, there is a tendency to overweight and obesity.Conclusion: the nutritional status and physical development of children born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus depends on the gestational age and undergoes dramatic changes in different age periods of childhood.

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Investigation of the vitamin D nutritional status in women with gestational diabetes mellitus in Beijing

Lipids in Health and Disease ◽

10.1186/s12944-017-0412-y ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Yanping Liu ◽

Qiaer Jin ◽

Yuanyuan Bao ◽

Shanshan Li ◽

Jing Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

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Screening of gestational diabetes mellitus using fasting plasma glucose before the 24th gestational week in women with different pre-pregnancy body mass index

International Journal of Advances in Medicine ◽

10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20200027 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 218

Author(s):

Sambit Das ◽

Mahesh Rath ◽

Lipsa Das ◽

Kasturi Bharadwaj

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Body Mass ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Gestational Week ◽

Overweight Or Obesity

Background: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is usually diagnosed between 24th and 28th gestational week using the 75-g Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT). It is controversial that if FPG ≥92 mg/dL before 24th gestational week should be intervened or not. The aim of this study was to evaluate the value of FPG to screen GDM before 24th gestational week in women with different pre-pregnancy Body Mass Index (BMI).Methods: This was a hospital based retrospective cohort study done at CHC Balipatna, Khurdha, Odisha. Women who had a singleton live birth between June 20, 2016 and June 30, 2019, resided in Balipatna block area and received prenatal care in the Community Health Centre, were included in this study. Pre-pregnancy BMI, FPG before the 24th gestational week, and one-step GDM screening with 75 g-OGTT at the 24th to 28th gestational weeks were extracted from medical records and analyzed. The pregnant women were classified into four groups based on pre-pregnancy BMI: Group A (underweight), Group B (normal), Group C (overweight) and Group D (obesity). Statistical analysis using independent sample t-test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Pearson Chi-square test was done.Results: The prevalence of GDM was 20.0% (68/341) in the study population. FPG decreased gradually as the gestational age increased in all pre-pregnancy BMI groups until the 19th gestational week. The incidence of GDM in women with FPG ≥92 mg/dL in the 19th to 24th gestational weeks and pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity was significantly higher than that in women with FPG ≥92 mg/dL and pre-pregnancy BMI <24.0 kg/m2.Conclusions: FPG decreased gradually as the gestational age increased in all pre-pregnancy BMI groups until the 19th gestational week. Pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity was associated with an increased FPG value before the 24th gestational week. FPG ≥92 mg/dL between 19 and 24 gestational weeks should be treated as GDM in women with pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity.

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The Role of Arachidonic and Linoleic Acid Derivatives in Pathological Pregnancies and the Human Reproduction Process

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21249628 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (24) ◽

pp. 9628

Author(s):

Małgorzata Szczuko ◽

Justyna Kikut ◽

Natalia Komorniak ◽

Jacek Bilicki ◽

Zbigniew Celewicz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Male Reproduction ◽

Human Reproduction ◽

In Pregnancy

The aim of the available literature review was to focus on the role of the proinflammatory mediators of AA and LA derivatives in pathological conditions related to reproduction and pregnancy. Arachidonic (AA) and linoleic acid (LA) derivatives play important roles in human fertility and the course of pathological pregnancies. Recent studies have demonstrated that uncontrolled inflammation has a significant impact on reproduction, spermatogenesis, endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) genesis, implantation, pregnancy and labor. In addition, cyclooxygenase-mediated prostaglandins and AA metabolite levels are higher in women’s ovarian tissue when suffering from PCOS. It has been demonstrated that abnormal cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) levels are associated with ovulation failure, infertility, and implantation disorders and the increase in 9-HODE/13-HODE was a feature recognized in PCOS patients. Maintaining inflammation without neutrophil participation allows pregnant women to tolerate the fetus, while excessive inflammatory activation may lead to miscarriages and other pathological complications in pregnancies. Additionally AA and LA derivatives play an important role in pregnancy pathologies, e.g., gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia (PE), and fetal growth, among others. The pathogenesis of PE and other pathological states in pregnancy involving eicosanoids have not been fully identified. A significant expression of 15-LOX-1,2 was found in women with PE, leading to an increase in the synthesis of AA and LA derivatives, such as hydroxyeicozatetraenoic acids (HETE) and hydroxyoctadecadiene acids (HODE). Synthesis of the metabolites 5-, 8-, 12-, and 15-HETE increased in the placenta, while 20-HETE increased only in umbilical cord blood in women with preeclampsia compared to normal pregnancies. In obese women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) an increase in epoxygenase products in the cytochrome P450 (CYP) and the level of 20-HETE associated with the occurrence of insulin resistance (IR) were found. In addition, 12- and 20-HETE levels were associated with arterial vasoconstriction and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) with arterial vasodilatation and uterine relaxation. Furthermore, higher levels of 5- and 15-HETE were associated with premature labor. By analyzing the influence of free fatty acids (FFA) and their derivatives on male reproduction, it was found that an increase in the AA in semen reduces its amount and the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids showed higher values in infertile men compared to the fertile control group. There are several studies on the role of HETE/HODE in relation to male fertility. 15-Hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid may affect the integrity of the membrane and sperm function. Moreover, the incubation of sperm with physiologically low levels of prostaglandins (PGE2/PGF2α) improves the functionality of human sperm. Undoubtedly, these problems are still insufficiently understood and require further research. However, HETE and HODE could serve as predictive and diagnostic biomarkers for pregnancy pathologies (especially in women with risk factors for overweight and obesity). Such knowledge may be helpful in finding new treatment strategies for infertility and the course of high-risk pregnancies.

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The Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms19113342 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (11) ◽

pp. 3342 ◽

Cited By ~ 112

Author(s):

Jasmine Plows ◽

Joanna Stanley ◽

Philip Baker ◽

Clare Reynolds ◽

Mark Vickers

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Chronic Hyperglycemia ◽

Increased Risk

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a serious pregnancy complication, in which women without previously diagnosed diabetes develop chronic hyperglycemia during gestation. In most cases, this hyperglycemia is the result of impaired glucose tolerance due to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction on a background of chronic insulin resistance. Risk factors for GDM include overweight and obesity, advanced maternal age, and a family history or any form of diabetes. Consequences of GDM include increased risk of maternal cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes and macrosomia and birth complications in the infant. There is also a longer-term risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in the child. GDM affects approximately 16.5% of pregnancies worldwide, and this number is set to increase with the escalating obesity epidemic. While several management strategies exist—including insulin and lifestyle interventions—there is not yet a cure or an efficacious prevention strategy. One reason for this is that the molecular mechanisms underlying GDM are poorly defined. This review discusses what is known about the pathophysiology of GDM, and where there are gaps in the literature that warrant further exploration.

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Mitochondrial content, oxidative, and nitrosative stress in human full-term placentas with gestational diabetes mellitus

Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology ◽

10.1186/s12958-017-0244-7 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Joel Ramírez-Emiliano ◽

Martha E. Fajardo-Araujo ◽

Ismael Zúñiga-Trujillo ◽

Victoriano Pérez-Vázquez ◽

Cuauhtémoc Sandoval-Salazar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Nitrosative Stress ◽

Full Term ◽

Mitochondrial Content ◽

Oxidative And Nitrosative Stress

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Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Impact of Maternal Blood Sugar Level and BMI on Foetal Birth Weight

International Journal of Innovative Research in Medical Science ◽

10.23958/ijirms/vol04-i02/574 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (02) ◽

Author(s):

Dr. Bipul Prasad Deka ◽

Dr. Dimpy Begum

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Maternal Blood ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Medical College ◽

Control Study ◽

Diabetic Mothers

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as glucose intolerance of variable degrees with an onset, or first recognized, during pregnancy. About 15-45% of babies born to diabetic mothers can have macrosomia. This prospective case control study was conducted in the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Gauhati medical college and hospital, Guwahati, Assam during the period of 2013-2015. A total of 160 patients were included in the study. 100 patients without any glucose abnormality were taken as control and 60 patients with gestational diabetes mellitus were included in the study as cases. In this study it was found that mean birth weight in GDM cases is more than normoglycemic control. The overweight and obesity group (BMI>25) have maximum birth weight. In this study it was found that the fasting blood glucose level is maximum in mothers with baby birth weight >3.5 kg.

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Exercise, pregnancy, and insulin sensitivity – what is new?

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/h07-027 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 537-540 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Peter Damm ◽

Bettina Breitowicz ◽

Hanne Hegaard

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Pregnancy Complications ◽

Overweight And Obesity

Pregnancy is characterized by a marked physiological insulin resistance. Overweight and obesity or lack of physical activity can aggravate this reduced insulin sensitivity further. Increased insulin resistance has been associated with serious pregnancy complications, such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pre-eclampsia. Recent studies clearly indicate that physical activity before and during pregnancy can reduce the risk of GDM and pre-eclampsia.

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Effects of pre-pregnancy maternal body mass index on gestational diabetes mellitus

International Journal of Engineering & Technology ◽

10.14419/ijet.v7i1.9.10013 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (1.9) ◽

pp. 279 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Priya Shirley Muller ◽

M Nirmala

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Body Mass ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Maternal Body Mass Index ◽

Maternal Body ◽

Good Glycaemic Control ◽

Fetal Complications

The prevalence of both obesity and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is increasing worldwide. Overweight and obesity are abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health. The presence of obesity has, in particular, a significant impact on both maternal and fetal complications associated with GDM. These complications can be addressed, at least in part, by good glycaemic control during pregnancy. The objective of the study is to classify GDM and non-GDM patients based on pre-pregnancy maternal Body Mass Index (BMI) and to assess and quantify the risk for GDM according to BMI.

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