scholarly journals On the Necessity of a Multiple-viewpoint Analysis of Aspectual Opposition

Slovene ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 362-380
Author(s):  
László Jászay

In the first part of the paper, the aspectual opposition of the Russian verb is analyzed both as a privative and as an equipollent opposition, taking into account two different levels of approach: an abstract approach of the semantic invariant and a specific relation to contextual meanings. On this basis, the types of cases of the so-called strong and weak opposition are explained, as well as the trivial positions of aspects. In the second part special attention is given to the peculiarities of the basic semantic types of aspectual pairs that have arisen under the influence the verbal lexical meaning character. According to the conception put up by the author, the types distinguished are 1) telic/boundedpairs, 2) pairs with relative boundary of the perfective action, 3) trivial pairs, 4) pairs with perfective meaning, 5) pairs with multiplicative-semelfactive relation and 6) delimitative pairs.

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-106
Author(s):  
Zhiping Zhu

Abstract This paper describes the elements of Chinese culture enclosed in vocabulary and in the meaning of words; it is divided into four parts. Firstly, it is pointed out that, due to the fact that words are written down with Chinese characters, teachers of Chinese should purposefully help the students understand the rich culture contained in Chinese words, especially disyllabic compounds. Secondly, the article presents the investigation methods concerning compound words applied by the researchers of Chinese lexicon;It also assesses their applicability with regard to teaching a second language. Thirdly, the paper discusses five ways of incorporating Chinese culture during the process of formation of compound words, and points out their relationship with second language teaching. Finally, the paper discusses the methods applied in teaching Chinese vocabulary, and puts forward two methods of teaching vocabulary and their strategies at different levels.


Author(s):  
Sergei Monakhov

AbstractThis study tests the morphological gradience theory on Russian prefixed verbs. With the help of a specially designed experiment, in which participants were asked to evaluate the semantic transparency of a prefixed nonse verb given in minimal context, as well as to semanticise it by suggesting an existing Russian verb with the same prefix, we offer evidence that these verbs can be analysed as constructional schemas and that the degree of their morphological decomposition depends upon the different levels of activation of their sequential and lexical links. We prove that speakers of Russian are very sensitive to the etymological connection between verb prefixes and the prepositions they are related to. Thus, prefix-stem constructions with prefixes that correspond to prepositions are more likely to be morphologically decomposed, while prefix-stem constructions with prefixes that do not relate to prepositions tend to be regarded as single lexical units. Moreover, the general, highly abstract semantics of Russian prefix-stem constructions, especially of those that retain their ‘prepositional’ meaning, is undoubtedly accessible to language users, which is confirmed by the fact that the interpretability of these constructions is affected by priming.


Author(s):  
Rafaelly Andressa Schallemberger ◽  
Luciana Maria Crestani

Neste trabalho se propõe a analisar o conto machadiano “A igreja do Diabo” à luz dos preceitos da teoria semiótica greimasiana, evidenciando os três níveis do percurso gerativo de sentido (fundamental, narrativo e discursivo) e o modo como elementos dos diferentes níveis se articulam na construção do sentido global do texto. A base teórica que guia a análise se funda, essencialmente, em Greimas (2013), Fiorin (2008, 2016a) e em Barros (2005, 2012). A partir desse aporte teórico, busca-se identificar, no nível fundamental, os dois termos opostos, que formam a categoria semântica de base do texto. No nível narrativo, explicitam-se os sujeitos e os respectivos objetos de valor, as transformações de estado pelas quais passam os sujeitos e se evidencia como se materializam as quatro fases da narrativa canônica (manipulação, competência, performance e sanção). No nível discursivo, analisam-se as figuras e temas que se manifestam na superfície do texto e a relação destas com elementos dos níveis mais abstratos. Além disso, dentre as várias estratégias argumentativas, que se manifestam no nível discursivo deste conto, analisa-se a projeção da categoria de pessoa, a delegação de vozes em discurso direto aos atores do enunciado e o recurso à intertextualidade, explicando os efeitos de sentido que tais estratégias produzem no texto.Palavras-chave: Análise de Contos. Teoria Semiótica Greimasiana. Machado de Assis.AbstractIn this study, it is proposed to analyze Machado’s story “The Devil’s Church” in light of Greimas’s semiotic theory, using the three levels of generative trajectory of meaning (basic, narrative and discursive) and the way in which elements of the different levels fit together in building the overall sense of the text. The theoretical base which guides the analysis is founded essentially on Greimas (2013), Fiorin (2008, 2016a) and Barros (2005, 2012). Based on this theoretical guide, it was intended to identify, on the basic level, opposites terms which form the text basic semantic category. At the narrative level, it was explained the subjects and their respective objects of value, the transformations of state through which the subjects pass and the four phases of canonic narrative (manipulation, competence, performance and sanction). At the discursive level, themes and figures were analyzed which manifest on the text surface and the relationship among them and the elements of more abstracts levels. Furthermore, among a lot of argumentative strategies which manifest on the discursive level of this tale, the following were analyzed: the projection of the person’s category, the voices delegation on direct speech to the actors of the enunciation and the intertextuality resource, explaining the senses effects which such strategies produce in the text.Keywords: Analysis of Stories. Gremasian Semiotic Theory. Machado de Assis.


Author(s):  
Polina P. Dambueva ◽  

Introduction. Modality is present in any language at the level of words, phrases, sentences. In this regard, it is not unexpected, that the means of its expression can be observed at most different levels of the language: modality is expressed at the syntactic, morphological, lexical, phonetic levels; very often morphological, syntactic and other means are combined. And, nevertheless, despite the obvious prevalence and universality of this phenomenon, the problem of modality has not yet received its full description, and the literature on modality, functional-modal words in particular, is very limited. Goals. The article raises the question of lexical units — nouns, adjectives, adverbs, which in some conditions perform the functions of modal words due to their tendency to develop secondary uses, in particular, the function of modal words, that reinforce, emphasize a certain segment of a statement. Results. Functional-modal words, having different formal-morphological features and their primary lexical meanings, due to the emotional-expressive connotation inherent in their semantics, can in the message, along with modal words, express their general grammatical meaning - the speaker’s (multi-aspect) attitude to the content your statement or part of it. The considered functional-modal words do not differ from their ‘brothers’ in the lexical and grammatical category, but episodic losses of lexical meaning in connection with the performance of the function of the modal word draw attention to them as a phenomenon, that signifies the possible beginning of obscuring the lexical meaning and subsequent derivational processes — lexicalization, transposition, transition from one part of speech to another. The paper also touches upon the fundamental theoretical issue of including / excluding emotional-expressive meanings in the modality category, which many researchers exclude from the named category, explaining that they do not express the logical-rational qualification of the content of the utterance. The linguistic material, as it seems to the author, resists the division of statements into logical-rational and emotional-expressive, since in many cases, even within the framework of one word, these two aspects appear in an inseparable unity.


Author(s):  
J. E. Doherty ◽  
A. F. Giamei ◽  
B. H. Kear ◽  
C. W. Steinke

Recently we have been investigating a class of nickel-base superalloys which possess substantial room temperature ductility. This improvement in ductility is directly related to improvements in grain boundary strength due to increased boundary cohesion through control of detrimental impurities and improved boundary shear strength by controlled grain boundary micros true tures.For these investigations an experimental nickel-base superalloy was doped with different levels of sulphur impurity. The micros tructure after a heat treatment of 1360°C for 2 hr, 1200°C for 16 hr consists of coherent precipitates of γ’ Ni3(Al,X) in a nickel solid solution matrix.


Author(s):  
M. Kraemer ◽  
J. Foucrier ◽  
J. Vassy ◽  
M.T. Chalumeau

Some authors using immunofluorescent techniques had already suggested that some hepatocytes are able to synthetize several plasma proteins. In vitro studies on normal cells or on cells issued of murine hepatomas raise the same conclusion. These works could be indications of an hepatocyte functionnal non-specialization, meanwhile the authors never give direct topographic proofs suitable with this hypothesis.The use of immunoenzymatic techniques after obtention of monospecific antisera had seemed to us useful to bring forward a better knowledge of this problem. We have studied three carrier proteins (transferrin = Tf, hemopexin = Hx, albumin = Alb) operating at different levels in iron metabolism by demonstrating and localizing the adult rat hepatocytes involved in their synthesis.Immunological, histological and ultrastructural methods have been described in a previous work.


2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 304-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars-Göran Nilsson

This paper presents four domains of markers that have been found to predict later cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative disease. These four domains are (1) data patterns of memory performance, (2) cardiovascular factors, (3) genetic markers, and (4) brain activity. The critical features of each domain are illustrated with data from the longitudinal Betula Study on memory, aging, and health ( Nilsson et al., 1997 ; Nilsson et al., 2004 ). Up to now, early signs regarding these domains have been examined one by one and it has been found that they are associated with later cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative disease. However, it was also found that each marker accounts for only a very small part of the total variance, implying that single markers should not be used as predictors for cognitive decline or neurodegenerative disease. It is discussed whether modeling and simulations should be used as tools to combine markers at different levels to increase the amount of explained variance.


Methodology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 142-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pere J. Ferrando

In the IRT person-fluctuation model, the individual trait levels fluctuate within a single test administration whereas the items have fixed locations. This article studies the relations between the person and item parameters of this model and two central properties of item and test scores: temporal stability and external validity. For temporal stability, formulas are derived for predicting and interpreting item response changes in a test-retest situation on the basis of the individual fluctuations. As for validity, formulas are derived for obtaining disattenuated estimates and for predicting changes in validity in groups with different levels of fluctuation. These latter formulas are related to previous research in the person-fit domain. The results obtained and the relations discussed are illustrated with an empirical example.


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