scholarly journals О расширении круга модальной лексики в разговорном бурятском языке: функционально-модальные слова

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 644-651
Author(s):  
Polina P. Dambueva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Features ◽  
Theoretical Issue ◽  
Full Description ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Language Modality ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Linguistic Material

Introduction. Modality is present in any language at the level of words, phrases, sentences. In this regard, it is not unexpected, that the means of its expression can be observed at most different levels of the language: modality is expressed at the syntactic, morphological, lexical, phonetic levels; very often morphological, syntactic and other means are combined. And, nevertheless, despite the obvious prevalence and universality of this phenomenon, the problem of modality has not yet received its full description, and the literature on modality, functional-modal words in particular, is very limited. Goals. The article raises the question of lexical units — nouns, adjectives, adverbs, which in some conditions perform the functions of modal words due to their tendency to develop secondary uses, in particular, the function of modal words, that reinforce, emphasize a certain segment of a statement. Results. Functional-modal words, having different formal-morphological features and their primary lexical meanings, due to the emotional-expressive connotation inherent in their semantics, can in the message, along with modal words, express their general grammatical meaning - the speaker’s (multi-aspect) attitude to the content your statement or part of it. The considered functional-modal words do not differ from their ‘brothers’ in the lexical and grammatical category, but episodic losses of lexical meaning in connection with the performance of the function of the modal word draw attention to them as a phenomenon, that signifies the possible beginning of obscuring the lexical meaning and subsequent derivational processes — lexicalization, transposition, transition from one part of speech to another. The paper also touches upon the fundamental theoretical issue of including / excluding emotional-expressive meanings in the modality category, which many researchers exclude from the named category, explaining that they do not express the logical-rational qualification of the content of the utterance. The linguistic material, as it seems to the author, resists the division of statements into logical-rational and emotional-expressive, since in many cases, even within the framework of one word, these two aspects appear in an inseparable unity.

scholarly journals The Ancient Greek adjective: semantic and grammatical features

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Syntactic Features ◽  
General Meaning ◽  
Genus Number

The article reveals the essence of an Ancient Greek adjective as a separate part of speech. Thus, the substantive nature of an adjective was examined, including the historical process of its separation as an independent part of speech, with a consequent emphasis on the inseparability of adjectives and nouns by external signs in Ancient Greek. The analysis of the Greek adjectives was made on the grounds of their semantics, morphological features, syntactic functions. The semantic analysis was based on the studying of such concepts as the categorial, word-building and lexical meaning. The categorial meaning is the attribution of an adjective. The smaller semantic-grammatical groups (qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives) were learnt with regard to word formation and lexical motivation. Word-building and lexical meanings were studied basing on the division of adjectives into primary units and derivatives. The meaning of a derivative is interpreted both: due to the analysis of its structure (paying a special attention to the compound units, which are mainly formed on the basis of word combinations), and due as to the relation (strong, weak, metaphorical) of the general meaning of a derivative with the meaning of its components. The word-formation meaning of such units, therefore, is syntagmatic. Their lexical semantics depend also on the context. The basic morphological categories of genus, number and case of a Greek adjective simultaneously indicates its semantic dependence on a noun. The category of degrees of comparison was analyzed on terms of morphological means and such syntactic features as left/right-side valence. The main primary (an attribute) and the secondary (as a predicative) syntactic adjective functions are equally realized in preposition or postposition to the noun in Ancient Greek.

scholarly journals On derivatives

enadakultura ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamar Makharoblidze
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Category ◽  
Specific Form ◽  
Word Form ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Short Article ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
General Linguistics ◽  
Lexical Content ◽  
Inflectional Affixes

The question of derivates has been repeatedly raised in the teaching processes of language grammar and general linguistics. This circumstance became the basis for creating this short article. It is well known that a word-form can be changeable or unchangeable, and this fact is determined by the parts of speech. Form-changing words can undergo two types of change: inflectional and derivative. During the inflectional change, the form of the word changes, but the lexical and semantic aspects of the word do not change, i.e. its semantic and content data do not change. A classic example of this type of change is flexion of nouns.Derivation is the formation of a word from another word by the addition of non-inflectional affixes. Derivation can be of two types. The first is lexical derivation, in which the derivative affix produces a word with a different lexical content. A word-form can be another part of speech or the same part of speech but with a different lexical content. The second type of derivation is, first of all, grammatical derivation, when grammatical categories are produced. The grammatical category in general (and a word-form in general as well) includes the unity of morphological and semantical aspects. There is no separate semantics without morphology. Any semantic category and/or content must be conveyed in a specific form, so only a specific form has a specific morphosemantics, which can be produced by the grammatical derivatives. The main difference between the two types of derivation mentioned above (and therefore between the two types of derivatives) is the levels of the language hierarchy. The first type of affixes works at the lexical level of the language, while the second type derivatives produce forms at the morphological and semantic levels. The second type derivatives are inter-level affixes, because they act on two hierarchical levels. Any grammatical category includes specific morphosemantic oppositional forms. Thus, unlike inflectional affixes, the rest of the morphological affixes are all other types of inter-level derivatives. It should be noted that the preverb in Kartvelian languages ​​is the only linguistic unit with all possible functions of affix. DOWNLOADS

Chinese POS Disambiguation and Unknown Word Guessing with Lexicalized HMMs

2009 ◽  
pp. 1595-1607
Author(s):  
Guohong Fu ◽  
Kang-Kwong Luke
Keyword(s):  
Contextual Information ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Single Task ◽  
Unknown Word ◽  
Pos Tagging ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Peking University ◽  
The Way

This article presents a lexicalized HMM-based approach to Chinese part-of-speech (POS) disambiguation and unknown word guessing (UWG). In order to explore word-internal morphological features for Chinese POS tagging, four types of pattern tags are defined to indicate the way lexicon words are used in a segmented sentence. Such patterns are combined further with POS tags. Thus, Chinese POS disambiguation and UWG can be unified as a single task of assigning each known word to input a proper hybrid tag. Furthermore, a uniformly lexicalized HMM-based tagger also is developed to perform this task, which can incorporate both internal word-formation patterns and surrounding contextual information for Chinese POS tagging under the framework of HMMs. Experiments on the Peking University Corpus indicate that the tagging precision can be improved with efficiency by the proposed approach.

scholarly journals Pembentukan dan Makna Kata Majemuk antara Onomatope dan Bagian Tubuh Manusia dalam Bahasa Jepang di Media Sosial Twitter

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Ni Nyoman Ayu Devi Pragasuri ◽  
Ngurah Indra Pradhana ◽  
I Made Budiana
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Semantic Theory ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Composition Process

The title of this research is “Formation and Meaning of Compound Words from Onomatopoeia and Human Body Parts in Japanese on Social Media Twitter”. This research focuses on the forming process and meaning of compound words from onomatopoeia and human body parts in Japanese on social media twitter. This research was analysed by using formal and informal method. Compound words formation analysis used word formation theory from Kageyama and Kishimoto (2016) and the meaning of compound words analysis used semantic theory from Chaer (2012) and characteristic of Japanese onomatopoeia from Akimoto (2002). The result of this research is on the 25 data was analyzed, there are 14 data formed from the composition process and 11 data formed from the composition process followed by the shortening process of the words and part of speech classification in all data has changed. For the meaning, 22 data have grammatical meaning and 3 data have lexical meaning and all data have derivative meaning from the basic onomatopoeia.

Matthiola shiraziana (Brassicaceae), a new species from Dena region, Iran

Phytotaxa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 282 (2) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
AMIN ZERAATKAR ◽  
FARROKH GHAHREMANINEJAD ◽  
IHSAN A. AL-SHEHBAZ ◽  
AHMAD R. KHOSRAVI ◽  
MOSTAFA ASSADI
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Full Description ◽  
A New Species

Matthiola shiraziana, a new species from Iran, is described and illustrated. It is compared with the closely related M. flavida Boiss. and M. ovatifolia (Boiss.) Boiss. A full description and detailed stereomicroscopic micrographs and diagnostic morphological features are provided on the basis of the specimens housed in several Iranian herbaria.

Homogeneous or Heterogeneous? Insights into Signposts in Learners’ Dictionaries

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 432-457
Author(s):  
Anna Dziemianko
Keyword(s):  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Part Of Speech

Abstract The current study tests empirically whether linguistically homogeneous or heterogeneous signposts better serve dictionary users. It aims to determine which signposts, homogeneous or heterogeneous, are more beneficial to sense identification, language reception, and production as well as immediate and delayed retention of meaning. The paper also investigates whether the usefulness of the type of signposting is dependent on the grammatical category of headwords. The results indicate that entries with heterogeneous signposts are significantly more useful for sense identification and reception. In production, the results obtained after reference to entries with homogeneous and heterogeneous signposts were comparable. Immediate and delayed retention was significantly better when the subjects had consulted entries with homogeneous signposts. The influence of signpost type on the scores for any task was not dependent on the part of speech.

scholarly journals THE SHORT FORM OF THE ADJECTIVE IN PRESENT-DAY GERMAN IN THE LIGHT OF THE GRAMMAR THEORY OF THE WORD

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (193) ◽  
pp. 176-184
Author(s):  
Bohdan Maksymchuk ◽  
◽  
Iryna Arabska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Structure ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
German Language ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
Evolutionary Path ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Language Structure ◽  
Syntactic Behavior

The short form of the adjective in present-day German, which stems from the Indo-European protolanguage and for that matter is found both in the Germanic and Slavic languages, in the German language took its evolutionary path along the way of the rise and establishment of the morphological features and syntactic functions re-forging itself from one of the forms of expression of a qualificator word into a representative nominator of the morphological paradigm. It widened its syntactic functioning on account of the qualitative adverb that due to the reduction of final vowels, i.e. its grammatical markers, coincided by sounding and meaning with the short form of the qualificator words. In German, these processes brought about the appearance of a new part of speech known as Artwort with the categorical meaning of the qualificator attribution. It realizes its grammatical potentialities in the substance-predicate structure of the sentence revealing in this way a bipolar functionality. Proceeding from the lexicon-centric approach to the categorical meaning of the word including the "amorphous” word of the kind of GUT an attempt is being made to describe the specificity of this type of meaning. In the opinion of the authors the categorical meaning of the "amorphous” word”, which determines its morphological paradigm and syntactic behavior, is vested at the level of the mental lexicon of the speaker as awareness and linguistic experience of using this kind of word in communication. In this way the short form of the adjectives comes in possession of all the features of the elementary sign which non-discretely combines the lexical and categorical meaning. The text-centered approach to the identification of the grammatical concept of the elementary sign reduces the word to the root morpheme. The latter attains the categorical status in its usage which is detrimental to the hierarchical construal of language. The syntactically polar bi-functionality of the short form of the adjective as the elementary sign is foregrounded in the system of actual, real and potential predications and, specifically, in the structure of Paul’s "degraded predicates” as well as in the propositions of the sentence deep structure getting explicated by means of logical implicates that represent a bipolar syntactic functionality of qualificator words. The implicit propositions reveal homonymous ties of the short form of the adjective with the first constituents of compound words which in most cases show themselves as units of the phraseological level of language structure.

scholarly journals Teaching Georgian as a second language: Modality and Tense (modal unda) 1

2018 ◽  
Vol VI (2) ◽  
pp. 28-36
Author(s):  
Nino Sharashenidze ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Tense And Aspect ◽  
The Third ◽  
Subjunctive Mood ◽  
The Past ◽  
Grammatical Categories ◽  
Modal Semantics ◽  
Language Modality

In the Georgian language, the verb paradigm is distributed among the forms of screeves (Shanidze). A screeve is a complex grammatical category which embraces the characteristics of tense, person, aspect, mood, permansive, resultative, perfect, evidentiality. The agglutinative nature of the language implies the existence of several grammatical meanings in one and the same verb form. The category of modality is expressed by means of adding modal elements to the verb form. The modal element expresses modal semantics, whereas the verb form bears the semantics of other grammatical categories. Thus, in Georgian, a modal construction embraces a combination of several grammatical peculiarities and semantics. The modal element is not usually found with all screeve forms. In order to express a modal content, different modal elements choose different screeves. The categories of tense and aspect are important features of the modal construction. The modal element unda is used with three screeves in Georgian: Present Subjunctive, Second Subjunctive and Second Resultative. Out of these, two are subjunctive mood forms, whereas the third one is the form of the indicative mood. However, as a result of weakening of the functions of the third subjunctive, the screeve of the second subjunctive has acquired numerous functions. One of such functions is to express modality in the past. Acquisition of modal constructions is an important part of language teaching. Modal constructions express the speaker’s attitude. In this regard, at a certain stage of language teaching these constructions are frequently addressed. It is very important for the learner to grasp the rules of formation of these constructions.

Recursion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Lobina
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Domain ◽  
Full Description ◽  
Computational System ◽  
Language Faculty ◽  
Real Time Processing ◽  
Competence Level ◽  
Recursive Structures ◽  
Mechanical Procedure ◽  
Different Levels

This book provides a comprehensive account of the role of recursion in language in two distinct but interconnected ways. First, it examines how recursion applies at different levels within a full description of natural language. Specifically, it identifies and evaluates recursion as: a) a central property of the computational system underlying the faculty of language; b) a possible feature of the derivations yielded by this computational system; c) a global characteristic of the structures generated by the language faculty; and d) a probable factor in the parsing operations employed during the processing of recursive structures. Secondly, the volume orders these different levels into a tripartite explanatory framework. According to this framework, the investigation of any particular cognitive domain must begin by first outlining what sort of mechanical procedure underlies the relevant capacity (including what sort of structures it generates). Only then, it argues, can we properly investigate its implementation, both at the level of abstract computations typical of competence-level analyses, and at the level of the real-time processing of behaviour.

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